scholarly journals Identification of the Immediate-Early Genes of Cyprinid Herpesvirus 2

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 994
Author(s):  
Ruizhe Tang ◽  
Liqun Lu ◽  
Beiyang Wang ◽  
Jiao Yu ◽  
Hao Wang
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Immediate Early ◽  
Viral Pathogen ◽  
Dna Viruses ◽  
Reading Frame ◽  
Double Stranded Dna ◽  
Cyprinid Herpesvirus 3 ◽  
Efficient Expression ◽  
Herpesvirus 1 ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2), which infects goldfish and crucian carp causing high mortality, is an emerging viral pathogen worldwide. The genome of CyHV-2 is large and comprises double-stranded DNA, including several genes similar to cyprinid herpesvirus 1, ictalurid herpesvirus-1, cyprinid herpesvirus 3, and ranid herpesvirus-1. Genes of DNA viruses are expressed in three temporal phases: immediate-early (IE), early (E), and late (L) genes. Viral IE genes initiate transcription as soon as the virus enters the host, without viral DNA replication. IE gene products enable the efficient expression of E and L genes or regulate the host to initiate virus replication. In the present study, five IE genes of CyHV-2 were identified, including open reading frame (ORF)54, ORF121, ORF141, ORF147, and ORF155. Time course analysis and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction confirmed five IE genes, thirty-four E genes, and thirty-nine L genes. In addition, all 150 ORFs identified in the CyHV-2 genome are transcribed, and are expressed in chronological order, similar to other herpesviruses. This study is the first to identify the IE genes of CyHV-2, which will provide more information for viral molecular characterization.

Non-lethal diagnostic methods for koi herpesvirus in koi Cyprinus carpio

2020 ◽  
Vol 138 ◽  
pp. 195-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Soto ◽  
E Tamez-Trevino ◽  
Z Yazdi ◽  
BN Stevens ◽  
S Yun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cyprinus Carpio ◽  
Carrier State ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Permissive Temperature ◽  
Characteristic Analysis ◽  
Viral Pathogen ◽  
Koi Herpesvirus ◽  
Cyprinid Herpesvirus 3 ◽  
Herpesvirus 1 ◽  
And Control

Cyprinid herpesvirus 3, also known as koi herpesvirus (KHV), is a viral pathogen responsible for mass mortalities of carp worldwide. In this study, we compared the sensitivity and specificity of ELISA and quantitative PCR (qPCR) methods for the diagnosis of KHV in experimentally infected koi Cyprinus carpio over an 11 mo period. Koi were exposed to KHV at 18 ± 1°C (permissive temperatures for KHV disease) in laboratory-controlled conditions. At 21 d post challenge, the temperature in the system was decreased to <15°C (non-permissive temperature for KHV disease), and fish were monitored for the following 11 mo. At different time points throughout the study, samples of blood and gills were collected from exposed and control koi and subjected to qPCR and ELISA. Survival proportions of 53.3 and 98.8% in exposed and control treatments, respectively, were recorded at the end of the challenge. Traditional receiver-operating characteristic analysis was used to compare the sensitivity of the ELISA and blood and gill qPCR during permissive and non-permissive temperatures. ELISA was superior to qPCR of gills and whole-blood samples in detecting previous exposure to KHV. Similar results were obtained in a second experiment exposing koi to KHV and inducing persistent infection at >30°C (non-permissive temperature for KHV disease). Finally, KHV ELISA specificity was confirmed using cyprinid herpesvirus 1-exposed koi through a period of 3 mo. This study demonstrates that the combination of ELISA and gill qPCR should be recommended in the diagnosis of KHV exposure of suspected carrier-state fish.

scholarly journals Crustacean Genome Exploration Reveals the Evolutionary Origin of White Spot Syndrome Virus

2018 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoshi Kawato ◽  
Aiko Shitara ◽  
Yuanyuan Wang ◽  
Reiko Nozaki ◽  
Hidehiro Kondo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
White Spot Syndrome Virus ◽  
Genomic Data ◽  
White Spot ◽  
Viral Pathogen ◽  
Dna Viruses ◽  
Double Stranded Dna ◽  
History Of ◽  
Phylogenetic Origin ◽  
White Spot Syndrome

ABSTRACT White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a crustacean-infecting, double-stranded DNA virus and is the most serious viral pathogen in the global shrimp industry. WSSV is the sole recognized member of the family Nimaviridae, and the lack of genomic data on other nimaviruses has obscured the evolutionary history of WSSV. Here, we investigated the evolutionary history of WSSV by characterizing WSSV relatives hidden in host genomic data. We surveyed 14 host crustacean genomes and identified five novel nimaviral genomes. Comparative genomic analysis of Nimaviridae identified 28 “core genes” that are ubiquitously conserved in Nimaviridae; unexpected conservation of 13 uncharacterized proteins highlighted yet-unknown essential functions underlying the nimavirus replication cycle. The ancestral Nimaviridae gene set contained five baculoviral per os infectivity factor homologs and a sulfhydryl oxidase homolog, suggesting a shared phylogenetic origin of Nimaviridae and insect-associated double-stranded DNA viruses. Moreover, we show that novel gene acquisition and subsequent amplification reinforced the unique accessory gene repertoire of WSSV. Expansion of unique envelope protein and nonstructural virulence-associated genes may have been the key genomic event that made WSSV such a deadly pathogen. IMPORTANCE WSSV is the deadliest viral pathogen threatening global shrimp aquaculture. The evolutionary history of WSSV has remained a mystery, because few WSSV relatives, or nimaviruses, had been reported. Our aim was to trace the history of WSSV using the genomes of novel nimaviruses hidden in host genome data. We demonstrate that WSSV emerged from a diverse family of crustacean-infecting large DNA viruses. By comparing the genomes of WSSV and its relatives, we show that WSSV possesses an expanded set of unique host-virus interaction-related genes. This extensive gene gain may have been the key genomic event that made WSSV such a deadly pathogen. Moreover, conservation of insect-infecting virus protein homologs suggests a common phylogenetic origin of crustacean-infecting Nimaviridae and other insect-infecting DNA viruses. Our work redefines the previously poorly characterized crustacean virus family and reveals the ancient genomic events that preordained the emergence of a devastating shrimp pathogen.

scholarly journals Molecular Detection of HSV type 2 Infection among Infertile Males in Khartoum State, Sudan

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mai Elhadi ◽  
Abdel Rahim M El Hussein ◽  
Mohamed O Mustafa ◽  
Isam M Elkhidir ◽  
Khalid A Enan
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Sperm Count ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Dna Viruses ◽  
Double Stranded Dna ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Simplex Virus

Background:  Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections of humans were first documented in ancient Greece.  HSVs belong to family Herpesviridae, and are characterized by being enveloped, double-stranded DNA viruses with relatively large complex genomes.  Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) DNA seems to play a significant role in male infertility, it is significantly related to low sperm count as well as poor motility. Aim: This study aimed to determine the incidence of HSV-2 DNA among infertile males in Khartoum State, Sudan by using molecular methods. Methods: The study was carried out in Khartoum State, Sudan, during May-August 2018. A total of 50 semen samples from infertile males were included. HSV-2 was detected using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Result: Among 50 semen samples from infertile males, 6(12%) samples were found positive for HSV-2 DNA. Conclusion: Our findings showed no association between HSV-2 DNA and low sperm count in infertile Sudanese men. Our study also revealed the need for further investigations in different parts of the country to highlight the extent of the viral related men infertility problem in Sudan. Keywords: HSV-2, RT-PCR, infertility, men, Sudan

scholarly journals A Baculovirus Immediate-Early Gene, ie1, Promoter Drives Efficient Expression of a Transgene in Both Drosophila melanogaster and Bombyx mori

PLoS ONE ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. e49323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mika Masumoto ◽  
Takahiro Ohde ◽  
Kunihiro Shiomi ◽  
Toshinobu Yaginuma ◽  
Teruyuki Niimi
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Bombyx Mori ◽  
Immediate Early Gene ◽  
Early Gene ◽  
Immediate Early ◽  
Efficient Expression

scholarly journals Extrachromosomal Histone H2B Mediates Innate Antiviral Immune Responses Induced by Intracellular Double-Stranded DNA

2009 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 822-832 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kouji Kobiyama ◽  
Fumihiko Takeshita ◽  
Nao Jounai ◽  
Asako Sakaue-Sawano ◽  
Atsushi Miyawaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Cellular Signaling ◽  
Helical Structure ◽  
Human Cells ◽  
Type I Interferons ◽  
Type I ◽  
Histone H2b ◽  
Dna Viruses ◽  
Double Stranded Dna

ABSTRACT Fragments of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) forming a right-handed helical structure (B-DNA) stimulate cells to produce type I interferons (IFNs). While an adaptor molecule, IFN-β promoter stimulator 1 (IPS-1), mediates dsDNA-induced cellular signaling in human cells, the underlying molecular mechanism is not fully understood. Here, we demonstrate that the extrachromosomal histone H2B mediates innate antiviral immune responses in human cells. H2B physically interacts with IPS-1 through the association with a newly identified adaptor, CIAO (COOH-terminal importin 9-related adaptor organizing histone H2B and IPS-1), to transmit the cellular signaling for dsDNA but not immunostimulatory RNA. Extrachromosomal histone H2B was biologically crucial for cell-autonomous responses to protect against multiplication of DNA viruses but not an RNA virus. Thus, the present findings provide evidence indicating that the extrachromosomal histone H2B is engaged in the signaling pathway initiated by dsDNA to trigger antiviral innate immune responses.

scholarly journals The Fourth International Symposium on Ranaviruses: Summary of North American Herpetological Content and Points of Interest

2020 ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Lauren Ash ◽  
Rachel Marschang ◽  
Jolianne Rijks ◽  
Amanda Duffus
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
International Symposium ◽  
North American ◽  
Fourth International Symposium ◽  
Dna Viruses ◽  
The North ◽  
Double Stranded Dna ◽  
Points Of Interest ◽  
The Family ◽  
Globally Distributed

Ranaviruses are large double stranded DNA viruses from the family Iridoviridae. They are globally distributed and are currently known to affect fish, reptiles and amphibians. In North America, ranaviruses are also widely distributed, and cause frequent morbidity and mortality events in both wild and cultured populations. This is a synopsys of the North American content of the 4th International Symposium on Ranaviruses held in May 2017 in Budapest, Hungary.

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