scholarly journals The Serological Prevalence of Rabies Virus-Neutralizing Antibodies in the Bat Population on the Caribbean Island of Trinidad

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janine F. R. Seetahal ◽  
Lauren Greenberg ◽  
Panayampalli Subbian Satheshkumar ◽  
Manuel J. Sanchez-Vazquez ◽  
George Legall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Caribbean Island ◽  
Linear Mixed Effects ◽  
Artibeus Jamaicensis ◽  
Health Assessments ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Bat Diversity

Rabies virus (RABV) is the only lyssavirus known to be present within the Caribbean. The island of Trinidad, is richly diverse in chiropteran fauna and endemic for bat-transmitted rabies with low RABV isolation rates observed in this population. We aimed to determine the seroprevalence of rabies virus neutralizing antibodies (RVNA) in light of spatio-temporal and bat demographic factors to infer the extent of natural exposure to RABV in the Trinidadian bat population. RVNA titers were determined by the RABV micro-neutralization test on 383 bat samples representing 21 species, comprising 30.9% of local bat diversity, from 31 locations across the island over 5 years. RVNA was positively detected in 33 samples (8.6%) representing 6 bat species (mainly frugivorous) with titers ranging from 0.1 to 19 IU/mL (mean 1.66 IU/mL). The analyses based on a multivariable binomial generalised linear mixed-effects model showed that bat age and year of capture were significant predictors of seropositivity. Thus, juvenile bats were more likely to be seropositive when compared to adults (estimate 1.13; p = 0.04) which may suggest early exposure to the RABV with possible implications for viral amplification in this population. Temporal variation in rabies seropositivity, 2012–2014 versus 2015–2017 (estimate 1.07; p = 0.03) may have been related to the prevailing rabies epizootic situation. Regarding other factors investigated, RVNA was found in bats from both rural and non-rural areas, as well as in both hematophagous and non-hematophagous bat species. The most common seropositive species, Artibeus jamaicensis planirostris is ubiquitous throughout the island which may potentially facilitate human exposure. The findings of this study should be factored into public health assessments on the potential for rabies transmission by non-hematophagous bats in Trinidad.

scholarly journals “La fijeza”: the hope of the temporary progression through the image of the Caribbean location

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 118-129
Author(s):  
Ana Carolina Ochoa Roa
Keyword(s):  
Alejo Carpentier ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Caribbean Studies ◽  
Caribbean Island ◽  
Poetic Image ◽  
Temporal Relationships ◽  
The World ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Beach Resort

 This is a text derivated from the presentation “La fijeza: tiempo y espacio insulares”, in the 38th Conference of the Caribbean Studies Association, on June 4th, 2013 at Grenada Grand Beach Resort, Grand Anse, Grenada.Lezama Lima was a Cuban poet, essayist, and novelist considered as well as Alejo Carpentier, one of the greatest figures of the Caribbean island literature. His detailed knowledge of the baroque literature specially Góngora’s poetry, and also his necessity of fixing a Cuban identity, allowed him to propose a very innovative esthetic which goes beyond the disenchantment proper of the baroque. The verses of “La fijeza” are some examples of this vision. In this order of ideas, the purpose of this work in to present the analysis of some poems of “La fijeza” in order to explain the manner in which Lezama distances himself from the baroque disenchantment conception of the world and how, at the same time, he presents verses of hope, identity and universalism by means of presenting the poetic image of the Caribbean scenery and its spatio-temporal relationships in a way to explain a vision of the poetry as privileged way to re-create the world.  

Landscaping the Agritech Ecosystem for Smallholder Farmers in Latin America and the Caribbean

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Panos Loukos ◽  
Leslie Arathoon
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Digital Interventions ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Digital Agriculture ◽  
Digital Disruption

Agriculture is an important source of employment in Latin America and the Caribbean. In rural areas, some 54.6 per cent of the labour force is engaged in agricultural production. Although much of the region shares the same language and cultural heritage, the structure and scale of the agriculture sector varies significantly from country to country. Based on the review of 131 digital agriculture tools, this report, prepared by GSMA and IDB Lab, provides a market mapping and landscape analysis of the most prominent cases of digital disruption. It highlights some of the major trends observed in five digital agriculture use cases, identifies opportunities for digital interventions and concludes with recommendations for future engagement that could deliver long-term, sustainable economic and social benefits for smallholder farmers.

De watervoorziening op de zandgronden

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 74-88
Author(s):  
BERT GROENEWOUDT
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Functional Differentiation ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
Local Topography ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Settlement Landscape

Water supply in the sandy dry lands (the Netherlands). Spatio-temporal developments Wells as water facilities were standard elements of the Dutch settlement landscape only since the Roman period. At the same time (drinking) water facilities became largely detached from the local topography. The position of a well within a settlement became determined by that of its associated house, and its position relative to the house became more or less fixed. This reflects the functional and social subdivision of the farmhouse into two distinct sections: ‘front’ and ‘back’. Communal water facilities (socially important as well) seem to have been associated with nucleated settlement, and they always existed alongside private facilities. Communal (public) wells first appeared in towns around the 13th or 14th century, but in rural areas probably not until the 16th century. In different periods there is evidence for the expression of social and functional differentiation.

scholarly journals Serological response to rabies virus induced by commercial vaccines in cattle

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathias Martins ◽  
João Motta de Quadros ◽  
Eduardo Furtado Flores ◽  
Rudi Weiblen
Keyword(s):  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Vaccine Dose ◽  
Booster Vaccination ◽  
Serological Response ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Anamnestic Response ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
One Year

ABSTRACT: The antibody response to rabies virus (RABV) induced by commercial vaccines in heifers was investigated. For this, 84 heifers were vaccinated twice (30 days interval) with each of four vaccines (G1 = 14 animals; G2 = 24; G3 = 22 and G4 = 24) and received a booster vaccination 360 days later. Serum samples collected at different intervals after vaccination and 30 days after booster were submitted to a virus neutralizing (VN) assay for RABV antibodies. Thirty days after the second vaccine dose, 92% of the immunized animals presented VN titers ≥0.5UI/mL (geometric medium titers [GMT] 1.7 to 3.8UI/mL). At the day of the booster (360 days post-vaccination); however, the percentage of animals harboring antibody titers ≥0.5UI/mL had dropped to 31% (0-80% of the animals, depending on the vaccine), resulting in lower GMT (0.1 to 0.6UI/mL). Booster vaccination at day 360 resulted in a detectable anamnestic response in all groups, resulting in 83% of animals (65 to 100%) harboring VN titers ≥0.5UI/mL thirty days later (GMT 0.6 to 4.3UI/mL). These results indicated that these vaccines were able to induce an adequate anti-RABV response in all animals after prime vaccination (and after booster as well). However, the titers decreased, reaching titers <0.5UI/mL in approximately 70% of animals within the interval before the recommended booster. Thus, booster vaccination for rabies in cattle using the current vaccines should be performed before the recommended one-year interval, as to maintain neutralizing antibodies levels in most vaccinated animals.

Solar Radiation Over the Caribbean Island of Puerto Rico

Solar Energy ◽  
2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramiro L. Rivera ◽  
Karim Altaii
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Global Radiation ◽  
Global Solar Radiation ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Caribbean Island ◽  
Monthly Average ◽  
Energy Conversion System ◽  
The Caribbean

Solar radiation was measured and recorded on a 5-minute, hourly and daily basis at a number of sites on the Caribbean island of Puerto Rico (located from 18° to 18° 30’N latitude and from 65° 30’ to 67° 15’W longitude) over a 24 calendar month time frame. The global solar radiation was measured at four sites (namely: Aguadilla, Ponce, Gurabo, and San Juan). The global solar radiation data was measured by an Eppley Precision Spectral Pyranometer (model PSP) mounted on a horizontal surface. This pyranometer is sensitive to solar radiation in the range of 0.285 ≤ λ ≤ 2.8 μm wavelengths. Statistical analysis such as the daily average, monthly average hourly, monthly average daily, and annual average daily global radiation are presented in this paper. Despite its small size, a 13 percent variation in the global solar radiation has been observed within the island. Reasonable solar radiation values, for solar energy conversion system installation, seem to exist at and possibly around Aguadilla.

Seed Plant Genera Endemic to the Caribbean Island Biodiversity Hotspot: A Review and a Molecular Phylogenetic Perspective

2007 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Francisco-Ortega ◽  
Eugenio Santiago-Valentín ◽  
Pedro Acevedo-Rodríguez ◽  
Carl Lewis ◽  
John Pipoly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biodiversity Hotspot ◽  
Seed Plant ◽  
Caribbean Island ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
Island Biodiversity ◽  
Phylogenetic Perspective ◽  
The Caribbean

Two new species of flattie spiders (Araneae: Selenopidae) and descriptions of undescribed males from the Caribbean

Zootaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4446 (1) ◽  
pp. 125
Author(s):  
SARAH C. CREWS
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Dominican Republic ◽  
Endemic Species ◽  
New Records ◽  
Caribbean Island ◽  
Two New Species ◽  
The Caribbean

Two new species of Selenops, S. anacaona sp. nov. (♀) and S. caonabo sp. nov. (♀), are described from the Dominican Republic on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola. These two new species increase the number of endemic Selenops on Hispaniola to 13, surpassing Cuba, which currently has 11 endemic species. Additionally, the male of S. pensilis Muma, 1953 from Hispaniola is described, as well as the male of S. petrunkevitchi Alayón, 2003 from Jamaica. Full distribution records are given for the new species and the newly described males, and new records are provided for the following species: S. aequalis Franganillo, 1935, S. bocacandensis Crews, 2011, S. candidus Muma, 1953, S. micropalpus Muma, 1953, S. morro Crews, 2011, S. simius Muma, 1953, S. souliga Crews, 2011, and S. submaculosus Bryant, 1940. 

scholarly journals Seasonal patterns of dengue incidence in Thailand across the urban-rural gradient

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qifang Bi ◽  
Derek AT Cummings ◽  
Nicholas G. Reich ◽  
Lindsay T. Keegan ◽  
Joshua Kaminsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wavelet Analysis ◽  
Temporal Variation ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Dynamic Models ◽  
Seasonal Patterns ◽  
Disease Dynamics ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Dengue Epidemics

AbstractIn Southeast Asia, endemic dengue follows strong spatio-temporal patterns with major epidemics occurring every 2-5 years. However, important spatio-temporal variation in seasonal dengue epidemics remains poorly understood. Using 13 years (2003-2015) of dengue surveillance data from 926 districts in Thailand and wavelet analysis, we show that rural epidemics lead urban epidemics within a dengue season, both nationally and within health regions. However, local dengue fade-outs are more likely in rural areas than in urban areas during the off season, suggesting rural areas are not the source of viral dispersion. Simple dynamic models show that stronger seasonal forcing in rural areas could explain the inconsistency between earlier rural epidemics and dengue “over wintering” in urban areas. These results add important nuance to earlier work showing the importance of urban areas in driving multi-annual patterns of dengue incidence in Thailand. Feedback between geographically linked locations with markedly different ecology is key to explaining full disease dynamics across urban-rural gradient.

scholarly journals The Imbert Formation of northern Hispaniola: a tectono-sedimentary record of arc-continent collision and ophiolite emplacement in the northern Caribbean subduction-accretionary prism

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 1827-1876 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Escuder-Viruete ◽  
A. Suárez-Rodríguez ◽  
J. Gabites ◽  
A. Pérez-Estaún
Keyword(s):  
Subduction Zone ◽  
Continental Margin ◽  
Middle Eocene ◽  
Accretionary Prism ◽  
Island Arc ◽  
Caribbean Island ◽  
Stratigraphic Sequence ◽  
Oblique Collision ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Ophiolitic Complex

Abstract. In northern Hispaniola, the Imbert Formation (Fm) has been interpreted as an orogenic "mélange" originally deposited as trench-fill sediments, an accretionary (subduction) complex formed above a SW-dipping subduction zone, or the sedimentary result of the early oblique collision of the Caribbean plate with the Bahama Platform in the middle Eocene. However, new stratigraphical, structural, geochemical and geochronological data from northern Hispaniola indicate that the Imbert Fm constitutes a coarsening-upward stratigraphic sequence that records the transition of the sedimentation from a pre-collisional forearc to a syn-collisional piggy-back basin. This piggy-back basin was transported on top of the Puerto Plata ophiolitic complex slab and structurally underlying accreted units of the Rio San Juan complex, as it was emplaced onto the North America continental margin units. The Imbert Fm unconformably overlies different structural levels of the Caribbean subduction-accretionary prism, including a supra-subduction zone ophiolite, and consists of three laterally discontinuous units that record the exhumation of the underlying basement. The distal turbiditic lower unit includes the latest volcanic activity of the Caribbean island arc; the more proximal turbiditic intermediate unit is moderately affected by syn-sedimentary faulting; and the upper unit is a (caotic) olistostromic unit, composed of serpentinite-rich polymictic breccias, conglomerates and sandstones, strongly deformed by syn-sedimentary faulting, slumping and sliding processes. The Imbert Fm is followed by subsidence and turbiditic deposition of the overlying El Mamey Group. The 40Ar / 39Ar plagioclase plateau ages obtained in gabbroic rocks from the Puerto Plata ophiolitic complex indicate its exhumation at ∼ 45–40 Ma (lower-to-middle Eocene), contemporaneously to the sedimentation of the overlying Imbert Fm. These cooling ages imply the uplift to the surface and submarine erosion of the complex to be the source of the ophiolitic fragments in the Imbert Fm, during of shortly after the emplacement of the intra-oceanic Caribbean island-arc onto the continental margin.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF AGE FACTORS ON IMMUNIZABILITY OF MICE TO RABIES VIRUS

1940 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 453-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Casals
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Age Factors ◽  
Swiss Mice ◽  
Virulent Virus ◽  
Rabies Virus Infection

1. W-Swiss mice 60 or more days old are more readily immunizable against rabies virus infection than 20 day old or younger mice; this difference in immunizability with increasing age is most conspicuous when vaccination with virulent virus is followed by intracerebral test infection and least apparent when vaccination with avirulent virus is followed by intramuscular test infection. 2. The titre of circulating neutralizing antibodies does not parallel the titre of immunity.

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