scholarly journals Fluorescence Excitation-Emission Spectroscopy: An Analytical Technique to Monitor Drugs of Addiction in Wastewater

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meena Yadav ◽  
Rupak Aryal ◽  
Michael Short ◽  
Christopher Saint
Keyword(s):  
Regional Integration ◽  
Emerging Contaminants ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Fluorescence Excitation ◽  
Environmental Distribution ◽  
Suitable Alternative ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
Wastewater Samples ◽  
Fluorescence Regional Integration

Emerging contaminants of concern have become a serious issue for the scientific community and society more broadly in recent years due to their increasingly widespread environmental distribution and largely unknown environmental and human health impacts. This study aimed to explore the use of fluorescence excitation-emission (F-EEM) spectroscopy as an alternative analytical method to evaluate the presence of key drugs of addiction (benzoylecgonine, methamphetamine, MDMA, codeine and morphine) in wastewater treatment plants. The chemicals of interest from wastewater were extracted by mixed-mode solid phase extraction and quantified using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The same wastewater samples were also analysed by a fluorescence spectrophotometer for fluorescence spectra at wavelengths 280–600 nm (emission) and 200–600 nm (excitation). The study also investigated the relevance of different methods for interpreting F-EEM matrices data including parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) modelling and fluorescence regional integration technique. PARAFAC identified four components, and among them, component C2, identified at the λex/λem = 275/340 nm wavelength associated with proteinaceous compounds most likely related to tryptophan amino acid, showed significant correlation with codeine removal. MDMA and morphine were not correlated to any of the fluorescence regions. The fluorescence regions related to aromatic protein-like fluorescence were correlated significantly with drug concentration and so may offer a suitable alternative approach for monitoring drugs including benzoylecgonine, methamphetamine and codeine.

scholarly journals Extraction and Composition of Dissolved Organic Matter in Poyang Lake and Its Effects on Morphological Changes of Heavy Metals

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuanhang Li ◽  
Zhaoying Sheng ◽  
Xiaofeng Gong ◽  
Huiqing Zeng ◽  
Chunli Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dissolved Organic Matter ◽  
Water Body ◽  
Regional Integration ◽  
Poyang Lake ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Fluorescence Excitation ◽  
Activation Effect ◽  
Fluorescence Regional Integration

Abstract Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is generally thought to impact the bioavailability of heavy metals. However, the source of wetland DOM and its interaction with heavy metals remain poorly understood. Fluorescence excitation emission matrices (EEMs)-fluorescence regional integration (FRI) coupling techniques and chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) was used to explore the source of DOM of Poyang Lake including water body, soil and plants, and the effects on morphological changes of heavy metals. The results showed that the best DOM extraction effect can be obtained with the soil-water mass ratio 1:10, centrifuged at 4 000 rpm for 30 min, and the 0.45 μm glass fiber filter by orthogonal test. There were four types of peaks of DOM in water body of Poyang Lake, which was input mainly by land source, while six types of peaks (ACTDBE) were observed in soil. Soil DOM is highly humified with large molecular weight. More types of fluorescent peaks were observed in plant and the content of DOM in plants was higher than that of water body and soil due to the plant proteins. The content of fulvic acid was less than tryptophan in DOM of Triarrhena lutarioriparia and Phragmites communis in Longkou, while the opposite were in other samples. Furthermore, pot experiment illustrated that DOM had an activation effect on Cd, Cu and Zn and a passivation effect on Cr and Pb with the increase of DOM content. After the addition of exogenous DOM, Cr, Pb and Zn were immobilized by the function together with DOM and plants, while Cd and Cu were activated.

scholarly journals Detection of Pharmaceutical Residues in Surface Waters of the Eastern Cape Province

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. 4067 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sesethu Vumazonke ◽  
Sandile Maswazi Khamanga ◽  
Nosiphiwe Patience Ngqwala
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Contaminants ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Eastern Cape Province ◽  
Eastern Cape ◽  
Toxicological Effects ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Lower Stream

Pharmaceuticals are emerging contaminants in the aquatic environments. Their presence poses toxicological effects in humans and animals even at trace concentrations. This study investigated the presence of antibiotics, anti-epilepsy and anti-inflammatory drugs in river water of selected rivers in the Eastern Cape Province in South Africa. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used for screening of sulfamethoxazole and fluoroquinolones antibiotics. The samples were collected in upper-stream, middle-stream and lower-stream regions of the rivers and effluent of selected wastewater treatment plants. Pre-concentration of the samples was conducted using lyophilisation and extraction was conducted using solid phase extraction (SPE) on Waters Oasis hydrophilic-lipophilic-balanced cartridge. The percentage recovery after sample clean-up on SPE was 103% ± 6.9%. This was followed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. The detected analytes were sulfamethoxazole, erythromycin, clarithromycin and carbamazepine. Carbamazepine and erythromycin were detected in high concentrations ranging from 81.8 to 36,576.2 ng/L and 11.2 to 11,800 ng/L respectively, while clarithromycin and sulfamethoxazole were detected at moderate concentrations ranging from 4.8 to 3280.4 ng/L and 6.6 to 6968 ng/L, respectively. High concentrations of pharmaceuticals were detected on the lower-stream sites as compared to upper-stream sites.

scholarly journals Simultaneous determination of 11 illicit drugs and metabolites in wastewater by UPLC-MS/MS

2020 ◽  
Vol 82 (9) ◽  
pp. 1771-1780
Author(s):  
Shuai Yuan ◽  
Xin Wang ◽  
Roujia Wang ◽  
Ruxin Luo ◽  
Yan Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Simultaneous Determination ◽  
Illicit Drugs ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
High Throughput Analysis ◽  
Wastewater Samples

Abstract Assessing collective drug consumption based on the concentrations of illicit drugs and their metabolites in wastewater is a new technology. Currently, this technology is receiving attention in China, and methods for multiple illicit drug detection in wastewater are urgently needed. In our study, a method with a short runtime (7 min), a small solid-phase extraction (SPE) loading volume (50 mL) and high sensitivity (lower limits of quantitation (LLOQs) ranged from 0.2 to 5 ng/L) was developed for the simultaneous determination of amphetamines, ketamine, opiates, cocaine and their metabolites in wastewater. Samples were enriched by SPE on a mixed-mode sorbent (Oasis MCX) and analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The limits of detection (LODs) ranged from 0.1 to 2 ng/L, and the LLOQs varied between 0.2 and 5 ng/L. Moreover, the method developed was applied to real wastewater samples collected from 15 different wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). In the results, the most abundant compounds were morphine (1.8–46.6 ng/L) and codeine (3.7–24.9 ng/L), which were detected in 13 WWTPs. After successful optimization of the UPLC-MS/MS conditions and sample loading pH, the method developed is able to meet the needs of common illicit drug monitoring and high-throughput analysis requirements.

Factorial Design Optimisation of Solid Phase Extraction for Preconcentration of Parabens in Wastewater Using Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 436-446
Author(s):  
Vallerie A. Muckoya ◽  
Philiswa N. Nomngongo ◽  
Jane C. Ngila
Keyword(s):  
Solid Phase Extraction ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Factorial Design ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Phase Extraction ◽  
Limit Of Quantification ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Simulated Wastewater

Background: Parabens are synthetic esters used extensively as preservatives and/or bactericides in personal care personal products. Objective: Development and validation of a novel robust chemometric assisted analytical technique with superior analytical performances for the determination of ethylparaben, methylparaben and propylparaben, using simulated wastewater matrix. Methods: An automated Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) method coupled with liquid chromatographymass spectrometry was applied in this study. A gradient elution programme comprising of 0.1% formic acid in deionised water (A) and 0.1% formic acid in Methanol (B) was employed on a 100 x 2.1 mm, 3.0 μm a particle size biphenyl column. Two-level (2k) full factorial design coupled with response surface methodology was used for optimisation and investigation of SPE experimental variables that had the most significant outcome of the analytical response. Results: According to the analysis of variance (ANOVA), sample pH and eluent volume were statistically the most significant parameters. The method developed was validated for accuracy, precision, Limits of Detection (LOD) and Limit of Quantification (LOQ) and linearity. The LOD and LOQ established under those optimised conditions varied between 0.04-0.12 μgL−1 and 0.14-0.40 μgL−1 respectively. The use of matrix-matched external calibration provided extraction recoveries between 78-128% with relative standard deviations at 2-11% for two spike levels (10 and 100 μgL-1) in three different water matrices (simulated wastewater, influent and effluent water). Conclusion: The newly developed method was applied successfully to the analyses of parabens in wastewater samples at different sampling points of a wastewater treatment plant, revealing concentrations of up to 3 μgL−1.

scholarly journals Occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in Six Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants at the Early Stage of COVID-19 Pandemic in The United States

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 798
Author(s):  
Samendra P. Sherchan ◽  
Shalina Shahin ◽  
Jeenal Patel ◽  
Lauren M. Ward ◽  
Sarmila Tandukar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
The United States ◽  
Secondary Effluent ◽  
Untreated Wastewater ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Wastewater Samples

In this study, we investigated the occurrence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA in primary influent (n = 42), secondary effluent (n = 24) and tertiary treated effluent (n = 34) collected from six wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs A–F) in Virginia (WWTP A), Florida (WWTPs B, C, and D), and Georgia (WWTPs E and F) in the United States during April–July 2020. Of the 100 wastewater samples analyzed, eight (19%) untreated wastewater samples collected from the primary influents contained SARS-CoV-2 RNA as measured by reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assays. SARS-CoV-2 RNA were detected in influent wastewater samples collected from WWTP A (Virginia), WWTPs E and F (Georgia) and WWTP D (Florida). Secondary and tertiary effluent samples were not positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA indicating the treatment processes in these WWTPs potentially removed SARS-CoV-2 RNA during the secondary and tertiary treatment processes. However, further studies are needed to understand the log removal values (LRVs) and transmission risks of SARS-CoV-2 RNA through analyzing wastewater samples from a wider range of WWTPs.

scholarly journals Validated Simultaneous Gradient Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Quantification of Some Proton Pump Inhibitor Drug Residues in Saudi Pharmaceutical Industrial Wastewater

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (14) ◽  
pp. 4358
Author(s):  
Sherif A. Abdel-Gawad ◽  
Hany H. Arab ◽  
Alhumaidi B. Alabbas
Keyword(s):  
Proton Pump ◽  
Industrial Wastewater ◽  
Mobile Phase ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Dihydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Separation Pattern ◽  
Inhibitor Drug ◽  
Wastewater Samples

Monitoring and quantification of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in the environment constitute important and challenging tasks, as they are directly associated with human health. Three commonly used proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), namely, omeprazole sodium (OMP), pantoprazole sodium (PNT), and lansoprazole sodium (LNZ) are well separated and quantified using ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) in pharmaceutical industrial wastewater. The separation of the studied drugs was performed on a stationary phase with a WatersTM column (100 × 2.1 mm, 1.7 µm). The mobile phase was composed of methanol:0.05 M potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer (adjusted to pH 7.5 using NaOH) (50:50, v/v). The elution process was done in gradient mode by changing the relative proportions of the mobile phase components with time to get an optimum separation pattern. The flow rate of the developing system was adjusted to 0.8 mL/minute. Detection of the separated drugs was performed at 230 nm. The studied drugs were quantified in the concentration range of 10–200 ng/mL for all drugs. The cited method was fully validated according to the international conference on harmonization (ICH-Q2B) guidelines, then it was applied successfully for quantification of the studied PPIs in real wastewater samples after their solid phase extraction (SPE).

scholarly journals Daily Variation of Lipid Regulators and Personal Care Products in a River Impacted by Domestic Effluents in Southern Brazil

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 1393
Author(s):  
Franciane de Almeida Brehm Goulart ◽  
Gabriela Reichert ◽  
Tais Cristina Felippe ◽  
Alinne Mizukawa ◽  
Jhonatas Antonelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Emerging Contaminants ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Daily Variation ◽  
Personal Care Products ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Personal Care ◽  
Lipid Regulators ◽  
Domestic Effluents ◽  
Effluent Discharge

In urban areas, wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) play a major role in the water quality of rivers. The removal efficiency of emerging contaminants by WWTPs is strongly correlated with the type of treatment and the hydraulic retention time (HRT) of the process, which can vary according to the volumetric influent flow of wastewater and occasional peak flows. This paper aims, for the first time, to assess the daily variation of lipid regulators and personal care products in an urban river impacted by domestic effluents. Samples were collected upstream and downstream of a WWTP. The concentrations downstream of the effluent discharge were higher than upstream, but they varied significantly during the day. Concentration peaks upstream of the WWTP were detected at 07:00, 15:00 and 21:00, while downstream of the effluent discharge, concentration peaks occurred between 13:00 and 19:00 and between 21:00 and 23:00. The highest downstream concentrations of triclosan and methylparaben (420 ng L−1 and 460 ng L−1) were 6.8 and 5.4 times higher than the lowest concentrations detected, respectively. These results show that in WWTP-impacted rivers, the time of the sampling has a great influence on the final results and conclusions of a monitoring study.

scholarly journals Efficiency and Technological Reliability of Contaminant Removal in Household WWTPs with Activated Sludge

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1889 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Micek ◽  
Krzysztof Jóźwiakowski ◽  
Michał Marzec ◽  
Agnieszka Listosz ◽  
Tadeusz Grabowski
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Pollutant Removal ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Contaminant Removal ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Wastewater Samples ◽  
Polish Law

The results of research on the efficiency and technological reliability of domestic wastewater purification in two household wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) with activated sludge are presented in this paper. The studied facilities were located in the territory of the Roztocze National Park (Poland). The mean wastewater flow rate in the WWTPs was 1.0 and 1.6 m3/day. In 2017–2019, 20 series of analyses were done, and 40 wastewater samples were taken. On the basis of the received results, the efficiency of basic pollutant removal was determined. The technological reliability of the tested facilities was specified using the Weibull method. The average removal efficiencies for the biochemical oxygen demand in 5 days (BOD5) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were 66–83% and 62–65%, respectively. Much lower effects were obtained for total suspended solids (TSS) and amounted to 17–48%, while the efficiency of total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN) removal did not exceed 34%. The analyzed systems were characterized by the reliability of TSS, BOD5, and COD removal at the level of 76–96%. However, the reliability of TN and TP elimination was less than 5%. Thus, in the case of biogenic compounds, the analyzed systems did not guarantee that the quality of treated wastewater would meet the requirements of the Polish law during any period of operation. This disqualifies the discussed technological solution in terms of its wide application in protected areas and near lakes, where the requirements for nitrogen and phosphorus removal are high.

scholarly journals Investigation of Biotransformation Products of p-Methoxymethylamphetamine and Dihydromephedrone in Wastewater by High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry

Metabolites ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
Juliet Kinyua ◽  
Aikaterini K. Psoma ◽  
Nikolaos I. Rousis ◽  
Maria-Christina Nika ◽  
Adrian Covaci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
High Resolution Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Transformation Products ◽  
New Psychoactive Substances ◽  
Batch Reactors ◽  
Flight Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Detection And Identification ◽  
Wastewater Samples ◽  
Set Up

There is a paucity of information on biotransformation and stability of new psychoactive substances (NPS) in wastewater. Moreover, the fate of NPS and their transformation products (TPs) in wastewater treatment plants is not well understood. In this study, batch reactors seeded with activated sludge were set up to evaluate biotic, abiotic, and sorption losses of p-methoxymethylamphetamine (PMMA) and dihydromephedrone (DHM) and identify TPs formed during these processes. Detection and identification of all compounds was performed with target and suspect screening approaches using liquid chromatography quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Influent and effluent 24 h composite wastewater samples were collected from Athens from 2014 to 2020. High elimination rates were found for PMMA (80%) and DHM (97%) after a seven-day experiment and degradation appeared to be related to biological activity in the active bioreactor. Ten TPs were identified and the main reactions were O- and N-demethylation, oxidation, and hydroxylation. Some TPs were reported for the first time and some were confirmed by reference standards. Identification of some TPs was enhanced by the use of an in-house retention time prediction model. Mephedrone and some of its previously reported human metabolites were formed from DHM incubation. Retrospective analysis showed that PMMA was the most frequently detected compound.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document