scholarly journals Feasibility and Effectiveness Studies with Oral Vaccination of Free-Roaming Dogs against Rabies in Thailand

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 571
Author(s):  
Karoon Chanachai ◽  
Vilaiporn Wongphruksasoong ◽  
Ad Vos ◽  
Kansuda Leelahapongsathon ◽  
Ratanaporn Tangwangvivat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Route ◽  
Human Rabies ◽  
Retrieval Model ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
Oral Vaccination ◽  
Transmission Cycle ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Municipal Workers ◽  
Effectiveness Studies ◽  
Rabies Vaccination

(1) Background: Thailand has made significant progress in reducing the number of human and animal rabies cases. However, control and elimination of the last remaining pockets of dog-mediated rabies have shown to be burdensome, predominantly as a result of the large numbers of free-roaming dogs without an owner that cannot be restrained without special efforts and therefore remain unvaccinated. To reach these dogs, the feasibility, and benefits of oral rabies vaccination (ORV) as a complementary tool has been examined under field conditions. (2) Methods: ORV of dogs was tested in five study areas of four provinces in Thailand. In these areas, sites with free-roaming dogs were identified with the support of local municipal workers and dog caretakers. ORV teams visited each of five study areas and distributed rabies vaccine (SPBN GASGAS) in three bait formats that were offered to the dogs using a hand-out and retrieval model. The three bait types tested included: egg-flavored baits, egg-flavored baits pasted with commercially available cat liquid snack, and boiled-intestine baits. A dog offered a vaccine bait was considered vaccinated when the discarded sachet was perforated or if a dog chewed vaccine bait at least 5 times before it swallowed the bait, including the sachet. (3) Results: A total of 2444 free-roaming dogs considered inaccessible for parenteral vaccination were identified at 338 sites. As not all dogs were approachable, 79.0% were offered a bait; of these dogs, 91.6% accepted the bait and subsequently 83.0% were considered successfully vaccinated. (4) Conclusion: Overall, 65.6% of the free-roaming dogs at these sites were successfully vaccinated by the oral route. Such a significant increase of the vaccination coverage of the free-roaming dog population could interrupt the rabies transmission cycle and offers a unique opportunity to reach the goal to eliminate dog-mediated human rabies in Thailand by 2030.

scholarly journals Development of a Non-Meat-Based, Mass Producible and Effective Bait for Oral Vaccination of Dogs against Rabies in Goa State, India

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew D. Gibson ◽  
Stella Mazeri ◽  
Gowri Yale ◽  
Santosh Desai ◽  
Vilas Naik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Human Rabies ◽  
High Uptake ◽  
Minimum Requirements ◽  
Global Goal ◽  
Vaccination Campaigns ◽  
Rabies Vaccination

Introduction: To achieve the global goal of canine-mediated human rabies elimination by 2030 there is an urgent need to scale-up mass dog vaccination activities in regions with large dog populations that are difficult to access; a common situation in much of India. Oral rabies vaccination may enable the vaccination of free-roaming dogs that are inaccessible to parenteral vaccination, and is considered a promising complementary measure to parenteral mass dog vaccination campaigns. WHO and OIE have published detailed minimum requirements for rabies vaccines and baits to be used for this purpose, requiring that baits must not only be well-accepted by the target population but must also efficiently release the vaccine in the oral cavity. For oral rabies vaccination approaches to be successful, it is necessary to develop baits which have a high uptake by the target population, are culturally accepted and amenable to mass production. The aim of this study was to compare the interest and uptake rates of meat-based and an egg-based prototype bait constructs by free roaming dogs in Goa, India. Methods: Three teams randomly distributed two prototype baits; an egg-flavoured bait and a commercial meat dog food (gravy) flavoured bait. The outcomes of consumption were recorded and compared between baits and dog variables. Results: A total of 209 egg-bait and 195 gravy-bait distributions were recorded and analysed. No difference (p = 0.99) was found in the percentage of dogs interested in the baits when offered. However, significantly more dogs consumed the egg-bait than the gravy-bait; 77.5% versus 68.7% (p = 0.04). The release of the blue-dyed water inside the sachet in the oral cavity of the animals was significant higher in the dogs consuming an egg-bait compared to the gravy-bait (73.4% versus 56.7%, p = 0.001). Conclusions: The egg-based bait had a high uptake amongst free roaming dogs and also enabled efficient release of the vaccine in the oral cavity, whilst also avoiding culturally relevant materials of bovine or porcine meat products.

Meta-analysis of immunogenicity and safety of human rabies vaccination under Zagreb and Essen regimens

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ting Li ◽  
Xin Wang ◽  
Hongbin Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Events ◽  
Safety Profile ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Human Rabies ◽  
Antibody Concentration ◽  
Weighted Mean ◽  
Mean Differences ◽  
Risk Ratios ◽  
Rabies Vaccination

Aim: To assess the immunogenicity and safety of rabies vaccination under the Zagreb and Essen regimens by performing a meta-analysis. Methods: Electronic databases were searched for eligible studies. Risk ratios and weighted mean differences with 95% CIs were used to calculate estimates. Results: A total of 18 studies were included. Rabies virus neutralizing antibody concentration was comparable between the two regimens at D7 and 14. No significant differences were observed in seroconversion rates from D14 and 42. Incidence of fever was higher in Zagreb group (risk ratio: 1.55 [1.37–1.76]); but no significant differences were present for other common adverse events. Conclusion: Rabies vaccination under the Zagreb regimen was noninferior to the Essen regimen in immunogenicity and had an acceptable safety profile.

scholarly journals Dog Owners’ Knowledge about Rabies and Other Factors That Influence Canine Anti-Rabies Vaccination in the Upper East Region of Ghana

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baba Awuni ◽  
Elvis Tarkang ◽  
Emmanuel Manu ◽  
Hubert Amu ◽  
Martin Amogre Ayanore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Formal Education ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Good Knowledge ◽  
Human Rabies ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
East Region ◽  
Upper East Region ◽  
Dog Owners ◽  
Rabies Vaccination

Background: Human rabies, often contracted through dog bites, is a serious but neglected public health problem in the tropics, including Ghana. Due to its high fatality rate, adequate knowledge and vaccination of domestic dogs against the disease are very crucial in reducing its burden. We examined dog owners’ knowledge level on rabies and factors that influenced anti-rabies vaccination of dogs in the Upper East Region of Ghana. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 260 randomly sampled dog owners in six communities from six Districts using a multistage sampling technique, in the Upper East Region of Ghana. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from the respondents. Descriptive and inferential analyses were done using STATA 14.1. Results: While knowledge about rabies was 199 (76.5%), that about anti-rabies vaccination was 137 (52.7%). District of residence (χ2 = 112.59, p < 0.001), sex (χ2 = 6.14, p = 0.013), education (χ2 = 20.45, p < 0.001) as well as occupation (χ2 = 11.97, p = 0.007) were significantly associated with rabies knowledge. District of residence (χ2 = 57.61, p < 0.001), Educational level (χ2 = 15.37, p = 0.004), occupation (χ2 = 11.66, p = 0.009), religion (χ2 = 8.25, p = 0.016) and knowledge on rabies (χ2 = 42.13, p < 0.001) were also statistically associated with dog vaccination against rabies. Dog owners with good knowledge on rabies for instance, were more likely to vaccinate their dogs against rabies compared to those with poor knowledge [AOR = 1.99 (95% CI: 0.68, 5.86), p = 0.210]. Dog owners with tertiary level of education were also 76.31 times more likely (95% CI: 6.20, 938.49, p = 0.001) to have good knowledge about rabies compared to those with no formal education. Conclusions: Dog owners in the Upper East Region of Ghana had good knowledge about rabies. This, however, did not translate into correspondingly high levels of dog vaccination against the disease. Rabies awareness and vaccination campaigns should, therefore, be intensified in the region, especially among the least educated and female dog owners.

scholarly journals Wildlife and Bait Density Monitoring to Describe the Effectiveness of a Rabies Vaccination Program in Foxes

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Paolo Tizzani ◽  
Angela Fanelli ◽  
Carsten Potzsch ◽  
Joerg Henning ◽  
Srdjan Šašić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Red Fox ◽  
Vaccination Campaign ◽  
Oral Vaccination ◽  
Density Data ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Critical Areas ◽  
Vaccination Campaigns ◽  
Time Evaluation ◽  
Rabies Vaccination ◽  
Wildlife Reservoir

Fox rabies has been eliminated from vast areas of West and Central Europe, but cases still occur in the Balkans. Oral vaccination is an effective method for reducing the incidence of the disease in wildlife, but it requires monitoring if bait density is adequate for the density of the wildlife reservoir. We developed a methodology to evaluate the effectiveness of aerial vaccination campaigns conducted in Montenegro during autumn 2011 and spring 2012. The effectiveness of the vaccination campaign was assessed by (i) estimating the density of baits, (ii) estimating the distribution of the red fox, (iii) identifying critical areas of insufficient bait density by combining both variables. Although the two vaccination campaigns resulted in 45% and 47% of the country’s total area not reaching recommended density of 20 baits/km2, the consecutive delivery of both campaigns reduced these “gaps” to 6%. By combining bait and reservoir density data, we were able to show that bait density was lower than fox density in only 5% of Montenegro’s territory. The methodology described can be used for real-time evaluation of aerial vaccine delivery campaigns, to identify areas with insufficient bait densities.

A simple method for the detection of Leptolegnia chapmanii from infected Aedes aegypti larvae

2013 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 425-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renan N. Leles ◽  
Cláudia C. López Lastra ◽  
Juan J. García ◽  
Éverton K.K. Fernandes ◽  
Christian Luz
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Water Film ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Simplified Method ◽  
Leptolegnia Chapmanii

Significant progress in developing Leptolegnia chapmanii as a biological control agent against mosquitoes will be accelerated by improved and simpler methods to detect and to isolate this virulent and rapidly lethal watermold from field-collected mosquito larvae. To date, however, this oomycete has remained understudied and little used. This study presents a simplified method to detect Leptolegnia in infected Aedes aegypti larvae. The development of L. chapmanii inside mosquitoes is easily monitored when pathogen-treated larvae are quasi-immobilized for an initial 48 h in the water film on plates of water agar amended with antibiotic (chloramphenicol, 0.5–1 g/L) and fungicide (thiabendazole, 4–8 g/L) and then transferred to a larger volume of water for an additional 48 h. Surprisingly, chloramphenicol stimulated oosporogenesis by L. chapmanii. The method permits processing of large numbers of A. aegypti and other culicid larvae and is useful for both obtaining new strains and also monitoring the efficacy of L. chapmanii during field tests.

scholarly journals Knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding rabies risk in community members and healthcare professionals: Pétionville, Haiti, 2013

2017 ◽  
Vol 145 (8) ◽  
pp. 1624-1634 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. FENELON ◽  
P. DELY ◽  
M. A. KATZ ◽  
N. D. SCHAAD ◽  
A. DISMER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Human Rabies ◽  
Medical Professionals ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Attitudes And Practices ◽  
Level Of Knowledge ◽  
Rabies Prevention ◽  
Knowledge Attitudes And Practices ◽  
Rabies Vaccination

SUMMARYHaiti has the highest human rabies burden in the Western Hemisphere. There is no published literature describing the public's perceptions of rabies in Haiti, information that is critical to developing effective interventions and government policies. We conducted a knowledge, attitudes and practices survey of 550 community members and 116 health professionals in Pétionville, Haiti in 2013 to understand the perception of rabies in these populations. The majority of respondents (85%) knew that dogs were the primary reservoir for rabies, yet only 1% were aware that bats and mongooses could transmit rabies. Animal bites were recognized as a mechanism of rabies transmission by 77% of the population and 76% were aware that the disease could be prevented by vaccination. Of 172 persons reporting a bite, only 37% sought medical treatment. The annual bite incidence rate in respondents was 0·9%. Only 31% of bite victims reported that they started the rabies vaccination series. Only 38% of respondents reported that their dog had been vaccinated against rabies. The majority of medical professionals recognized that dogs were the main reservoir for rabies (98%), but only 28% reported bats and 14% reported mongooses as posing a risk for rabies infection. Bites were reported as a mechanism of rabies transmission by 73% of respondents; exposure to saliva was reported by 20%. Thirty-four percent of medical professionals reported they would wash a bite wound with soap and water and 2·8% specifically mentioned rabies vaccination as a component of post-bite treatment. The majority of healthcare professionals recommended some form of rabies assessment for biting animals; 68·9% recommended a 14-day observation period, 60·4% recommended a veterinary consultation, and 13·2% recommended checking the vaccination status of the animal. Fewer than 15% of healthcare professionals had ever received training on rabies prevention and 77% did not know where to go to procure rabies vaccine for bite victims. Both study populations had a high level of knowledge about the primary reservoir for rabies and the mode of transmission. However, there is a need to improve the level of knowledge regarding the importance of seeking medical care for dog bites and additional training on rabies prevention for healthcare professionals. Distribution channels for rabies vaccines should be evaluated, as the majority of healthcare providers did not know where rabies vaccines could be obtained. Canine rabies vaccination is the primary intervention for rabies control programmes, yet most owned dogs in this population were not vaccinated.

scholarly journals Oral Exposure to Trypanosoma cruzi Elicits a Systemic CD8+T Cell Response and Protection against Heterotopic Challenge

2011 ◽  
Vol 79 (8) ◽  
pp. 3397-3406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew H. Collins ◽  
Julie M. Craft ◽  
Juan M. Bustamante ◽  
Rick L. Tarleton
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Trypanosoma Cruzi ◽  
Chagas Disease ◽  
Cell Response ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
T Cell Response ◽  
Oral Exposure ◽  
Oral Vaccination ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Route Of Infection

ABSTRACTTrypanosoma cruziinfects millions of people in Latin America and often leads to the development of Chagas disease.T. cruziinfection can be acquired at or near the bite site of the triatomine vector, butper osinfection is also a well-documented mode of transmission, as evidenced by recent microepidemics of acute Chagas disease attributed to the consumption of parasite-contaminated foods and liquids. It would also be convenient to deliver vaccines forT. cruziby the oral route, particularly live parasite vaccines intended for the immunization of reservoir hosts. For these reasons, we were interested in better understanding immunity toT. cruzifollowing oral infection or oral vaccination, knowing that the route of infection and site of antigen encounter can have substantial effects on the ensuing immune response. Here, we show that the route of infection does not alter the ability ofT. cruzito establish infection in muscle tissue nor does it impair the generation of a robust CD8+T cell response. Importantly, oral vaccination with attenuated parasites provides protection against wild-type (WT)T. cruzichallenge. These results strongly support the development of whole-organism-based vaccines targeting reservoir species as a means to alleviate the burden of Chagas disease in affected regions.

scholarly journals Research Progress of Rabies Vaccine

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunpeng Wang ◽  
Shuyang Guo
Keyword(s):  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
Rabies Vaccine ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Oral Vaccination ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Rabies Virus Infection ◽  
Correct Application ◽  
Rabies Vaccination

Rabies is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by rabies virus. Lead to acute fatal encephalomyelitis after rabies virus infection of the central nervous system of warm-blooded animals and human. The development of vaccines that prevent rabies has a long and distinguished history, with the earliest preceding modern understanding of viruses and the mechanisms of immune protection against disease.Since the first development of a rabies vaccine by Pasteur in the late 19th century, second- and third-generation vaccines with improved efficacy and less reactogenicity have been developed for use in humans and animals. The correct application of inactivated tissue culture-derived vaccines is highly effective at preventing the development of rabies. Furthermore, oral vaccination is possible for wildlife, companion animals and livestock. A number of experimental vaccines are under development. These include DNA vaccines, recombinant viral vaccines, and recombinant protein vaccines. Further testing is needed to determine if and which one of these novel vaccines will make their way into mass production and application in the future. This review provide an overview of the past, present and possible future of rabies vaccination.

scholarly journals Differential Kinetics and Distribution of Antibodies in Serum and Nasal and Vaginal Secretions after Nasal and Oral Vaccination of Humans

1998 ◽  
Vol 66 (7) ◽  
pp. 3390-3396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Rudin ◽  
Eva-Liz Johansson ◽  
Charlotta Bergquist ◽  
Jan Holmgren
Keyword(s):  
Specific Antibody ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Organ Distribution ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Oral Vaccination ◽  
Nasal Route ◽  
Vaginal Secretions ◽  
Nasal Vaccination ◽  
Specific Igg

ABSTRACT Although nasal vaccination has emerged as an interesting alternative to systemic or oral vaccination, knowledge is scarce about the immune responses after such immunization in humans. In the present study, we have compared the kinetics and organ distribution of the antibody responses after nasal and oral vaccination. We immunized female volunteers nasally or orally with cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) and determined the specific antibody levels in serum and nasal and vaginal secretions, as well as the number of circulating antibody-secreting cells, before immunization and 1, 2, 3, 6, and 26 weeks thereafter. Nasal vaccination induced 9-fold CTB-specific immunoglobulin A (IgA) and 56-fold specific IgG antibody increases in nasal secretions, whereas no significant IgA increase was seen after oral vaccination. Both oral and nasal vaccination resulted in 5- to 6-fold CTB-specific IgA and 20- to 30-fold specific IgG increases in vaginal secretions. Strong serum responses to CTB were also induced by both routes of vaccination. A notable difference between nasal and oral vaccination was that the nasal route elicited a specific antibody response with a later onset but of much longer duration than did the oral route. We conclude from this study that the nasal route is superior to the oral route for administering at least nonliving vaccines against infections in the upper respiratory tract, whereas either oral or nasal vaccination might be used for eliciting antibody responses in the female genital tract.

scholarly journals Review of Oral Rabies Vaccination of Dogs and Its Application in India

Viruses ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 155
Author(s):  
Gowri Yale ◽  
Marwin Lopes ◽  
Shrikrishna Isloor ◽  
Jennifer R. Head ◽  
Stella Mazeri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Rabies ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Stray Dog ◽  
Indian State ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Public Health Institutions ◽  
Health Institutions ◽  
Vaccination Campaigns ◽  
Rabies Vaccination ◽  
High Output

Oral rabies vaccines (ORVs) have been in use to successfully control rabies in wildlife since 1978 across Europe and the USA. This review focuses on the potential and need for the use of ORVs in free-roaming dogs to control dog-transmitted rabies in India. Iterative work to improve ORVs over the past four decades has resulted in vaccines that have high safety profiles whilst generating a consistent protective immune response to the rabies virus. The available evidence for safety and efficacy of modern ORVs in dogs and the broad and outspoken support from prominent global public health institutions for their use provides confidence to national authorities considering their use in rabies-endemic regions. India is estimated to have the largest rabies burden of any country and, whilst considerable progress has been made to increase access to human rabies prophylaxis, examples of high-output mass dog vaccination campaigns to eliminate the virus at the source remain limited. Efficiently accessing a large proportion of the dog population through parenteral methods is a considerable challenge due to the large, evasive stray dog population in many settings. Existing parenteral approaches require large skilled dog-catching teams to reach these dogs, which present financial, operational and logistical limitations to achieve 70% dog vaccination coverage in urban settings in a short duration. ORV presents the potential to accelerate the development of approaches to eliminate rabies across large areas of the South Asia region. Here we review the use of ORVs in wildlife and dogs, with specific consideration of the India setting. We also present the results of a risk analysis for a hypothetical campaign using ORV for the vaccination of dogs in an Indian state.

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