scholarly journals Operating Cost Reduction of In-line Coagulation/Ultrafiltration Membrane Process Attributed to Coagulation Condition Optimization for Irreversible Fouling Control

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1076 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sung Yoo
Keyword(s):  
Cost Reduction ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Minor Effect ◽  
Membrane Process ◽  
Charge Neutralization ◽  
Jar Test ◽  
Condition Optimization

This study examined the optimum coagulation conditions for reducing irreversible fouling during the in-line coagulation/ultrafiltration (UF) membrane process and assessed the decrease in operating cost. The coagulation conditions that generated charge-neutralization, sweep-flocculation, and under-dosing mechanisms were obtained by a jar-test, and a pilot-scale in-line coagulation/UF membrane process was operated under the coagulation conditions. Charge-neutralization and sweep-flocculation mechanisms reduced irreversible fouling effectively, and the under-dosing mechanism was able to reduce irreversible fouling only when flocs of a certain size or larger were formed. This revealed that floc size was a more important factor in reducing irreversible fouling than floc structure, and once initial cake layers were created by flocs of a fixed size, the structure of formed cake layers had only a minor effect on irreversible fouling. Regarding reduction in operating cost, 0.5 mg/L and 3 h, which were necessary to produce an under-dosing mechanism, were deemed the optimum coagulant dosage and coagulant injection time, respectively, to reduce irreversible fouling. In order to analyze the operating cost reduction effect, a pilot plant was operated under optimum operating conditions, and the total operating cost was approximately 11.2% lower than without in-line coagulation.

Research on Low Concentration Municipal Wastewater Removal Rate with Chemical-Biological Flocculation and Suspended Medium Process

2012 ◽  
Vol 599 ◽  
pp. 387-390
Author(s):  
Xing Yu Bian ◽  
Xing Sheng Kang ◽  
Yi Li ◽  
Yu Lin Sun ◽  
Min Kong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Pollutant Removal ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Optimal Operating ◽  
Operational Parameter ◽  
Low Concentration ◽  
Scale Test

In this paper, chemical and biological flocculation and suspended medium process was applied to treat low concentration municipal wastewater in a pilot scale test in order to find the optimum operational parameter. The results showed that: system on pollutant removal mainly on chemical and biological flocculation reaction pool, Under the optimal operating condition, CODCr, TP and SS removal efficiencies reached 75.5％, 76％and 90.5％ respectively, and the CODCr, TP, SS concentrations of effluent meet the National Wastewater Integrated Discharge Standard. The optimum operating conditions according to the local actual situation, running for more than half a year, for the optimization of control parameters for the contrast obtained.

Optimization of Continuously Stirred Tank Bioreactor Design for Cost Minimization: Effect of Microbial Species and Operating Conditions

2008 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin E Powell ◽  
Gordon A Hill
Keyword(s):  
Culture Medium ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Design Strategy ◽  
Aeration Rate ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Stirred Tank ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Stirred Tank Bioreactor ◽  
Microbial Species

The operation of continuously stirred tank bioreactors (CSTBs) at minimum cost is a major concern of operators. In this work, a CSTB design strategy is presented where impeller stirring speed and aeration rate are optimized to meet the oxygen demand of growing cells, simultaneously minimizing the capital and operating cost. The operating cost is limited to the cost of utilities. The optimization scheme assumes a given fermentor tank size, and that the properties of the culture medium and the oxygen respiratory requirements of the microorganisms being cultivated are known. It is possible to choose between two different turbine impellers during the design process. The equations, constraints, and the CSTB design strategy employed by the program are described. The effect of microbial species, ions in the culture medium, impeller style, as well as changing CSTB size and biomass input density on the optimum operating conditions, is examined. The mass transfer coefficient, gas holdup, mixing speed, and aeration rate are all reported at optimized cost conditions. A study of the effects of various parameters on the CSTB design are shown.

scholarly journals Demulsification Treatment of Spent Metalworking Fluids by Metal Cations: The Synergistic Effect and Efficiency Evaluation

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1807
Author(s):  
Yanqing Zhang ◽  
Lingxue Wu ◽  
Xiaochen Zhang ◽  
Baoxin Ge ◽  
Yuanfeng Qi
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Synergistic Effect ◽  
Metal Ions ◽  
Metal Ion ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Metalworking Fluids ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Efficiency Evaluation ◽  
Automobile Parts

In this paper, various metal ions were utilized for the demulsification of spent metalworking fluids discharged from an automobile parts workshop. Five types of metal ions, i.e., Fe3+, Al3+, Fe2+, Ca2+ and Mg2+, combined with coagulant were systematically evaluated, and the synergistic effect as well as the optimum operating conditions were studied. The results indicated that the Ca2+ as well Mg2+ possessed hardly efficiency for the demulsification, on the contrary, Fe2+ reduced the yield of the by-product sludge and lowered the SV30 ratio, and Al3+ boosted the CODCr removal. Furthermore, Fe3+ and Al3+ had a significant synergistic effect to achieve a better transmittance and a higher CODCr/SV30 ratio which revealed that more CODCr was removed, as well as less by-product sludge was generated. For a better demulsification of spent metalworking fluids, the optimum operating conditions were gathered as follows: the dosage of metal ions was 0.08 mol/L with Al3+:Fe3+ ratio was 1.5:1, the reaction pH was 6.00, the reaction time was 18.00 min and the temperature was 323.00 K. Based on this, the CODCr removal, the SV30 ratio and the transmittance and CODCr/SV30 ratio of the spent metalworking fluids were 80.21%, 40.00%, 95.20% and 128.33 mg/mL, respectively. This combined metal ion demulsification method possessed an advantageous minimization of spent metalworking fluids, which greatly benefited the automobile parts workshops in cutting down the operating cost in environmental protection.

scholarly journals Characteristics of Flame Stability and Gaseous Emission of Bio-Crude Oil from Coffee Ground in a Pilot-Scale Spray Burner

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 2882
Author(s):  
Sang Kyu Choi ◽  
Yeon Seok Choi ◽  
Yeon Woo Jeong ◽  
So Young Han ◽  
Quynh Van Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
High Viscosity ◽  
Flame Stabilization ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Injection System ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Flame Stability ◽  
Gaseous Emission ◽  
Coffee Ground

Coffee ground has been recently considered as a new biomass resource in relation to the increasing coffee consumption worldwide. The bio-crude oil can be produced by fast pyrolysis of coffee ground, and it has advantages of larger heating values in comparison with those from other biomass. But the bio-crude oil from coffee ground has a significantly high viscosity which can hinder the application to conventional burners. In this study, a pilot-scale burner system with a 35 kW capacity with an air-blast atomizing nozzle was developed for the combustion of bio-crude oil from coffee ground with a high viscosity. A downward fuel injection system was adopted to enhance the ignition of fuel spray and the flame stabilization, and a movable block swirl generator was installed for the combustion air. The bio-crude oil was blended with ethanol at the volumetric ratio of 9:1 to enhance the combustion characteristics. The effect of various atomizing air pressures, swirl intensities, and overall equivalence ratios on the flame stability and gaseous emission were investigated to find out the optimum operating conditions for a bio-crude oil burner.

Experimental Study of the Optimum Operating Conditions of a Pilot-Scale Tribo-Aero-Electrostatic Separator for Mixed Granular Solids

2013 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 699-706 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Miloudi ◽  
Mokdad Remadnia ◽  
Ciprian Dragan ◽  
Karim Medles ◽  
Amar Tilmatine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Granular Solids ◽  
Electrostatic Separator

scholarly journals Application of a multiple criteria analysis for the selection of appropriate radical based processes in treatment of car wash wastewater

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 200115-0
Author(s):  
Elif DURNA ◽  
Nevim GENÇ
Keyword(s):  
Operating Cost ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Cod Removal ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Combined Processes ◽  
Preference Order ◽  
Effective Parameters ◽  
Pareto Analysis ◽  
Car Wash ◽  
Car Wash Wastewater

In this study, the treatment of car wash wastewater was investigated by radical based hybrid/combined processes. Proposed processes, (Microwave (MW) + persulfate (PS) + Electrocoagulation (EC)), (ozone (O3) + PS + EC) and (MW + PS + O3), were optimized with Taguchi orthogonal array technique for maximum COD removal. The COD removal under optimum conditions was obtained to be 84%, 64.9% and 61.4%, for (MW + PS+ EC), (O3 + PS+ EC) and (MW + PS+ O3) processes, respectively. Operating costs for (MW + PS + EC), (O3 + PS + EC) and (MW + PS + O3) processes have been calculated as 0.2614, 0.1335 and 0.2653 €/L wastewater under optimum operating conditions. Pareto analysis showed that MW time and PS dose are very effective parameters but especially ozone related parameters have no significant effect on COD removal. Processes were evaluated with the PROMETHEE approach in terms of treatment efficiency, operating cost, sludge formation, and preferability criteria to determine the most suitable among the three alternative processes. As a result, the preference order of the processes for the treatment of car wash wastewater with radical based treatment processes was found as (MW + EC + PS) > (MW + O3 + PS) > (O3 + EC + PS).

scholarly journals Removal of COD and BOD from biologically treated municipal wastewater by electrochemical treatment

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 475-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arun Kumar Sharma ◽  
A. K. Chopra
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Operating Time ◽  
Sewage Treatment Plant ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Initial Ph ◽  
Treated Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Maximum Removal

The present investigation observed the effect of current density (CD), operating time (OT), inter electrode distance (IED), electrode area (EA), initial pH and settling time (ST) using Fe-Fe electrode combination on the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) from biologically treated municipal wastewater (BTMW) of Sewage Treatment Plant (STP). The maximum removal of COD (92.35%) from BTMW was found with the optimum operating conditions of CD (2.82 A/m2), OT (40 mins.), IED (0.5 cm), EA (160 cm2), initial pH (7.5) and ST (60 min.), while the maximum removal of BOD (84.88%) was found with the ST (30 min.) at the same operating conditions. There was no need of pH adjustment of the BTMW during ET as the optimal removal efficiency was close to the pH of 7.5. Under optimal operating conditions, the operating cost was found to be 54.29 Rs./m3 / 1.08 US$/m3 in terms of the electrode consumption (78.48 x 10-5 kg Al/m3 ) and energy consumption (108.48 Kwh/m3).

scholarly journals Supercritical water oxidation of octol – containing wastewater

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-179 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Supercritical Water ◽  
Water Oxidation ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Performance Criteria ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Supercritical Water Oxidation ◽  
Product Analysis

<p>This study investigated optimum operating conditions of supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) for octol and compared the degradation of its components TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene) and HMX (octahydro-1,3,5,7- tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine, octogen) under the same conditions. Pilot scale experiments were conducted at various temperatures, reaction times and oxidant amounts. Removal efficiency, by-product analysis and toxicity tests were selected as the performance criteria for the SCWO. Optimum conditions were determined as a temperature of 500 C, 120 s of oxidation time and an oxidant ratio of 150%. Removal of octol was achieved at a rate of 99.99%, while TNT and HMX were removed individually at a rate of ~85% when they existed in the wastewater. No toxicity was observed at the end of the octol oxidation, whereas toxicity was found in the TNT and HMX oxidation due to the formation of TNT isomer and aniline. Higher initial organic material concentrations promoted the removal rates. These results demonstrated that SCWO can be effectively used for the degradation of ammunition wastewater even when concentrations are high.</p>

High-Rate Nitrification in a Biological Fluidized Bed

1990 ◽  
Vol 22 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 431-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. F. Cooper ◽  
S. C. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Fluidized Bed ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Secondary Effluent ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Demonstration Plant ◽  
Technical Evaluation ◽  
Volumetric Loading

The use of a Biological Fluidized Bed (BFB) was evaluated in a large demonstration plant for nitrification of a secondary effluent at Horley STW (South of London). The BFB was operated over a range of flows from 250→600 m3/d using effluents containing 25mg NH3-N/ℓ, 18mg BOD/ℓ to define the optimum operating conditions. It was possible to reduce from 27 down to 3mg NH3-N/ℓ in a contact time of only 38 mins (a volumetric loading of 1 kg NH3-N/m3.d). The unit was then operated under diurnal flow. A 20m deep below-ground downflow-bubble-contact oxygenator was used which was capable of dissolving 60mg 02/ℓ. Following the technical evaluation, an economic comparison was made between using the add-on nitrifying BFB against the option of extending an existing activated sludge plant. The BFB had a lower capital cost but higher operating cost. The BFB was shown to be cost competitive.

Development of Efficient Washing System for Reduction of Oil Contamination on Machining Parts

2010 ◽  
Vol 156-157 ◽  
pp. 1545-1554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Napassavong Rojanarowan ◽  
Angsumalin Senjuntichai
Keyword(s):  
Cost Reduction ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Oil Contamination ◽  
Reduce Operating Cost ◽  
Washing Process ◽  
Part Surface ◽  
Dipping Process ◽  
Increase Productivity

The objective of this study is to develop an efficient washing system to remove cutting oil from machining part surface. The proposed washing system consists of two processes: the dipping process and the modified automatic ultrasonic washing process. The automatic ultrasonic washing process is redesigned and developed to reduce operating cost and increase productivity from the previously developed machine. For this proposed system, experiments have been performed to determine the washing conditions that yield satisfactory proportion of defectives due to oil contamination. Under the suggested operating conditions, the proportion of defectives due to oil contamination is reduced from 12.8% to 1.78%, which leads to $16,800 defective cost reduction. The proposed washing system yields 42.9% increase in washing productivity. Furthermore, it as has more standard procedure than the current washing process.

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