scholarly journals Simian Foamy Virus in Non-Human Primates and Cross-Species Transmission to Humans in Gabon: An Emerging Zoonotic Disease in Central Africa?

Viruses ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 1536-1552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Augustin Mouinga-Ondémé ◽  
Mirdad Kazanji
Keyword(s):  
Foamy Virus ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Zoonotic Disease ◽  
Simian Foamy Virus

scholarly journals Co-circulation of two envelope variants for both gorilla and chimpanzee Simian Foamy Virus strains among humans and apes living in Central Africa

Retrovirology ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Léa Richard ◽  
Rejane Rua ◽  
Edouard Betsem ◽  
Augustin Mouinga-Ondémé ◽  
Mirdad Kazanji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Foamy Virus ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Simian Foamy Virus ◽  
Virus Strains

scholarly journals High level of inter-species transmission of simian foamy virus from non-human primates to humans in Gabon, central Africa

Retrovirology ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. A229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Augustin Mouinga-Ondémé ◽  
Mélanie Caron ◽  
Antoine Gessain ◽  
Mirdad Kazanji
Keyword(s):  
Foamy Virus ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Simian Foamy Virus ◽  
High Level

scholarly journals Modular nature of simian foamy virus genomes and their evolutionary history

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pakorn Aiewsakun ◽  
Léa Richard ◽  
Antoine Gessain ◽  
Augustin Mouinga-Ondémé ◽  
Philippe Vicente Afonso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Foamy Virus ◽  
Phylogenetic Reconstruction ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Polymerase Gene ◽  
Evolutionary Mechanisms ◽  
Simian Foamy Virus ◽  
The North ◽  
Separation Pattern ◽  
Modular Nature

Abstract Among all known retroviruses, foamy viruses (FVs) have the most stable virus–host co-speciation history, co-diverging in concert with their vertebrate hosts for hundreds of millions of years. However, detailed molecular analyses indicate that different parts of their genome might have different evolutionary histories. While their polymerase gene displays a robust and straightforward virus–host co-speciation pattern, the evolutionary history of their envelope (env) gene, is much more complicated. Here, we report eleven new FV env sequences in two mandrill populations in Central Africa, geographically separated by the Ogooué River into the North and the South populations. Phylogenetic reconstruction of the polymerase gene shows that the two virus populations are distinct, and each contains two variants of env genes co-existing with one another. The distinction between the two env variants can be mapped to the surface domain, flanked by two recombination hotspots, as previously reported for chimpanzee and gorilla FVs. Our analyses suggest that the two env variants originated during the diversification of Old World monkeys and apes, ∼30 million years ago. We also show that this env gene region forms two phylogenetically distinct clades, each displaying a host co-divergence and geographical separation pattern, while the rest of the genome of the two strains is phylogenetically indistinguishable in each of the host-specific groups. We propose possible evolutionary mechanisms to explain the modular nature of the FV genome.

scholarly journals Cross-Species Transmission of Simian Foamy Virus to Humans in Rural Gabon, Central Africa

2011 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 1255-1260 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Mouinga-Ondeme ◽  
M. Caron ◽  
D. Nkoghe ◽  
P. Telfer ◽  
P. Marx ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Foamy Virus ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Simian Foamy Virus

scholarly journals Cocirculation of TwoenvMolecular Variants, of Possible Recombinant Origin, in Gorilla and Chimpanzee Simian Foamy Virus Strains from Central Africa

2015 ◽  
Vol 89 (24) ◽  
pp. 12480-12491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Léa Richard ◽  
Réjane Rua ◽  
Edouard Betsem ◽  
Augustin Mouinga-Ondémé ◽  
Mirdad Kazanji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Foamy Virus ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Surface Glycoprotein ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Envelope Gene ◽  
Simian Foamy Virus ◽  
Retroviral Infection ◽  
Major Mechanism ◽  
Env Protein

ABSTRACTSimian foamy virus (SFV) is a ubiquitous retrovirus in nonhuman primates (NHPs) that can be transmitted to humans, mostly through severe bites. In the past few years, our laboratory has identified more than 50 hunters from central Africa infected with zoonotic SFVs. Analysis of the complete sequences of five SFVs obtained from these individuals revealed thatenvwas the most variable gene. Furthermore, recombinant SFV strains, some of which involve sequences in theenvgene, were recently identified. Here, we investigated the variability of theenvgenes of zoonotic SFV strains and searched for possible recombinants. We sequenced the completeenvgene or its surface glycoprotein region (SU) from DNA amplified from the blood of (i) a series of 40 individuals from Cameroon or Gabon infected with a gorilla or chimpanzee foamy virus (FV) strain and (ii) 1 gorilla and 3 infected chimpanzees living in the same areas as these hunters. Phylogenetic analyses revealed the existence of twoenvvariants among both the gorilla and chimpanzee FV strains that were present in zoonotic and NHP strains. These variants differ greatly (>30% variability) in a 753-bp-long region located in the receptor-binding domain of SU, whereas the rest of the gene is very conserved. Although the organizations of the Env protein sequences are similar, the potential glycosylation patterns differ between variants. Analysis of recombination suggests that the variants emerged through recombination between different strains, although all parental strains could not be identified.IMPORTANCESFV infection in humans is a great example of a zoonotic retroviral infection that has not spread among human populations, in contrast to human immunodeficiency viruses (HIVs) and human T-lymphotropic viruses (HTLVs). Recombination was a major mechanism leading to the emergence of HIV. Here, we show that two SFV molecular envelope gene variants circulate among ape populations in Central Africa and that both can be transmitted to humans. These variants differ greatly in the SU region that corresponds to the part of the Env protein in contact with the environment. These variants may have emerged through recombination between SFV strains infecting different NHP species.

scholarly journals Contemporary Distribution, Estimated Age, and Prehistoric Migrations of Old World Monkey Retroviruses

Epidemiologia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-67
Author(s):  
Antoinette C. van der Kuyl
Keyword(s):  
Close Contact ◽  
World Monkey ◽  
Foamy Virus ◽  
Endogenous Retrovirus ◽  
Papio Cynocephalus ◽  
Endogenous Virus ◽  
Simian Foamy Virus ◽  
Old World ◽  
T Lymphotropic Virus ◽  
Type D

Old World monkeys (OWM), simians inhabiting Africa and Asia, are currently affected by at least four infectious retroviruses, namely, simian foamy virus (SFV), simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), simian T-lymphotropic virus (STLV), and simian type D retrovirus (SRV). OWM also show chromosomal evidence of having been infected in the past with four more retroviral species, baboon endogenous virus (BaEV), Papio cynocephalus endogenous virus (PcEV), simian endogenous retrovirus (SERV), and Rhesus endogenous retrovirus-K (RhERV-K/SERV-K1). For some of the viruses, transmission to other primates still occurs, resulting, for instance, in the HIV pandemic. Retroviruses are intimately connected with their host as they are normally spread by close contact. In this review, an attempt to reconstruct the distribution and history of OWM retroviruses will be made. A literature overview of the species infected by any of the eight retroviruses as well as an age estimation of the pathogens will be given. In addition, primate genomes from databases have been re-analyzed for the presence of endogenous retrovirus integrations. Results suggest that some of the oldest retroviruses, SERV and PcEV, have travelled with their hosts to Asia during the Miocene, when a higher global temperature allowed simian expansions. In contrast, younger viruses, such as SIV and SRV, probably due to the lack of a primate continuum between the continents in later times, have been restricted to Africa and Asia, respectively.

scholarly journals Simian Foamy Virus Transmission from Apes to Humans, Rural Cameroon

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1314-1320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Calattini ◽  
Edouard B.A. Betsem ◽  
Alain Froment ◽  
Philippe Mauclère ◽  
Patricia Tortevoye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Foamy Virus ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Simian Foamy Virus ◽  
Rural Cameroon

scholarly journals Novel Simian Foamy Virus infection of wild Indian rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta)

Retrovirology ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jayashree S Nandi ◽  
Anil K Chhangani ◽  
Surendra M Mohnot
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Rhesus Macaque ◽  
Macaca Mulatta ◽  
Foamy Virus ◽  
Simian Foamy Virus ◽  
Indian Rhesus Macaque

scholarly journals Identification of a Conserved Residue of Foamy Virus Gag Required for Intracellular Capsid Assembly

2001 ◽  
Vol 75 (15) ◽  
pp. 6857-6864 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott W. Eastman ◽  
Maxine L. Linial
Keyword(s):  
Foamy Virus ◽  
Specific Interaction ◽  
Capsid Assembly ◽  
Particle Assembly ◽  
Simian Foamy Virus ◽  
Viral Budding ◽  
Extracellular Release ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Targeting Signal ◽  
Strict Requirement

ABSTRACT In contrast to all retroviruses but similar to the hepatitis B virus, foamy viruses (FV) require expression of the envelope protein for budding of intracellular capsids from the cell, suggesting a specific interaction between the Gag and Env proteins. Capsid assembly occurs in the cytoplasm of infected cells in a manner similar to that for the B- and D-type viruses; however, in contrast to these retroviruses, FV Gag lacks an N-terminal myristylation signal and capsids are not targeted to the plasma membrane (PM). We have found that mutation of an absolutely conserved arginine (Arg) residue at position 50 to alanine (R50A) of the simian foamy virus SFV cpz(hu) inhibits proper capsid assembly and abolishes viral budding even in the presence of the envelope (Env) glycoproteins. Particle assembly and extracellular release of virus can be restored to this mutant with the addition of an N-terminal Src myristylation signal (Myr-R50A), presumably by providing an alternate site for assembly to occur at the PM. In addition, the strict requirement of Env expression for capsid budding can be bypassed by addition of a PM-targeting signal to Gag. These results suggest that intracellular capsid assembly may be mediated by a signal akin to the cytoplasmic targeting and retention signal CTRS found in Mason-Pfizer monkey virus and that FV Gag has the inherent ability to assemble capsids at multiple sites like conventional retroviruses. The necessity of Env expression for particle egress is most probably due to the lack of a membrane-targeting signal within FV Gag to direct capsids to the PM for release and indicates that Gag-Env interactions are essential to drive particle budding.

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