scholarly journals Widespread Circulation of Flaviviruses in Horses and Birds in Northeastern Spain (Catalonia) between 2010 and 2019

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 2404
Author(s):  
Sebastian Napp ◽  
Francisco Llorente ◽  
Cécile Beck ◽  
Eduard Jose-Cunilleras ◽  
Mercè Soler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
One Health ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Usutu Virus ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Human Infections ◽  
Microneutralization Test

The surveillance for West Nile virus (WNV) in Catalonia (northeastern Spain) has consistently detected flaviviruses not identified as WNV. With the aim of characterizing the flaviviruses circulating in Catalonia, serum samples from birds and horses collected between 2010 and 2019 and positive by panflavivirus competition ELISA (cELISA) were analyzed by microneutralization test (MNT) against different flaviviruses. A third of the samples tested were inconclusive by MNT, highlighting the limitations of current diagnostic techniques. Our results evidenced the widespread circulation of flaviviruses, in particular WNV, but also Usutu virus (USUV), and suggest that chicken and horses could serve as sentinels for both viruses. In several regions, WNV and USUV overlapped, but no significant geographical aggregation was observed. Bagaza virus (BAGV) was not detected in birds, while positivity to tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) was sporadically detected in horses although no endemic foci were observed. So far, no human infections by WNV, USUV, or TBEV have been reported in Catalonia. However, these zoonotic flaviviruses need to be kept under surveillance, ideally within a One Health framework.

Surveillance on antibodies against West Nile virus, Usutu virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus and Tribeč virus in wild birds in Drienovská wetland, Slovakia

Biologia ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 74 (7) ◽  
pp. 813-820 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomáš Csank ◽  
Ľuboš Korytár ◽  
Terézia Pošiváková ◽  
Tamás Bakonyi ◽  
Juraj Pistl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Usutu Virus ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus

High prevalence of West Nile virus in equines from the two provinces of Pakistan

2014 ◽  
Vol 143 (9) ◽  
pp. 1931-1935 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. ZOHAIB ◽  
M. SAQIB ◽  
C. BECK ◽  
M. H. HUSSAIN ◽  
S. LOWENSKI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Japanese Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Elisa Kit ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus

SUMMARYThis study describes the first large-scale serosurvey on West Nile virus (WNV) conducted in the equine population in Pakistan. Sera were collected from 449 equids from two provinces of Pakistan during 2012–2013. Equine serum samples were screened using a commercial ELISA kit detecting antibodies against WNV and related flaviviruses. ELISA-positive samples were further investigated using virus-specific microneutralization tests (MNTs) to identify infections with Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), WNV and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV). Anti-WNV antibodies were detected in 292 samples by ELISA (seroprevalence 65·0%) and WNV infections were confirmed in 249 animals by MNT. However, there was no animal found infected by JEV or TBEV. The detection of WNV-seropositive equines in Pakistan strongly suggests a widespread circulation of WNV in Pakistan.

scholarly journals West Nile Virus and Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Are Endemic in Equids in Eastern Austria

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1873
Author(s):  
Phebe de Heus ◽  
Jolanta Kolodziejek ◽  
Zdenĕk Hubálek ◽  
Katharina Dimmel ◽  
Victoria Racher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Eastern Austria ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus

The emergence of West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV) in addition to the autochthonous tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) in Europe causes rising concern for public and animal health. The first equine case of West Nile neuroinvasive disease in Austria was diagnosed in 2016. As a consequence, a cross-sectional seroprevalence study was conducted in 2017, including 348 equids from eastern Austria. Serum samples reactive by ELISA for either flavivirus immunoglobulin G or M were further analyzed with the plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT-80) to identify the specific etiologic agent. Neutralizing antibody prevalences excluding vaccinated equids were found to be 5.3% for WNV, 15.5% for TBEV, 0% for USUV, and 1.2% for WNV from autochthonous origin. Additionally, reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was performed to detect WNV nucleic acid in horse sera and was found to be negative in all cases. Risk factor analysis did not identify any factors significantly associated with seropositivity.

scholarly journals Flaviviruses at the territory of Serbia – present situation and challenges

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamaš Petrović ◽  
Milanko Šekler ◽  
Dušan Petrić ◽  
Dejan Vidanović ◽  
Aleksandar Potkonjak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Virus Species ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Climatic Zones ◽  
Usutu Virus ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Tbe Virus ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus

The aim of this study is to summarize the data on the occurrence, presence and prevalence of some zoonotic flaviviruses, which have been actively circulating in the territory of the Republic of Serbia during past decade. The genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae,encompasses vector-transmitted viruses with zoonotic potential. The genus is comprised of more than 70 viruses transmitted to humans by mosquitoes and ticks. Some of those are associated only with human diseases (such as yellow fever and dengue fever), whereas others can cause diseases in both humans and animals. Animals are major reservoirs and primary hosts for the latter group. The virus transmission to other animal species or humans occurs via diverse vectors – mostly mosquitoes and ticks. A range of these virus species is widely distributed worldwide, especially in tropical and sub-tropical climatic zones. Some representatives of these species have only recently been identified at the territory of Republic of Serbia. This paper gives an evidence on the presence and distribution of West-Nile virus, tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus and Usutu virus that were conducted within the study in Serbia. The research pointed out the presence of recently detected West-Nile virus and Usutu virus as well as the current circulation of tick-borne encephalitis virus, for which only limited serological evidence on the presence of virus-specific antibodies in humans was available so far. In the aspect of public health, the full understanding of the importance of identification and prevalence of different flaviviruses still require further comprehensive entomologicalacarological, seroepidemiological, clinical and virological research. 

A nationwide seroprevalence screening for West Nile virus and Tick-borne encephalitis virus in the population of Bulgaria

2017 ◽  
Vol 89 (10) ◽  
pp. 1875-1878 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iva Christova ◽  
Elitsa Panayotova ◽  
Simona Tchakarova ◽  
Evgenia Taseva ◽  
Iva Trifonova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus

scholarly journals Exposure of Horses in Israel to West Nile Virus and Usutu Virus

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1099
Author(s):  
Gili Schvartz ◽  
Sharon Tirosh-Levy ◽  
Oran Erster ◽  
Roni Shenhar ◽  
Hadas Levy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Mosquito Vectors ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
West Nile ◽  
East Europe ◽  
Zoonotic Pathogen ◽  
Usutu Virus ◽  
Neuroinvasive Disease

West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV) are arboviruses transmitted by mosquito vectors. Whereas WNV is endemic in Israel, the Middle East, Europe, and in the Americas, data regarding the prevalence of USUV in the Middle East is limited. While both viruses share similar reservoirs and vectors, exposure of horses in the area to USUV have never been assessed. The aim of this study was to estimate the seroprevalence and co-exposure of WNV and USUV in horses in Israel. A total of 327 serum samples from healthy unvaccinated horses in Israel collected in 2018 were tested for neutralizing antibodies against WNV and USUV. Seroprevalence for neutralizing antibodies against WNV and USUV was 84.1% and 10.8%, respectively. Management and age were significantly associated with WNV and USUV seropositivity. This is the first report describing exposure of horses in Israel to USUV, which indicates that this zoonotic pathogen should be included in the differential diagnosis list of neuroinvasive disease in this country.

scholarly journals Detection of West Nile virus and tick-borne encephalitis virus in birds in Slovakia, using a universal primer set

2016 ◽  
Vol 161 (6) ◽  
pp. 1679-1683 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomáš Csank ◽  
Katarína Bhide ◽  
Elena Bencúrová ◽  
Saskia Dolinská ◽  
Petra Drzewnioková ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Universal Primer ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus

scholarly journals West Nile Virus and Usutu Virus Co-Circulation in Europe: Epidemiology and Implications

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zannoli ◽  
Sambri
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Geographic Range ◽  
Vector Species ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Usutu Virus ◽  
Human Infections

West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV) are neurotropic mosquito-borne flaviviruses that may infect humans. Although WNV is much more widespread and plays a much larger role in human health, the two viruses are characterized by similar envelope antigens, clinical manifestations, and present overlapping in terms of geographic range of transmission, host, and vector species. This review highlights some of the most relevant aspects of WNV and USUV human infections in Europe, and the possible implications of their co-circulation.

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