scholarly journals Intensity and Persistence of Soil Water Repellency in Pine Forest Soil in a Temperate Continental Climate under Drought Conditions

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edyta Hewelke ◽  
Lidia Oktaba ◽  
Dariusz Gozdowski ◽  
Marek Kondras ◽  
Izabella Olejniczak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Drop ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Water Repellency ◽  
Natural Phenomenon ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
Soil Water Repellency ◽  
Pine Forest Soil ◽  
Continental Climate

Although soil water repellency (SWR) has been reported under different soils, climates, and vegetation types of the world, especially in forest land and following wildfires, the understanding of this variable continues to be rather limited. This study presented the characterization of SWR from wild fire measurements in a Scots pine Peucedano-Pinetum forest in the Kampinos National Park (central Poland), which is characterized by a temperate continental climate. The main objectives were: [i] To evaluate the potential occurrence, intensity, and persistence of soil water repellency in the surface layers of podzolized rusty soils during a dry summer; [ii] to determine whether a wildfire increased SWR, compared to the unburnt condition of soil; and [iii] to identify changes in hydrophobicity 13 months after a fire. The Water Drop Penetration Time (WDPT) test was used to assess persistence and intensity of soil SWR. Hydrophobicity is a natural phenomenon during periods of drought in temperate continental climates. The extreme class of SWR was observed in surface layers of up to 20 cm. A higher hydrophobicity was noted in the older habitats of the Peucedano-Pinetum forest. Maximum WDPT values (10,800 s) were found for an older ecosystem cover, during a dry summer. SWR in fire-affected soils is dependent on the intensity of the fire, as well as displaying spatial and seasonal variability. Thirteen months after a fire, the highest variability in the occurrence of non-wettability, was recorded in the surface layers of areas affected by a weak fire. A positive relationship between soil pH and WDPT values was determined to a 20 cm depth. Prolonged dry periods resulting from global climate change, may enhance the effects of increasing SWR; it therefore seems reasonable for future research on biosphere–climate interactions, to take the presence of hydrophobicity into account.

Soil water repellency persistence after recurrent forest fires on Mount Carmel, Israel

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naama Tessler ◽  
Lea Wittenberg ◽  
Noam Greenbaum
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
Water Drop ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Water Repellency ◽  
Mediterranean Ecosystem ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Soil Water Repellency ◽  
Chemical Properties Of Soils

Variations in forest fires regime affect: (1) the natural patterns of community structure and vegetation; (2) the physico-chemical properties of soils and consequently (3) runoff, erosion and sediment yield. In recent decades the Mediterranean ecosystem of Mount Carmel, north-western Israel, is subjected to an increasing number of forest fires, thus, the objectives of the study were to evaluate the long-term effects of single and recurrent fires on soil water repellency (WR) and organic matter (OM) content. Water repellency was studied by applying water drop penetration time (WDPT) tests at sites burnt by single-fire, two fires, three fires and unburnt control sites. Water repellency in the burnt sites was significantly lower than in the unburnt control sites, and the soil maintained its wettability for more than 2 decades, whereas after recurrent fires, the rehabilitation was more complicated and protracted. The OM content was significantly lower after recurrent than after a single fire, causing a clear proportional decrease in WR. The rehabilitation of WR to natural values is highly dependent on restoration of organic matter and revegetation. Recurrent fires may cause a delay in recovery and reduced productivity of the soil for a long period.

scholarly journals Inverse estimation of soil hydraulic properties and water repellency following artificially induced drought stress

2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vilim Filipović ◽  
Thomas Weninger ◽  
Lana Filipović ◽  
Andreas Schwen ◽  
Keith L. Bristow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Inverse Modeling ◽  
Hydraulic Properties ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Water Repellency ◽  
Irrigation Event ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Soil Hydraulic Properties ◽  
Soil Water Repellency ◽  
Soil Hydraulic

AbstractGlobal climate change is projected to continue and result in prolonged and more intense droughts, which can increase soil water repellency (SWR). To be able to estimate the consequences of SWR on vadose zone hydrology, it is important to determine soil hydraulic properties (SHP). Sequential modeling using HYDRUS (2D/3D) was performed on an experimental field site with artificially imposed drought scenarios (moderately M and severely S stressed) and a control plot. First, inverse modeling was performed for SHP estimation based on water and ethanol infiltration experimental data, followed by model validation on one selected irrigation event. Finally, hillslope modeling was performed to assess water balance for 2014. Results suggest that prolonged dry periods can increase soil water repellency. Inverse modeling was successfully performed for infiltrating liquids, water and ethanol, withR2and model efficiency (E) values both > 0.9. SHP derived from the ethanol measurements showed large differences in van Genuchten-Mualem (VGM) parameters for the M and S plots compared to water infiltration experiments. SWR resulted in large saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) decrease on the M and S scenarios. After validation of SHP on water content measurements during a selected irrigation event, one year simulations (2014) showed that water repellency increases surface runoff in non-structured soils at hillslopes.

scholarly journals Variability of water repellency in sandy forest soils under broadleaves and conifers in north-western Jutland/Denmark

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (Special Issue No. 1) ◽  
pp. S155-S164 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.A Wahl
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Preferential Flow ◽  
Water Drop ◽  
Water Repellency ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Critical Surface ◽  
Soil Water Repellency ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
North Western

Soil water repellency has important consequences for ecological and hydrological properties of soils and usually retards infiltration capacity and induces preferential flow. This phenomenon has been known to occur on a wide range of sites under a variety of climatic conditions. The objective of this study was to investigate and characterize soil water repellency on forest sites with identical substrate and climatic conditions, differing in tree age and species. In the Vester Torup Klitplantage, an area comprising a conifer dominated forest plantation stocking on sandy deposits in a coastal setting near the Jammer Bay in north-western Jutland/Denmark, four different forest plots were investigated for water repellency effects four times in 2005. To measure soil water repellency, the water drop penetration time test and the critical surface tension test were carried out. Both tests revealed a seasonal variability in water repellency, exhibiting the highest water repellency for the upper 10 cm of the soil during the summer months, whereas the variability between the different plots seems to be less significant. There was no coherence between humus forms, thickness of litter layer and water repellency.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Direct Application of Enzymes to Remediate Soil Water Repellency

HortScience ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 662-666
Author(s):  
Lusheng Zeng ◽  
Jiayang Liu ◽  
Robert N. Carrow ◽  
Paul L. Raymer ◽  
Qingguo Huang
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Water Drop ◽  
Water Repellency ◽  
Direct Application ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Soil Water Repellency ◽  
Incubation Study ◽  
Logarithmic Relationship

Organic coatings on sand particles can cause soil water repellency (SWR) where a soil does not spontaneously wet; this leads to challenges in water management and crop production. In laboratory studies, we evaluated a novel approach using direct application of 10 enzymes at three (low, medium, high) dosages to remediate SWR on two sand turfgrass soils in a 3-day incubation study and a second study at high dosage with 1-day incubation. A soil:solution ratio of 1:1 (10 g soil and 10 mL solution) was used and a deionized water control included. For Soil 7, a very strongly hydrophobic soil from a localized dry spot turfgrass area with a water drop penetration time (WDPT) of 7440 seconds (untreated) and 332 to 338 seconds (water-treated), the high dosage rates of laccase, chitinase, and protease at 1 and 3 days incubation resulted in WDPT of less than 60 seconds (i.e., hydrophilic soil). Pectinase exhibited similar results only in the 3-day incubation study. On the strongly hydrophobic Soil 21 (WDPT of 655 seconds untreated; 94 to 133 water-treated) from the dry area of a fairy ring-affected area on a turfgrass site, high dosages of chitinase, laccase, pectinase, and protease reduced WDPT to less than 60 seconds in both studies; and medium dosage rates were also effective for all but protease in the 3-day incubation study. Each of the four most effective enzymes for reducing WDPT, noted previously, demonstrated a significant exponential or logarithmic relationship between decreasing WDPT and increasing enzyme dosage. Further studies in field situations will be required to determine enzyme effectiveness on SWR and water management.

The impact of heating on the hydraulic properties of soils sampled under different plant cover

Biologia ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Viliam Novák ◽  
Ľubomír Lichner ◽  
Bin Zhang ◽  
Karol Kňava
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Retention ◽  
Water Drop ◽  
Sampling Site ◽  
Water Repellency ◽  
Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Soil Water Repellency ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Penetration Time

AbstractThe impact of heating on the peristence of water repellency, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and water retention characteristics was examined on soils from both forest and meadow sites in southwest Slovakia shortly after a wet spell. The top 5 cm of meadow soils had an initial water drop penetration time WDPT at 20°C of 457 s, whereas WDPT in the pine forest was 315 s for the top 5 cm and 982 s if only the top 1 cm was measured. Heating soils at selected temperatures of 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300°C caused a marked drop in water drop penetration time WDPT from the initial value at 20°C. However, samples collected in different years and following an imposed cycle of wetting and drying showed much different trends, with WDPT sometimes initially increasing with temperature, followed by a drop after 200–300°C. The impact of heating temperature on the saturated hydraulic conductivity of soil was small. It was found for both the drying and wetting branches of soil water retention curves that an increase in soil water repellency resulted in a drop in soil water content at the same matric potential. The persistence of soil water repellency was strongly influenced by both the sampling site and time of sampling, as it was characterized by the results of WDPT tests.

scholarly journals Spatial variability of water repellency in pine forest soil

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (Special Issue No. 1) ◽  
pp. S123-S129 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Orfánus ◽  
Z. Bedrna ◽  
Ľ. Lichner ◽  
D. Hallett P ◽  
K. Kňava ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Drop ◽  
Water Repellency ◽  
Pine Forest ◽  
Soil Water Repellency ◽  
Tension Infiltrometer ◽  
Infiltration Tests ◽  
Pine Forest Soil ◽  
Penetration Time ◽  
Properties Of Soil ◽  
Hydrophobic Material

The variability of water repellency of pine-forest arenic regosols and its influence on infiltration processes were measured in southwest Slovakia. The water drop penetration time (WDPT) tests of soil water repellency and infiltration tests with a miniature tension infiltrometer (3 mm diameter) were performed. Large differences in infiltration were observed over centimetre spatial resolution, with WDPT tests suggesting water repellency varying from extreme to moderate levels. For soils with severe to extreme water repellency determined with WDPT, steady state infiltration was not reached in tests with the miniature tension infiltrometer, making it impossible to estimate sorptivity. Where sorptivity could be measured, the correlation with WDPT was poor. All results suggest that hydraulic properties of soil change below the centimetre scale resolution of the current study, probably due to a presence of unevenly distributed hydrophobic material.

scholarly journals Development of a universal microinfiltrometer to estimate extent and persistence of soil water repellency as a function of capillary pressure and interface chemical composition

2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 392-403
Author(s):  
Nasrollah Sepehrnia ◽  
Susanne K. Woche ◽  
Marc-O. Goebel ◽  
Jörg Bachmann
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Water Drop ◽  
Water Repellency ◽  
Contact Angles ◽  
Initial Contact ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Soil Water Repellency ◽  
Glass Tubes

AbstractMicroinfiltrometers to assess soil water repellency (SWR) are limited to small tension ranges and have different technical setups, hindering a comparison between results from different laboratories. Hence, a microinfiltrometer which considers various aspects like extent and persistence of SWR is needed. The technical update suggested here uses glass tubes (e.g., 3 mm inner diameter), a fabric of mesh size 15 µm around the tip to enable good contact between soil surface and tip, ultrapure degassed water, and an evaporation protection for tip and reservoir during long-term infiltration. The adjustment of a continuous range of pressures and tensions (i.e., +0.5 to –40 cm) was done using glass tubes of various lengths connected to the tip. Three soil samples with initial contact angles, CA, of 18°, 62°, and 91° after 25°C treatment were additionally treated at 80°C to increase SWR persistence and CA. The soil particle interface chemical composition was determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The hydrophysical properties evaluated included water and ethanol sorptivity as well as very important aspects of SWR, i.e. water drop penetration time, water repellency cessation time, repellency index, and modified repellency index. The results derived from the technically modified microinfiltrometer setup showed consistent differences between initial wettability and the water repellency cessation time as a parameter describing the development of SWR with time. The interface O/C ratio as derived from XPS data was negatively correlated with CA (p <0.05), thus proving the close relationship between interface chemistry and wettability. Our findings illustrated a strong positive correlation (R2 = 0.99, p < 0.05) between sorptivity and O/C ratio under –2 cm tension which can be considered as the universal tension for different aspects of SWR.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Soil Moisture and Soil Water Repellency Persistence in Hydrophobic Soils

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Bayad ◽  
Henry Wai Chau ◽  
Stephen Trolove ◽  
Jim Moir ◽  
Leo Condron ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Drop ◽  
Water Repellency ◽  
Soil Water Repellency ◽  
Sigmoidal Curve ◽  
New Equation ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Penetration Time

In this work, we modelled the response of soil water repellency (SWR) persistence to the decrease in moisture in drying soils, and we explored the implication of soil particle size distribution and specific surface area on the SWR severity and persistence. A new equation for the relationship between SWR persistence and soil moisture (θ) is described in this paper. The persistence of SWR was measured on ten different hydrophobic soils using water drop penetration time (WDPT) at decreasing levels of gravimetric water content. The actual repellency persistence showed a sigmoidal response to soil moisture decrease, where Ra(θ)=Rp/1+eδ(θ−θc). The suggested equation enables one to model the actual SWR persistence (Ra) using θ, the potential repellency (Rp) and two characteristic parameters related to the shape of the response curve. The two parameters are the critical soil moisture θc, where the Ra increase rate reaches its maximum, and the parameter δ affecting the steepness of the curve at the inflexion point of the sigmoidal curve. Data shows that both soil carbon and texture are controlling the potential SWR in New Zealand pastures.

Novel approach for alleviation of soil water repellency using a crude enzyme extract from fungal pretreatment of switchgrass

Soil Research ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiayang Liu ◽  
Lusheng Zeng ◽  
Robert N. Carrow ◽  
Paul L. Raymer ◽  
Qingguo Huang
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Water Drop ◽  
Water Repellency ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Crude Enzyme ◽  
Soil Water Repellency ◽  
Crude Enzyme Extract ◽  
Fungal Pretreatment

Soil water repellency (SWR) caused by organic coatings on soil particles can lead to serious loss in crop production and turfgrass quality. In laboratory experiments, we tested the novel concept of direct application of enzymes to alleviate SWR. In a biofuel research project on fungal pre-treatment of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) for improved saccharification, enzymatic co-products (mainly laccase mixed with other trace enzymes) were produced based on fermentation periods of 18, 36, 54, and 72 days. We characterised enzyme activities of the 18–72-day crude enzyme extracts (CEE) and applied undiluted or diluted solutions (dilutions of 5-, 10-, and 100-fold) to eight air-dried, SWR soils from several golf courses. These soils exhibited water drop penetration times (WDPT) of 345–7439 s (i.e. moderately to very strongly hydrophobic) and all showed a large decrease in SWR to WDPT <60 s after application of undiluted CEE and various dilutions of CEE for 3 days with a 1 : 1 soil : solution ratio (10 g air-dried soil and 10 mL CEE solution). The observed decrease in WDPT was positively related to increased enzyme activity level for each soil in an exponential or logarithmic relationship. Most of the improvement in SWR was observed within 1 day. Enzyme activity was maintained to varying degrees in the soil solution for up to 5 days. These preliminary results suggest that it may be feasible to use direct enzyme application from CEE, as a biomass fermentation byproduct, for remediation of hydrophobic soils, which could also offer a cost benefit for biomass fermentation.

scholarly journals Testing soil water repellency in a Sicilian area two years after a fire

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincenzo Bagarello ◽  
Giuseppe Basile ◽  
Gaetano Caltabellotta ◽  
Giuseppe Giordano ◽  
Massimo Iovino
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Drop ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Water Repellency ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Water Repellent ◽  
Soil Water Repellency ◽  
Mountain Area

The water drop penetration time (WDPT) technique was applied in 2018 to check persistence of soil water repellency (SWR) in a Sicilian mountain area affected by a wildfire on June 2016. A total of four sites, that were severely water repellent immediately after burning, were sampled. Depending on the site, wettable soil conditions, less SWR and maintenance of a noticeable SWR were detected two years later. At the site showing a near-constant SWR, WDPTs were particularly high in the top soil layer (0-0.03 m) and they appreciably decreased more in depth. Signs of decreasing SWR in drier soil conditions and in association with coarser soil particles were also detected at this site. High gradients of the WDPT can occur at very small vertical distances and a depth increment of approximately 0.01 m should be appropriate to capture small-scale vertical changes in SWR, especially close to the soil surface. Occurrence of SWR phenomena is easily perceivable and explainable if an inverse relationship between WDPTs and antecedent soil water content is obtained. A direct relationship between these two variables is more difficult to interpret because infiltration times that increase in wetter soil are expected according to the classical infiltration theory. A hypothesis that should be tested in the future is to verify if WDPTs that decrease in drier soil conditions signal less SWR as a consequence of a reduced biological activity of the soil. Finally, long-term monitoring projects on longevity of fire effects on SWR should be developed, even because an in depth knowledge of the involved processes is relevant for the civil protection system.

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