scholarly journals Evaluation of Baloxavir Marboxil and Peramivir for the Treatment of High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza in Chickens

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1407
Author(s):  
Augustin Twabela ◽  
Masatoshi Okamatsu ◽  
Keita Matsuno ◽  
Norikazu Isoda ◽  
Yoshihiro Sakoda
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Virus Replication ◽  
Active Form ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Antiviral Effect ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Delayed Treatment ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
High Pathogenicity

Control measures in the case of high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) outbreaks in poultry include culling, surveillance, and biosecurity; wild birds in captivity may also be culled, although some rare bird species should be rescued for conservation. In this study, two anti-influenza drugs, baloxavir marboxil (BXM) and peramivir (PR), used in humans, were examined in treating HPAI in birds, using chickens as a model. Chickens were infected with H5N6 HPAI virus and were treated immediately or 24 h from challenge with 20 mg/kg BXM or PR twice a day for five days. As per our findings, BXM significantly reduced virus replication in organs and provided full protection to chickens compared with that induced by PR. In the 24-h-delayed treatment, neither drug completely inhibited virus replication nor ensured the survival of infected chickens. A single administration of 2.5 mg/kg of BXM was determined as the minimum dose required to fully protect chickens from HPAI virus; the concentration of baloxavir acid, the active form of BXM, in chicken blood at this dose was sufficient for a 48 h antiviral effect post-administration. Thus, these data can be a starting point for the use of BXM and PR in treating captive wild birds infected with HPAI virus.

Susceptibility of Common Family Anatidae Bird Species to Clade 2.3.4.4e H5N6 High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus: An Experimental Infection Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kosuke Soda ◽  
Yukiko Tomioka ◽  
Chiharu Hidaka ◽  
Mayu Matsushita ◽  
Tatsufumi Usui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Late Phase ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Infectious Dose ◽  
Epidemic Season ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
High Pathogenicity

Abstract Background: There were large outbreaks of high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) caused by clade 2.3.4.4e H5N6 viruses in the winter of 2016–2017 in Japan, which caused large numbers of deaths among several endangered bird species including cranes, raptors, and birds in Family Anatidae. In this study, susceptibility of common Anatidae to a clade 2.3.4.4e H5N6 HPAI virus was assessed to evaluate their potential to be a source of infection for other birds. Eurasian wigeons (Mareca penelope), mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), and Northern pintails (Anas acuta) were intranasally inoculated with 106, 104, or 102 50% egg infectious dose (EID50) of clade 2.3.4.4e A/teal/Tottori/1/2016 (H5N6). Results: All birds survived for 10 days without showing any clinical signs of infection. Most ducks inoculated with ≥104 EID50 of virus seroconverted within 10 days post-inoculation (dpi). Virus was mainly shed via the oral route for a maximum of 10 days, followed by cloacal route in late phase of infection. Virus remained in the pancreas of some ducks at 10 dpi. Viremia was observed in some ducks euthanized at 3 dpi, and ≤106.3 EID50 of virus was recovered from systemic tissues and swab samples including eyeballs and conjunctival swabs. Conclusions: These results indicate that the subject duck species have a potential to be a source of infection of clade 2.3.4.4e HPAI virus to the environment and other birds sharing their habitats. Captive ducks should be reared under isolated or separated circumstances during the HPAI epidemic season to prevent infection and further viral dissemination.

scholarly journals Quantifying the spatial risk of Avian Influenza introduction into British poultry by wild birds

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Hill ◽  
Simon Gillings ◽  
Alexander Berriman ◽  
Adam Brouwer ◽  
Andrew C. Breed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Risk Map ◽  
Total Risk ◽  
Representative Sampling ◽  
North West ◽  
Risk Equation ◽  
Spatial Risk

AbstractThe transmission of pathogens across the interface between wildlife and livestock presents a challenge to the development of effective surveillance and control measures. Wild birds, especially waterbirds such as the Anseriformes and Charadriiformes are considered to be the natural hosts of Avian Influenza (AI), and are presumed to pose one of the most likely vectors for incursion of AI into European poultry flocks. We have developed a generic quantitative risk map, derived from the classical epidemiological risk equation, to describe the relative, spatial risk of disease incursion into poultry flocks via wild birds. We then assessed the risk for AI incursion into British flocks. The risk map suggests that the majority of AI incursion risk is highly clustered within certain areas of Britain, including in the east, the south west and the coastal north-west of England. The clustering of high risk areas concentrates total risk in a relatively small land area; the top 33% of cells contribute over 80% of total incursion risk. This suggests that targeted risk-based sampling in a relatively small geographical area could be a much more effective and cost-efficient approach than representative sampling. The generic nature of the risk map method, allows rapid updating and application to other diseases transmissible between wild birds and poultry.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Diversity of Avian Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Sero-Subtypes in Poultry and Wild Birds in Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad M. Hassan ◽  
Mohamed E. El Zowalaty ◽  
Ariful Islam ◽  
Shahneaz A. Khan ◽  
Md. K. Rahman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin

Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 viruses have pandemic potential, cause significant economic losses and are of veterinary and public health concerns. This study aimed to investigate the distribution and diversity of hemagglutinin (HA) subtypes of avian influenza virus (AIV) in poultry and wild birds in Bangladesh. We conducted an avian influenza sero-surveillance in wild and domestic birds in wetlands of Chattogram and Sylhet in the winter seasons 2012–2014. We tested serum samples using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA), and randomly selected positive serum samples (170 of 942) were tested using hemagglutination inhibition (HI) to detect antibodies against the 16 different HA sero-subtypes. All AIV sero–subtypes except H7, H11, H14 and H15 were identified in the present study, with H5 and H9 dominating over other subtypes, regardless of the bird species. The diversity of HA sero-subtypes within groups ranged from 3 (in household chickens) to 10 (in migratory birds). The prevalence of the H5 sero-subtype was 76.3% (29/38) in nomadic ducks, 71.4% (5/7) in household chicken, 66.7% (24/36) in resident wild birds, 65.9% (27/41) in migratory birds and 61.7% (29/47) in household ducks. Moreover, the H9 sero-subtype was common in migratory birds (56%; 23/41), followed by 38.3% (18/47) in household ducks, 36.8% (14/38) in nomadic ducks, 30.6% (11/66) in resident wild birds and 28.5% (2/7) in household chickens. H1, H4 and H6 sero-subtypes were the most common sero-subtypes (80%; 8/10, 70%; 7/10 and 70%; 7/10, respectively) in migratory birds in 2012, H9 in resident wild birds (83.3%; 5/6) and H2 in nomadic ducks (73.9%; 17/23) in 2013, and the H5 sero-subtype in all types of birds (50% to 100%) in 2014. The present study demonstrates that a high diversity of HA subtypes circulated in diverse bird species in Bangladesh, and this broad range of AIV hosts may increase the probability of AIVs’ reassortment and may enhance the emergence of novel AIV strains. A continued surveillance for AIV at targeted domestic–wild bird interfaces is recommended to understand the ecology and evolution of AIVs.

scholarly journals Reassortant low-pathogenic avian influenza H5N2 viruses in African wild birds

2011 ◽  
Vol 92 (5) ◽  
pp. 1172-1183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chantal J. Snoeck ◽  
Adeniyi T. Adeyanju ◽  
Sébastien De Landtsheer ◽  
Ulf Ottosson ◽  
Shiiwua Manu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Ns Gene ◽  
Domestic Birds ◽  
Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza

To investigate the presence and persistence of avian influenza virus in African birds, we monitored avian influenza in wild and domestic birds in two different regions in Nigeria. We found low-pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H5N2 viruses in three spur-winged geese (Plectropterus gambensis) in the Hadejia–Nguru wetlands. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that all of the genes, except the non-structural (NS) genes, of the LPAI H5N2 viruses were more closely related to genes recently found in wild and domestic birds in Europe. The NS genes formed a sister group to South African and Zambian NS genes. This suggested that the Nigerian LPAI H5N2 viruses found in wild birds were reassortants exhibiting an NS gene that circulated for at least 7 years in African birds and is part of the African influenza gene pool, and genes that were more recently introduced into Africa from Eurasia, most probably by intercontinental migratory birds. Interestingly the haemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes formed a sister branch to highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N2 strains found in the same wild bird species in the same wetland only 1 year earlier. However, they were not the closest known relatives of each other, suggesting that their presence in the wetland resulted from two separate introductions. The presence of LPAI H5N2 in wild birds in the Hadejia–Nguru wetlands, where wild birds and poultry occasionally mix, provides ample opportunity for infection across species boundaries, with the potential risk of generating HPAI viruses after extensive circulation in poultry.

scholarly journals Landscape and spatial patterns of avian influenza virus in Danish wild birds, 2006-2020

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lene Kjær ◽  
Charlotte Hjulsager ◽  
Lars Larsen ◽  
Anette Boklund ◽  
Tariq Halasa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Surveillance Data ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Game Bird ◽  
Migrating Birds

Avian influenza (AI) is a contagious disease of birds with zoonotic potential. AI virus (AIV) can infect most bird species, but clinical signs and mortality vary. Assessing the distribution and factors affecting AI incidence can direct targeted surveillance to areas at risk of disease outbreaks, or help identify disease hotspots or areas with inadequate surveillance. Using virus surveillance data from passive and active AIV wild bird surveillance, 20062020, we investigated the association between a range of landscape factors and game bird release and the presence of AIV. Furthermore, we assessed potential bias in the passive AIV surveillance data submitted by the public, via factors related to public accessibility. Lastly, we tested the AIV data for possible hot and cold spots within Denmark. The passive surveillance data was biased regarding accessibility to areas (distance to roads, cities and coast) compared to random locations within Denmark. We found significant effects of variables related to coast, wetlands and cities for the passive and active AIV surveillance data (P< 0.01), but found no significant effect of game bird release. We used these variables to predict the risk of AIV presence throughout Denmark, and found high-risk areas concentrated along the coast and fjords. For both passive and active surveillance data, low-risk clusters were mainly seen in Jutland and northern Zealand, whereas high-risk clusters were found in Jutland, Zealand, Funen and the southern Isles such as Lolland and Falster. Our results suggest that landscape affects AIV presence, as coastal areas and wetlands attract waterfowl and migrating birds and therefore might increase the potential for AIV transmission. These findings have enabled us to create risk maps of AIV incidence in wild birds and pinpoint high-risk clusters within Denmark. This will aid targeted surveillance efforts within Denmark and potentially aid in planning the location of future poultry farms.

Surveillance for High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus in Wild Birds in the Pacific Flyway of the United States, 2006–2007

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. e9-e10
Author(s):  
Robert J. Dusek ◽  
J. Bradley Bortner ◽  
Thomas J. Deliberto ◽  
Jenny Hoskins ◽  
J. Christian Franson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
The United States ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Pacific Flyway ◽  
High Pathogenicity

Surveillance for High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus in Wild Birds in the Pacific Flyway of the United States, 2006–2007

2009 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 222-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Dusek ◽  
J. Bradley Bortner ◽  
Thomas J. DeLiberto ◽  
Jenny Hoskins ◽  
J. Christian Franson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
The United States ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Pacific Flyway ◽  
High Pathogenicity

scholarly journals Serological and Molecular Detection of Avian Influenza Virus ‎Hemagglutinin (H5) in Wild Birds in and around Zaria, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-31
Author(s):  
P. I. Alonge ◽  
S. B. Oladele ◽  
F. B. Hassan ◽  
O. Orakpoghenor ◽  
J. Samuel
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Worldwide Distribution ◽  
Bubulcus Ibis ◽  
Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin

Avian influenza (AI) has a worldwide distribution and affects domestic and wild birds, thus causing great economic losses to the poultry industry. This study was carried out to detect avian influenza virus H5 antibodies and nucleic acidin some wild birds [Laughing doves (Spilolepia senegalensis), Speckled pigeons (Columba guinea), Cattle egrets (Bubulcus ibis), Senegalese parrots (Poicephalussenegalus), Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and Geese (Anseranserini)] in Zaria and its environs, Kaduna State Nigeria. Sera were tested for avian influenza virus (AIV) H5 antibody using competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA).  Pooled oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs of each bird species (8-10 samples) were tested for AIV nucleic acidusing one-stepreverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results revealed overall prevalence of 6.62% and 3.85% for AIV antibody and nucleic acid respectively. Based on species, AIV antibody was detected in laughing dove (10%), speckled pigeon (13.64%) and mallard (19.05%).Also, AIV antigen was detected in Senegalese parrot (20%).In conclusion, AIV antibody and antigen were detected in wild birds in Zaria, Nigeria. Thus, these species of birds could play significant roles in the spread of this virus to chickens. Therefore, measures to limit the interactions of these wild birds with chickens should be implemented to minimize the spread of AI.

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Japan: Outbreaks, Control Measures, and Roles of Wild Birds

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 324-331
Author(s):  
Kenji Tsukamoto ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Wild Bird ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) causes devastating economic loss to the poultry industry and poses a significant threat to food safety and public health. In Asia, the H5N1 HPAI virus has been circulating since 1996, and human infection has occurred sporadically. Points important for preventing outbreaks are biosecurity at chicken farms, monitoring, rapid diagnosis, and eradication of the virus from farms where outbreaks occur. Vaccination for chickens is not recommended because low vaccine efficacy may allow the circulation of the virus in vaccinated flocks. Since we experienced many chicken outbreaks and many deaths of wild birds in the 2010/2011 birdwintering season in Japan, biosecurity measures at farms have been enhanced and real-time PCR has been introduced as a rapid, reliable diagnostic test at animal hygiene service centers in Japan in 2011. Since risk of the H5N1 virus being maintained in wild bird populations may be increasing, international wild bird surveillance at the residential and bird-wintering places may be more important than ever. Real-time RT-PCR (SYBR) for subtyping HA and NA genes of AI viruses is quite useful for surveillance.

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