scholarly journals Virus Adaptation Following Experimental Infection of Chickens with a Domestic Duck Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Isolate from the 2017 USA H7N9 Outbreak Identifies Polymorphic Mutations in Multiple Gene Segments

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1166
Author(s):  
Klaudia Chrzastek ◽  
Karen Segovia ◽  
Mia Torchetti ◽  
Mary Lee Killian ◽  
Mary Pantin-Jackwood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Experimental Infection ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Interspecies Transmission ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Domestic Duck ◽  
Receptor Binding Site ◽  
Synonymous Mutations ◽  
Field Samples ◽  
Virus Adaptation

In March 2017, highly pathogenic (HP) and low pathogenic (LP) avian influenza virus (AIV) subtype H7N9 were detected from poultry farms and backyard birds in several states in the southeast United States. Because interspecies transmission is a known mechanism for evolution of AIVs, we sought to characterize infection and transmission of a domestic duck-origin H7N9 LPAIV in chickens and genetically compare the viruses replicating in the chickens to the original H7N9 clinical field samples used as inoculum. The results of the experimental infection demonstrated virus replication and transmission in chickens, with overt clinical signs of disease and shedding through both oral and cloacal routes. Unexpectedly, higher levels of virus shedding were observed in some cloacal swabs. Next generation sequencing (NGS) analysis identified numerous non-synonymous mutations at the consensus level in the polymerase genes (i.e., PA, PB1, and PB2) and the hemagglutinin (HA) receptor binding site in viruses recovered from chickens, indicating possible virus adaptation in the new host. For comparison, NGS analysis of clinical samples obtained from duck specimen collected during the outbreak indicated three polymorphic sides in the M1 segment and a minor population of viruses carrying the D139N (21.4%) substitution in the NS1 segment. Interestingly, at consensus level, A/duck/Alabama (H7N9) had isoleucine at position 105 in NP protein, similar to HPAIV (H7N9) but not to LPAIV (H7N9) isolated from the same 2017 influenza outbreak in the US. Taken together, this work demonstrates that the H7N9 viruses could readily jump between avian species, which may have contributed to the evolution of the virus and its spread in the region.

scholarly journals Genetic and pathogenic characteristics of H1 avian and swine influenza A viruses

2014 ◽  
Vol 95 (10) ◽  
pp. 2118-2126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyun-Mi Kang ◽  
Eun-Kyoung Lee ◽  
Byung-Min Song ◽  
Jipseol Jeong ◽  
Hye-Ryoung Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Wild Bird ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Interspecies Transmission ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Domestic Duck ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Domestic Ducks

This study examined the potential for cross-species transmission of influenza viruses by comparing the genetic and pathogenic characteristics of H1 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) with different host origins in Korea. Antigenic and phylogenetic analyses of H1 AIVs circulating in Korea provided evidence of genetic similarity between viruses that infect domestic ducks and those that infect wild birds, although there was no relationship between avian and swine viruses. However, there were some relationships between swine and human viral genes. The replication and pathogenicity of the H1 viruses was assessed in chickens, domestic ducks and mice. Viral shedding in chickens was relatively high. Virus was recovered from both oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs up to 5–10 days post-inoculation. The titres of domestic duck viruses in chickens were much higher than those of wild-bird viruses. Both domestic duck and wild-bird viruses replicated poorly in domestic ducks. None of the swine viruses replicated in chickens or domestic ducks; however, six viruses showed relatively high titres in mice, regardless of host origin, and induced clinical signs such as ruffled fur, squatting and weight loss. Thus, although the phylogenetic and antigenic analyses showed no evidence of interspecies transmission between birds and swine, the results suggest that Korean H1 viruses have the potential to cause disease in mammals. Therefore, we should intensify continuous monitoring of avian H1 viruses in mammals and seek to prevent interspecies transmission.

scholarly journals Sequencing of clinical samples reveals that adaptation keeps establishing during H7N9 virus infection in humans

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liqiang Li ◽  
Jinmin Ma ◽  
Jiandong Li ◽  
Jianying Yuan ◽  
Wei Su ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Single Infection ◽  
Synonymous Mutations ◽  
H7n9 Subtype ◽  
H7n9 Infection ◽  
Virus Adaptation ◽  
Direct Amplification

The H7 subtype avian influenza viruses (AIV) have a much longer history and their adaptation through evolution pose continuous threat to humans 1. Since 2013 March, the novel reasserted H7N9 subtype have transmitted to humans through their repeated assertion in the poultry market. Through repeated transmission, H7N9 gradually became the second AIV subtype posing greater public health risk after H5N1 2,3. After infection, how the virus tunes its genome to adapt and evolve in humans remains unknown. Through direct amplification of H7N9 and high throughput (HT) sequencing of full genomes from the swabs and lower respiratory tract samples collected from infected patients in Shenzhen, China, we have analyzed the in vivo H7N9 mutations at the level of whole genomes and have compared with the genomes derived by in vitro cultures. These comparisons and frequency analysis against the H7N9 genomes in the public database, 40 amino acids were identified that play potential roles in virus adaptation during H7N9 infection in humans. Various synonymous mutations were also identified that might be crucial to H7N9 adaptation in humans. The mechanism of these mutations occurred in a single infection are discussed in this study.

scholarly journals Experimental infection of indigenous North African goats with goatpox virus

2021 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jihane Hamdi ◽  
Zahra Bamouh ◽  
Mohammed Jazouli ◽  
Meryem Alhyane ◽  
Najet Safini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Experimental Infection ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
North African ◽  
Cutaneous Lesions ◽  
Viral Dna ◽  
Goatpox Virus

Abstract Background Goatpox is a viral disease caused by infection with goatpox virus (GTPV) of the genus Capripoxvirus, Poxviridae family. Capripoxviruses cause serious disease to livestock and contribute to huge economic losses. Goatpox and sheeppox are endemic to Africa, particularly north of the Equator, the Middle East and many parts of Asia. GTPV and sheeppox virus are considered host-specific; however, both strains can cause clinical disease in either goats or sheep with more severe disease in the homologous species and mild or sub-clinical infection in the other. Goatpox has never been reported in Morocco, Algeria or Tunisia despite the huge population of goats living in proximity with sheep in those countries. To evaluate the susceptibility and pathogenicity of indigenous North African goats to GTPV infection, we experimentally inoculated eight locally bred goats with a virulent Vietnamese isolate of GTPV. Two uninfected goats were kept as controls. Clinical examination was carried out daily and blood was sampled for virology and for investigating the antibody response. After necropsy, tissues were collected and assessed for viral DNA using real-time PCR. Results Following the experimental infection, all inoculated goats displayed clinical signs characteristic of goatpox including varying degrees of hyperthermia, loss of appetite, inactivity and cutaneous lesions. The infection severely affected three of the infected animals while moderate to mild disease was noticed in the remaining goats. A high antibody response was developed. High viral DNA loads were detected in skin crusts and nodules, and subcutaneous tissue at the injection site with cycle threshold (Ct) values ranging from 14.6 to 22.9, while lower viral loads were found in liver and lung (Ct = 35.7 and 35.1). The results confirmed subcutaneous tropism of the virus. Conclusion Clinical signs of goatpox were reproduced in indigenous North African goats and confirmed a high susceptibility of the North African goat breed to GTPV infection. A clinical scoring system is proposed that can be applied in GTPV vaccine efficacy studies.

scholarly journals Avian Influenza H7N9 Virus Adaptation to Human Hosts

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 871
Author(s):  
Swan Tan ◽  
Muhammad Farhan Sjaugi ◽  
Siew Chinn Fong ◽  
Li Chuin Chong ◽  
Hadia Syahirah Abd Raman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Amino Acid Substitutions ◽  
Human Adaptation ◽  
H7n9 Virus ◽  
Avian Virus ◽  
Human Viruses ◽  
Virus Adaptation ◽  
Influenza H7n9 Virus

Avian influenza virus A (H7N9), after circulating in avian hosts for decades, was identified as a human pathogen in 2013. Herein, amino acid substitutions possibly essential for human adaptation were identified by comparing the 4706 aligned overlapping nonamer position sequences (1–9, 2–10, etc.) of the reported 2014 and 2017 avian and human H7N9 datasets. The initial set of virus sequences (as of year 2014) exhibited a total of 109 avian-to-human (A2H) signature amino acid substitutions. Each represented the most prevalent substitution at a given avian virus nonamer position that was selectively adapted as the corresponding index (most prevalent sequence) of the human viruses. The majority of these avian substitutions were long-standing in the evolution of H7N9, and only 17 were first detected in 2013 as possibly essential for the initial human adaptation. Strikingly, continued evolution of the avian H7N9 virus has resulted in avian and human protein sequences that are almost identical. This rapid and continued adaptation of the avian H7N9 virus to the human host, with near identity of the avian and human viruses, is associated with increased human infection and a predicted greater risk of human-to-human transmission.

scholarly journals Ecology of H3 avian influenza viruses in Korea and assessment of their pathogenic potentials

2008 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 949-957 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min-Suk Song ◽  
Taek-Kyu Oh ◽  
Ho Jin Moon ◽  
Dai-Woon Yoo ◽  
Eun Ho Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Wild Bird ◽  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Interspecies Transmission ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Backyard Poultry ◽  
Live Poultry ◽  
Live Poultry Markets

To determine the genetic origins of novel H3 avian influenza viruses of chickens and ducks in Korea, genetic characterization of H3 avian influenza viruses isolated from live poultry markets and migratory aquatic birds in South Korea during 2004–2006 was conducted. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that at least four novel genotypes of H3N2 and two genotypes of H3N6 avian influenza viruses were co-circulating in backyard poultry of Korea. The viruses were reassortants between H9N2 viruses of Korean chickens and unknown influenza viruses of migratory birds. Genetic comparison of H3 viruses from live bird markets with those from wild bird isolates revealed that certain gene segments of wild bird isolates are related closely to those of Korean group H9N2 viruses isolated from live poultry markets in 2003. Furthermore, animal-challenge studies demonstrated that the pathogenicity of certain avian H3 influenza viruses was altered due to reassortment, leading to H3 avian influenza viruses in Korea that can potentially expand their host range to include mammals. These studies emphasize the continuing need to monitor backyard poultry at live poultry markets to better understand interspecies transmission and the emergence of novel influenza viruses that have the potential to infect humans.

Interspecies transmission and limited persistence of low pathogenic avian influenza genomes among Alaska dabbling ducks

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2004-2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew B. Reeves ◽  
John M. Pearce ◽  
Andrew M. Ramey ◽  
Brandt W. Meixell ◽  
Jonathan A. Runstadler
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Interspecies Transmission ◽  
Dabbling Ducks ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza

​​Differential Disease Resistance of Indian Native Chicken Breeds to Experimental P. multocida Infection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.R. Kannaki ◽  
E. Priyanka ◽  
M. Abhilash ◽  
Santosh Haunshi
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Infection ◽  
Pasteurella Multocida ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Intranasal Route ◽  
Bacterial Diseases ◽  
Death Time ◽  
Native Chicken ◽  
Chicken Breeds

Background: Native chicken breeds are considered more disease tolerant than exotic chicken breeds especially for the bacterial diseases. Aseel, Ghagus and Vanaraja chicken breeds/ variety were evaluated for the disease tolerance/susceptibility pattern after experimental infection with P. multocida A:1 isolate. Methods: A total of 72 birds of three breeds viz., Aseel, Ghagus and Vanaraja (n=24 each) were divided into three groups. The birds were inoculated with 2.5x106 CFU/ml of virulent Pasteurella multocida A:1 isolate through intraperitoneal (I/P) and intranasal (I/N) routes at 12 weeks of age. Clinical signs, morbidity, mortality rates and lesions were observed in the infected birds. Result: The mortality rates were 83.3% in Assel breed against 100% in both Ghagus and Vanaraja breed in intraperitoneally infected groups. Upon intranasal infection, the mortality was 83.3% in Assel and Vanaraja breed against 100% in Ghagus breed. Aseel birds showed significantly better survivability and longer death time than Ghagus breed upon experimental infection with Pasteureall multocida A:1 isolate. Vanaraja breed showed tolerance comparable to Aseel in experimental infection via intranasal route.

Susceptibility of Common Family Anatidae Bird Species to Clade 2.3.4.4e H5N6 High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus: An Experimental Infection Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kosuke Soda ◽  
Yukiko Tomioka ◽  
Chiharu Hidaka ◽  
Mayu Matsushita ◽  
Tatsufumi Usui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Late Phase ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Infectious Dose ◽  
Epidemic Season ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
High Pathogenicity

Abstract Background: There were large outbreaks of high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) caused by clade 2.3.4.4e H5N6 viruses in the winter of 2016–2017 in Japan, which caused large numbers of deaths among several endangered bird species including cranes, raptors, and birds in Family Anatidae. In this study, susceptibility of common Anatidae to a clade 2.3.4.4e H5N6 HPAI virus was assessed to evaluate their potential to be a source of infection for other birds. Eurasian wigeons (Mareca penelope), mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), and Northern pintails (Anas acuta) were intranasally inoculated with 106, 104, or 102 50% egg infectious dose (EID50) of clade 2.3.4.4e A/teal/Tottori/1/2016 (H5N6). Results: All birds survived for 10 days without showing any clinical signs of infection. Most ducks inoculated with ≥104 EID50 of virus seroconverted within 10 days post-inoculation (dpi). Virus was mainly shed via the oral route for a maximum of 10 days, followed by cloacal route in late phase of infection. Virus remained in the pancreas of some ducks at 10 dpi. Viremia was observed in some ducks euthanized at 3 dpi, and ≤106.3 EID50 of virus was recovered from systemic tissues and swab samples including eyeballs and conjunctival swabs. Conclusions: These results indicate that the subject duck species have a potential to be a source of infection of clade 2.3.4.4e HPAI virus to the environment and other birds sharing their habitats. Captive ducks should be reared under isolated or separated circumstances during the HPAI epidemic season to prevent infection and further viral dissemination.

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