scholarly journals Design of an Aftermarket Hybridization Kit: Reducing Costs and Emissions Considering a Local Driving Cycle

Vehicles ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 210-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jony Javorski Eckert ◽  
Fabio Mazzariol Santiciolli ◽  
Ludmila Corrêa de Alkmin e Silva ◽  
Fernanda Cristina Corrêa ◽  
Franco Giuseppe Dedini
Keyword(s):  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Driving Cycle ◽  
Fuel Prices ◽  
Design Variables ◽  
Battery Capacity ◽  
Power Split ◽  
Driving Scenario ◽  
Reduce Emissions ◽  
Reducing Costs ◽  
The Cost

For decades, drivers and fleet managers have been impacted by the instability of fuel prices, the need to save resources and the duty to meet and attain environmental regulations and certifications. Aiming to increase performance and efficiency and reduce emissions and mileage costs, plug-in electric vehicles (PHEVs) have been pointed out as a viable option, but there are gaps related to tools that could improve the numerous existing conventional vehicles. This study presents the design of an aftermarket hybridization kit that converts a vehicle originally driven by a combustion engine into a PHEV. To achieve this goal, an optimization was conducted with the objective of decreasing the cost (regarding fuel consumption and battery charging) to perform a local driving cycle, while attenuating the tailpipe emissions and reducing the battery mass. The torque curves of the electric motors, the battery capacity, the parameters for a gear shifting strategy and the parameters for a power split control were the design variables in the optimization process. This study used the Campinas driving cycle, which was experimentally obtained in a real-world driving scenario. The use of a local driving cycle to tune the design variables of an aftermarket optimization kit is important to achieve a customized product according to the selling location. Among the optimum solutions, the best trade-off configuration was able to decrease the mileage cost in 22.55%, and reduce the tailpipe emissions by 28.4% CO, 33.55% NOx and 19.11% HC, with the addition of a 137 kg battery.

scholarly journals Energy Logistics Cost Study for Wireless Charging Transportation Networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 5986
Author(s):  
Correa Diego ◽  
Gil Jakub ◽  
Moyano Christian
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Wireless Charging ◽  
Cost Study ◽  
Charging Station ◽  
Battery Capacity ◽  
Reduce Emissions ◽  
Bus Service ◽  
The Cost

Many cities around the world encourage the transition to battery-powered vehicles to minimize the carbon footprint of the transportation sector. Deploying large-scale wireless charging infrastructures to charge electric transit buses when loading and unloading passengers have become an effective way to reduce emissions. The standard plug-in electric vehicles have a limited amount of power stored in the battery, resulting in frequent stops to refill the energy. Optimal siting of wireless charging bus stops is essential to reducing these inconveniences and enhancing the sustainability performance of a wireless charging bus fleet. Wireless charging is an innovation of transmitting power through electromagnetic induction to portable electrical devices for energy renewal. Online Electric Vehicle (OLEV) is a new technology that allows the vehicle to be charged while it is in motion, thus removing the need to stop at a charging station. Developed by the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), OLEV picks up electricity from power transmitters buried underground. This paper aims to investigate the cost of the energy logistics for the three types of wireless charging networks: stationary wireless charging (SWC), quasi-dynamic wireless charging (QWC), and dynamic wireless charging (DWC), deployed at stops and size of battery capacity for electric buses, using OLEV technology for a bus service transit in the borough of Manhattan (MN) in New York City (NYC).

scholarly journals Towards an Energy Efficient Solution for Bike-Sharing Rebalancing Problems: A Battery Electric Vehicle Scenario

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (13) ◽  
pp. 2503 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Usama ◽  
Yongjun Shen ◽  
Onaira Zahoor
Keyword(s):  
Energy Savings ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Urban Transport ◽  
Operational Cost ◽  
Battery Capacity ◽  
Bike Sharing ◽  
Indirect Emission ◽  
The Cost

A free-float bike-sharing system faces various operational challenges to maintain good service quality while optimizing the operational cost. The primary problems include the fulfillment of the users demand at all stations, and the replacement of faulty bikes presented in the system. This study focuses on a free-float bike-sharing system rebalancing problem (FFBP) with faulty bikes using battery electric vehicles (BEVs). The target inventory of bikes at each station is obtained while minimizing the total traveling time through the presented formulation. Using CPLEX solver, the model is demonstrated through numerical experiments considering the various vehicle and battery capacities, and a cost–benefit analysis is performed for BEV and conventional internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) while taking the BEV manufacturing and indirect emission into account. The results show that the annual cost incurred on an ICEV is 56.9% more as compared to the cost of using an equivalent BEV. Since BEVs consume less energy than conventional ICEVs, the use of BEVs for rebalancing the bike-sharing systems results in significant energy savings for an urban transport network. Moreover, the life cycle emissions of an ICEV are 48.3% more as compared to an equivalent BEV. Furthermore, the operational cost of a BEV significantly reduces with the increase in battery capacity.

Powertrain Matching Based on Driving Cycle for Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicle

2013 ◽  
Vol 288 ◽  
pp. 142-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shang An Gao ◽  
Xi Ming Wang ◽  
Hong Wen He ◽  
Hong Qiang Guo ◽  
Heng Lu Tang
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Cell Hybrid ◽  
Hybrid Electric Vehicle ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Driving Cycle ◽  
Power Performance ◽  
Matching Method ◽  
Hybrid Electric ◽  
Fuel Cell Hybrid

Fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle (FCHEV) is one of the most efficient technologies to solve the problems of the energy shortage and the air pollution caused by the internal-combustion engine vehicles, and its performance strongly depends on the powertrains’ matching and its energy control strategy. The theoretic matching method only based on the theoretical equation of kinetic equilibrium, which is a traditional method, could not take fully use of the advantages of FCHEV under a certain driving cycle because it doesn’t consider the target driving cycle. In order to match the powertrain that operates more efficiently under the target driving cycle, the matching method based on driving cycle is studied. The powertrain of a fuel cell hybrid electric bus (FCHEB) is matched, modeled and simulated on the AVL CRUISE. The simulation results show that the FCHEB has remarkable power performance and fuel economy.

The WLTC vs NEDC: A Case Study on the Impacts of Driving Cycle on Engine Performance and Fuel Consumption

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 9071-9081
Author(s):  
Jakub Lasocki
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Driving Cycle ◽  
Performance Characteristics ◽  
Pollutant Emission ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Light Duty ◽  
Light Duty Vehicles

The World-wide harmonised Light-duty Test Cycle (WLTC) was developed internationally for the determination of pollutant emission and fuel consumption from combustion engines of light-duty vehicles. It replaced the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) used in the European Union (EU) for type-approval testing purposes. This paper presents an extensive comparison of the WLTC and NEDC. The main specifications of both driving cycles are provided, and their advantages and limitations are analysed. The WLTC, compared to the NEDC, is more dynamic, covers a broader spectrum of engine working states and is more realistic in simulating typical real-world driving conditions. The expected impact of the WLTC on vehicle engine performance characteristics is discussed. It is further illustrated by a case study on two light-duty vehicles tested in the WLTC and NEDC. Findings from the investigation demonstrated that the driving cycle has a strong impact on the performance characteristics of the vehicle combustion engine. For the vehicles tested, the average engine speed, engine torque and fuel flow rate measured over the WLTC are higher than those measured over the NEDC. The opposite trend is observed in terms of fuel economy (expressed in l/100 km); the first vehicle achieved a 9% reduction, while the second – a 3% increase when switching from NEDC to WLTC. Several factors potentially contributing to this discrepancy have been pointed out. The implementation of the WLTC in the EU will force vehicle manufacturers to optimise engine control strategy according to the operating range of the new driving cycle.

scholarly journals Undergraduate Student Perspectives on Textbook Costs and Implications for Academic Success

Open Praxis ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 115
Author(s):  
Lucinda Rush Wittkower ◽  
Leo S Lo
Keyword(s):  
Academic Success ◽  
General Education ◽  
Student Perceptions ◽  
Public Institution ◽  
Local Data ◽  
Course Content ◽  
Reducing Costs ◽  
College Of Business ◽  
General Education Courses ◽  
The Cost

To provide more affordable course content to our students and faculty, local data on how students perceive textbook expenses and how the costs impact student success would be necessary in order to advocate to faculty and other stakeholders. This survey, conducted at a mid-sized research public institution, aims to explore student perceptions of textbooks and how these perceptions influence academic success. The results reveal that students feel that the cost of required textbooks is unreasonable and that students are more likely to purchase required textbooks for in-major classes than for elective or general education courses. The most common means of reducing costs are purchasing from a vendor other than the campus bookstore, renting, or sharing books with classmates. Implications for academic success included not purchasing required textbooks or withdrawing from a course due to not having the materials. Students whose majors are housed in the College of Business have the highest textbook costs.

scholarly journals The influence of the training system directed to increase stress resistance on the economic efficiency of sports horses` training

2021 ◽  
pp. 12-17
Author(s):  
І. O. Каbasova ◽  
◽  
M. P. Petryshko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
Stress Resistance ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
Nervous Activity ◽  
Training System ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Activity Types ◽  
Reducing Costs ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Complex Methods

The economic efficiency of the applying the complex to increase the stress resistance of horses during participation in competitions and demonstrative performances has been determined in this work. Thus, the sports success of horses with application of complex methods to increase the stress resistance during participation in competitions and demonstrative performances and horses trained on the usual training system has been compared; the economic effect of applying some complex methods to increase the stress resistance of horses during participation in competitions and demonstrative performances has been investigated. The research has been carried out on 10 heads of horses of the jumping group of Dergachy child and youth horse racing school. Based on the results of horses` participation in competitions and taking into account the higher nervous activity types, two equivalent groups – control and experimental by five heads in each have been formed. The complex methods to increase the stress resistance have been introduced in training system of horses of the experimental group; training of horses of the control group remained unchanged. The calculation of expenses for participation in competitions has been carried out by drawing up expenditures for transportation of horses, nutrition and accommodation of the team, starting contributions and the cost of renting stables. The total number of starts has been determined by multiplying the number of heads of horses by the number of starts of one head during the period of competitions. The number of successful starts has been calculated by a percentage of starts with the prize places from the total number of starts. To determine the economic efficiency of the application of the complex methods to increase the stress resistance of horses the amount of expenses per successful start by dividing the total amount of costs for the number of successful starts was calculated. It has been established that the economic efficiency of the applying of the complex methods to increase the stress resistance of horses is 1194,75 UAH for one successful start. The results of the research allowed to recommend the application of the developed method to increase the stress resistance in the training system of horses in order to increase the effectiveness of participation in competitions and reducing costs for each successful start.

scholarly journals A Financial Model for Economic Analysis of Cement Factory

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-72
Author(s):  
Bijan Bidabad ◽  
Mahshid Sherafati ◽  
Rohollah Mohammadi
Keyword(s):  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Economic Structure ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Financial Model ◽  
Software Application ◽  
Cement Factory ◽  
Reducing Costs ◽  
The Cost

In this paper, a method is presented to combine financial data and financial statements for economic analysis, which consequently introduces a software application for determining the economic structure of a cement factory. This software converts nearly 300 items of raw data of a cement factory to almost 4 times more economic-analytic information. The software analyzes the quantity and quality of production activities in addition to the cost structure of the concerned cement factory. It provides more than 80 descriptive figures, which have been defined previously and are applied to illustrate the economic structure of the cement factory. The calculated tables and figures are able to guide decision makers of the cement factory with regard to inefficiencies, obstacles, and various problems in the factory. In the end, a set of policies for increasing production efficiency and reducing costs are expressed briefly, which can be considered as the primary plans to operationalize the analytical information of the software. It is worth to mention that the presented structure of the software has been designed for Abyek Cement Factory. However, it can be employed as a guiding project for other cement factories as well. In other words, the software can be rebuilt with consideration of their specific information by revising and adjusting the software structure to cover their specific features.

Design and Fabrication of a Multi-Material Compliant Flapping Wing Drive Mechanism for Miniature Air Vehicles

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wojciech Bejgerowski ◽  
John W. Gerdes ◽  
Satyandra K. Gupta ◽  
Hugh A. Bruck ◽  
Stephen Wilkerson
Keyword(s):  
Flapping Wing ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Drive Mechanism ◽  
Low Weight ◽  
Battery Capacity ◽  
Air Vehicle ◽  
Attractive Option ◽  
Injection Molded ◽  
Local Compliance ◽  
The Cost

Successful realization of a flapping wing micro air vehicle (MAV) requires development of a light weight drive mechanism converting the rotary motion of the motor into flapping motion of the wings. Low weight of the drive mechanism is required to maximize the payload and battery capacity. In order to make flapping wing MAVs attractive in search, rescue, and recovery missions, they should be disposable from the cost point of view. Injection molded compliant drive mechanisms are an attractive design option to satisfy the weight, efficiency and cost requirements. In the past, we have successfully used multi-piece molding to create mechanisms utilizing distributed compliance for smaller MAVs. However, as the size of the MAV increases, mechanisms with distributed compliance exhibit excessive deformation. Therefore localizing rather than distributing the compliance in the mechanism becomes a more attractive option. Local compliance can be realized through multimaterial designs. A multi-material injection molded mechanism additionally offers reduction in the number of parts. This paper describes an approach for determining the drive mechanism shape and size that meets both the functional design and multi-material molding requirements. The design generated by the approach described in this paper was utilized to realize a flapping wing MAV with significant enhancements in the payload capabilities.

Different Configurations of Exhaust Gas Heat Recovery in Internal Combustion Engine: Evaluation on Different Driving Cycles Using Numerical Simulations

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna Sara ◽  
David Chalet ◽  
Mickaël Cormerais
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulations ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Heat Recovery ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Driving Cycle ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Direct Heating ◽  
Driving Cycles

Exhaust gas heat recovery is one of the interesting thermal management strategies that aim to improve the cold start of the engine and thus reduce its fuel consumption. In this work, an overview of the heat exchanger used as well as the experimental setup and the different tests will be presented first. Then numerical simulations were run to assess and valorize the exhaust gas heat recovery strategy. The application was divided into three parts: an indirect heating of the oil with the coolant as a medium fluid, a direct heating of the oil, and direct heating of the oil and the coolant. Different ideas were tested over five different driving cycles: New European driving cycle (NEDC), worldwide harmonized light duty driving test cycle (WLTC), common Artemis driving cycle (CADC) (urban and highway), and one in-house developed cycle. The simulations were performed over two ambient temperatures. Different configurations were proposed to control the engine's lubricant maximum temperature. Results concerning the temperature profiles as well as the assessment of fuel consumption were stated for each case.

A Probabilistic Tolerance Allocation Method for Dynamic Mechanical Systems With Periodic Response and Discontinuous Forcing Functions

1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Zhang ◽  
B. J. Gilmore ◽  
A. Sinha
Keyword(s):  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Equations Of Motion ◽  
Mechanical Systems ◽  
Optimization Procedure ◽  
Tolerance Allocation ◽  
Radial Clearance ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
Link Length ◽  
Design Variables ◽  
Forcing Functions

Abstract Tolerance allocation standards do not exist for mechanical systems whose response are time varying and are subjected to discontinuous forcing functions. Previous approaches based on optimization and numerical integration of the dynamic equations of motion encounter difficulty with determining sensitivities around the force discontinuity. The Alternating Frequency/Time approach is applied here to capture the effect of the discontinuity. The effective link length model is used to model the system and to account for the uncertainties in the link length, radial clearance and pin location. Since the effective link length model is applied, the equations of motion for the nominal system can be applied for the entire analysis. Optimization procedure is applied to the problem where the objective is to minimize the manufacturing costs and satisfy the constraints imposed on mechanical errors and design variables. Examples of tolerance allocation are presented for a single cylinder internal combustion engine.

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