scholarly journals Event-Response Ellipses: A Method to Quantify and Compare the Role of Dynamic Storage at the Catchment Scale in Snowmelt-Dominated Systems

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1824 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Driscoll ◽  
Thomas Meixner ◽  
Noah Molotch ◽  
Ty Ferre ◽  
Mark Williams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Quantitative Relation ◽  
Catchment Scale ◽  
System A ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Ellipse Method ◽  
Streamflow Response ◽  
Dynamic Storage ◽  
Event Response

A method for quantifying the role of dynamic storage as a physical buffer between snowmelt and streamflow at the catchment scale is introduced in this paper. The method describes a quantitative relation between hydrologic events (e.g., snowmelt) and responses (e.g., streamflow) by generating event-response ellipses that can be used to (a) characterize and compare catchment-scale dynamic storage processes, and (b) assess the closure of the water balance. Event-response ellipses allow for the role of dynamic, short-term storage to be quantified and compared between seasons and between catchments. This method is presented as an idealization of the system: a time series of a snowmelt event as a portion of a sinusoidal wave function. The event function is then related to a response function, which is the original event function modified mathematically through phase and magnitude shifts to represent the streamflow response. The direct relation of these two functions creates an event-response ellipse with measurable characteristics (e.g., eccentricity, angle). The ellipse characteristics integrate the timing and magnitude difference between the hydrologic event and response to quantify physical buffering through dynamic storage. Next, method is applied to eleven snowmelt seasons in two well-instrumented headwater snowmelt-dominated catchments with known differences in storage capacities. Results show the time-period average daily values produce different event-response ellipse characteristics for the two catchments. Event-response ellipses were also generated for individual snowmelt seasons; however, these annual applications of the method show more scatter relative to the time period averaged values. The event-response ellipse method provides a method to compare and evaluate the connectivity between snowmelt and streamflow as well as assumptions of water balance.

scholarly journals Shift of annual water balance in the Budyko space for catchments with groundwater-dependent evapotranspiration

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 3673-3690 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xu-Sheng Wang ◽  
Yangxiao Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Shallow Groundwater ◽  
Aridity Index ◽  
Catchment Scale ◽  
Shallow Water Table ◽  
Annual Water Balance ◽  
State Water ◽  
Annual Water

Abstract. The Budyko framework represents the general relationship between the evapotranspiration ratio (F) and the aridity index (φ) for the mean annual steady-state water balance at the catchment scale. It is interesting to investigate whether this standard F − φ space can also be applied to capture the shift of annual water balance in catchments with varying dryness. Previous studies have made significant progress in incorporating the storage effect into the Budyko framework for the non-steady conditions, whereas the role of groundwater-dependent evapotranspiration was not investigated. This study investigates how groundwater-dependent evapotranspiration causes the shift of the annual water balance in the standard Budyko space. A widely used monthly hydrological model, the ABCD model, is modified to incorporate groundwater-dependent evapotranspiration into the zone with a shallow water table and delayed groundwater recharge into the zone with a deep water table. This model is applied in six catchments in the Erdos Plateau, China, to estimate the actual annual evapotranspiration. Results show that the variations in the annual F value with the aridity index do not satisfy the standard Budyko formulas. The shift of the annual water balance in the standard Budyko space is a combination of the Budyko-type response in the deep groundwater zone and the quasi-energy limited condition in the shallow groundwater zone. Excess evapotranspiration (F > 1) could occur in dry years, which is contributed by the significant supply of groundwater for evapotranspiration. Use of groundwater for irrigation can increase the frequency of the F > 1 cases.

The SORS Decision-Making Support System: A statistical tool for better policy making in the Republic of Serbia

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Miladin Kovačević ◽  
Katarina Stančić
Keyword(s):  
Policy Making ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Monitoring And Evaluation ◽  
Public Debate ◽  
Statistical Tool ◽  
The Public ◽  
System A ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Trusted Data

Modern society is witnessing a data revolution which necessarily entails changes to the overall behavior of citizens, governments and companies. This is a big challenge and an opportunity for National Statistics Offices (NSOs). Especially after the outbreak of COVID-19, when the public debate about the number of mortalities and tested and infected persons escalated, trusted data is required more than ever. Which data can modern society trust? Are modern societies being subjected to opinion rather than fact? This paper introduces a new statistical tool to facilitate policy-making based on trusted statistics. Using economic indicators to illustrate implementation, the new statistical tool is shown to be a flexible instrument for analysis, monitoring and evaluation of the economic situation in the Republic of Serbia. By taking a role in public policy management, the tool can be used to transform the NSO’s role in the statistical system into an active participant in public debate in contrast to the previous traditional, usually passive role of collecting, processing and publishing data. The tool supports the integration of statistics into public policies and connects the knowledge and expertise of official statisticians on one side with political decision makers on the other.

scholarly journals Prenatal and Perinatal Environmental Influences Shaping the Neonatal Immune System: A Focus on Asthma and Allergy Origins

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 3962
Author(s):  
Azahara María García-Serna ◽  
Elena Martín-Orozco ◽  
Trinidad Hernández-Caselles ◽  
Eva Morales
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Mode Of Delivery ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Pet Ownership ◽  
System A ◽  
Neonatal Immune System ◽  
Chemical Factors ◽  
Asthma And Allergy

It is suggested that programming of the immune system starts before birth and is shaped by environmental influences acting during critical windows of susceptibility for human development. Prenatal and perinatal exposure to physiological, biological, physical, or chemical factors can trigger permanent, irreversible changes to the developing immune system, which may be reflected in cord blood of neonates. The aim of this narrative review is to summarize the evidence on the role of the prenatal and perinatal environment, including season of birth, mode of delivery, exposure to common allergens, a farming environment, pet ownership, and exposure to tobacco smoking and pollutants, in shaping the immune cell populations and cytokines at birth in humans. We also discuss how reported disruptions in the immune system at birth might contribute to the development of asthma and related allergic manifestations later in life.

Possible Role of High-Dose Barbiturates and Early Administration of Parenteral Ketogenic Diet for Reducing Development of Chronic Epilepsy in Febrile Infection-Related Epilepsy Syndrome: A Case Report

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shimpei Baba ◽  
Tohru Okanishi ◽  
Koichi Ohsugi ◽  
Rika Suzumura ◽  
Keiko Niimi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Infusion ◽  
Ketogenic Diet ◽  
Epilepsy Syndrome ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Early Administration ◽  
Chronic Epilepsy ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Irreversible Brain Damage ◽  
Electroencephalogram Eeg

AbstractWe describe the efficacy of high-dose barbiturates and early administration of a parenteral ketogenic diet (KD) as initial treatments for acute status epilepticus (SE) in an 8-year-old girl with febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES). The patient was admitted to our hospital with refractory focal SE. Abundant epileptic discharges over the left frontal region were observed on electroencephalogram (EEG). Treatment with continuous infusion of thiamylal for 4 hours, increased incrementally to 40 mg/kg/h, successfully ended the clinical SE, and induced a burst-suppression coma. The infusion rate was then gradually decreased to 4 mg/kg/h over the next 12 hours. Parenteral KD was administered from days 6 to 21 of illness. Continuous infusion of thiamylal was switched to midazolam on day 10 without causing seizures or EEG exacerbations. The patient has remained seizure free in the 15 months since hospital discharge. The effectiveness of KD for the treatment of FIRES has attracted attention amongst clinicians, but KD treatment may need to last for 2 to 4 days before it can stop SE, a time period that could cause irreversible brain damage. Considering the severity of SE in our patient and the dose of barbiturates needed to treat it, we consider this case to have had a good clinical outcome. The results suggest that rapid termination of seizure using high-dose barbiturates in conjunction with early administration of parenteral KD could reduce the development of chronic epilepsy in patients with FIRES.

scholarly journals The Relevance of the SH2 Domain for c-Src Functionality in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 462
Author(s):  
Víctor Mayoral-Varo ◽  
María Pilar Sánchez-Bailón ◽  
Annarica Calcabrini ◽  
Marta García-Hernández ◽  
Valerio Frezza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Triple Negative Breast Cancer ◽  
Triple Negative ◽  
Sh2 Domain ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
System A ◽  
Promising Therapeutic Target ◽  
Relevant Role ◽  
Inactivating Mutation

The role of Src family kinases (SFKs) in human tumors has been always associated with tyrosine kinase activity and much less attention has been given to the SH2 and SH3 adapter domains. Here, we studied the role of the c-Src-SH2 domain in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). To this end, SUM159PT and MDA-MB-231 human cell lines were employed as model systems. These cells conditionally expressed, under tetracycline control (Tet-On system), a c-Src variant with point-inactivating mutation of the SH2 adapter domain (R175L). The expression of this mutant reduced the self-renewal capability of the enriched population of breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs), demonstrating the importance of the SH2 adapter domain of c-Src in the mammary gland carcinogenesis. In addition, the analysis of anchorage-independent growth, proliferation, migration, and invasiveness, all processes associated with tumorigenesis, showed that the SH2 domain of c-Src plays a very relevant role in their regulation. Furthermore, the transfection of two different aptamers directed to SH2-c-Src in both SUM159PT and MDA-MB-231 cells induced inhibition of their proliferation, migration, and invasiveness, strengthening the hypothesis that this domain is highly involved in TNBC tumorigenesis. Therefore, the SH2 domain of c-Src could be a promising therapeutic target and combined treatments with inhibitors of c-Src kinase enzymatic activity may represent a new therapeutic strategy for patients with TNBC, whose prognosis is currently very negative.

scholarly journals Using a Groundwater Adjusted Water Balance Approach and Copulas to Evaluate Spatial Patterns and Dependence Structures in Remote Sensing Derived Evapotranspiration Products

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 853
Author(s):  
Mohsen Soltani ◽  
Julian Koch ◽  
Simon Stisen
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Spatial Pattern ◽  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Dependence Structure ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Catchment Scale ◽  
Balance Approach

This study aims to improve the standard water balance evapotranspiration (WB ET) estimate, which is typically used as benchmark data for catchment-scale ET estimation, by accounting for net intercatchment groundwater flow in the ET calculation. Using the modified WB ET approach, we examine errors and shortcomings associated with the long-term annual mean (2002–2014) spatial patterns of three remote-sensing (RS) MODIS-based ET products from MODIS16, PML_V2, and TSEB algorithms at 1 km spatial resolution over Denmark, as a test case for small-scale, energy-limited regions. Our results indicate that the novel approach of adding groundwater net in water balance ET calculation results in a more trustworthy ET spatial pattern. This is especially relevant for smaller catchments where groundwater net can be a significant component of the catchment water balance. Nevertheless, large discrepancies are observed both amongst RS ET datasets and compared to modified water balance ET spatial pattern at the national scale; however, catchment-scale analysis highlights that difference in RS ET and WB ET decreases with increasing catchment size and that 90%, 87%, and 93% of all catchments have ∆ET < ±150 mm/year for MODIS16, PML_V2, and TSEB, respectively. In addition, Copula approach captures a nonlinear structure of the joint relationship with multiple densities amongst the RS/WB ET products, showing a complex dependence structure (correlation); however, among the three RS ET datasets, MODIS16 ET shows a closer spatial pattern to the modified WB ET, as identified by a principal component analysis also. This study will help improve the water balance approach by the addition of groundwater net in the ET estimation and contribute to better understand the true correlations amongst RS/WB ET products especially over energy-limited environments.

scholarly journals HPEFT for Hierarchical Heterogeneous Multi-DAG in a Multigroup Scan UPA System

Electronics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 498
Author(s):  
Yuzhong Li ◽  
Wenming Tang ◽  
Guixiong Liu
Keyword(s):  
Signal Processing ◽  
Scheduling Algorithm ◽  
Frame Rate ◽  
Hierarchical Processing ◽  
Finish Time ◽  
System A ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Upa System ◽  
Ultrasonic Phased Array ◽  
Earliest Finish Time

Multidirected acyclic graph (DAG) workflow scheduling is a key problem in the heterogeneous distributed environment in the distributed computing field. A hierarchical heterogeneous multi-DAG workflow problem (HHMDP) was proposed based on the different signal processing workflows produced by different grouping and scanning modes and their hierarchical processing in specific functional signal processing modules in a multigroup scan ultrasonic phased array (UPA) system. A heterogeneous predecessor earliest finish time (HPEFT) algorithm with predecessor pointer adjustment was proposed based on the improved heterogeneous earliest finish time (HEFT) algorithm. The experimental results denote that HPEFT reduces the makespan, ratio of the idle time slot (RITS), and missed deadline rate (MDR) by 3.87–57.68%, 0–6.53%, and 13–58%, respectively, and increases relative relaxation with respect to the deadline (RLD) by 2.27–8.58%, improving the frame rate and resource utilization and reducing the probability of exceeding the real-time period. The multigroup UPA instrument architecture in multi-DAG signal processing flow was also provided. By simulating and verifying the scheduling algorithm, the architecture and the HPEFT algorithm is proved to coordinate the order of each group of signal processing tasks for improving the instrument performance.

scholarly journals Identification and developmental regulation of a neuron-specific subunit of cytoplasmic dynein.

1996 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
K K Pfister ◽  
M W Salata ◽  
J F Dillman ◽  
E Torre ◽  
R J Lye
Keyword(s):  
Axonal Transport ◽  
Developmental Regulation ◽  
Cytoplasmic Dynein ◽  
Retrograde Axonal Transport ◽  
Protein Isoforms ◽  
Cultured Neurons ◽  
Developmentally Regulated ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Intermediate Chains

Cytoplasmic dynein is the microtubule minus-end-directed motor for the retrograde axonal transport of membranous organelles. Because of its similarity to the intermediate chains of flagellar dynein, the 74-kDa intermediate chain (IC74) subunit of dynein is thought to be involved in binding dynein to its membranous organelle cargo. Previously, we identified six isoforms of the IC74 cytoplasmic dynein subunit in the brain. We further demonstrated that cultured glia and neurons expressed different dynein IC74 isoforms and phospho-isoforms. Two isoforms were observed when dynein from glia was analyzed. When dynein from cultured neurons was analyzed, six IC74 isoforms were observed, although the relative amounts of the dynein isoforms from cultured neurons differed from those found in dynein from brain. To better understand the role of the neuronal IC74 isoforms and identify neuron-specific IC74 dynein subunits, the expression of the IC74 protein isoforms and mRNAs of various tissues were compared. As a result of this comparison, the identity of each of the isoform spots observed on two-dimensional gels was correlated with the products of each of the IC74 mRNAs. We also found that between the fifteenth day of gestation (E15) and the fifth day after birth (P5), the relative expression of the IC74 protein isoforms changes, demonstrating that the expression of IC74 isoforms is developmentally regulated in brain. During this time period, there is relatively little change in the abundance of the various IC74 mRNAs. The E15 to P5 time period is one of rapid process extension and initial pattern formation in the rat brain. This result indicates that the changes in neuronal IC74 isoforms coincide with neuronal differentiation, in particular the extension of processes. This suggests a role for the neuronal IC74 isoforms in the establishment or regulation of retrograde axonal transport.

The Role of the Governor-General in Ceylon

1968 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Jeyaratnam Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Slow Rate ◽  
Heterogeneous Population ◽  
Political Behaviour ◽  
System A ◽  
Caste Groups

Ceylon is one of the few non-European members of the Commonwealth which has been reasonably successful in adapting the Westminster-style government to suit its own requirements. There are difficulties in operating the system—a heterogeneous population comprising religious, cultural, linguistic and caste groups whose differences are not seldom accentuated by the island's slow rate of economic growth—but despite these, it could be said from the experience of nearly twenty years of Parliament's working, that the willingness of parties and groups to differ on a constitutional plane with all the necessary corollaries of elections, political meetings, a legally established government and a recognized opposition is the generally accepted norm of political behaviour in Ceylon today.

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