scholarly journals Susceptibility of Chickens to Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza (LPAI) Viruses of Wild Bird– and Poultry–Associated Subtypes

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bergervoet ◽  
Germeraad ◽  
Alders ◽  
Roose ◽  
Engelsma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Wild Bird ◽  
Immune Modulation ◽  
Nonstructural Protein ◽  
Ns1 Protein ◽  
Virus Shedding ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Ns Gene ◽  
Infection Dynamics ◽  
Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza

Analysis of low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses circulating in the Netherlands in a previous study revealed associations of specific hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) subtypes with wild bird or poultry hosts. In this study, we identified putative host associations in LPAI virus internal proteins. We show that LPAI viruses isolated from poultry more frequently carried the allele A variant of the nonstructural protein (NS) gene, compared to wild bird viruses. We determined the susceptibility of chickens to wild bird–associated subtypes H3N8 and H4N6 and poultry-associated subtypes H8N4 and H9N2, carrying either NS allele A or B, in an infection experiment. We observed variations in virus shedding and replication patterns, however, these did not correlate with the predicted wild bird- or poultry-associations of the viruses. The experiment demonstrated that LPAI viruses of wild bird-associated subtypes can replicate in chickens after experimental infection, despite their infrequent detection in poultry. Although the NS1 protein is known to play a role in immune modulation, no differences were detected in the limited innate immune response to LPAI virus infection. This study contributes to a better understanding of the infection dynamics of LPAI viruses in chickens.

scholarly journals Reassortant low-pathogenic avian influenza H5N2 viruses in African wild birds

2011 ◽  
Vol 92 (5) ◽  
pp. 1172-1183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chantal J. Snoeck ◽  
Adeniyi T. Adeyanju ◽  
Sébastien De Landtsheer ◽  
Ulf Ottosson ◽  
Shiiwua Manu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Ns Gene ◽  
Domestic Birds ◽  
Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza

To investigate the presence and persistence of avian influenza virus in African birds, we monitored avian influenza in wild and domestic birds in two different regions in Nigeria. We found low-pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H5N2 viruses in three spur-winged geese (Plectropterus gambensis) in the Hadejia–Nguru wetlands. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that all of the genes, except the non-structural (NS) genes, of the LPAI H5N2 viruses were more closely related to genes recently found in wild and domestic birds in Europe. The NS genes formed a sister group to South African and Zambian NS genes. This suggested that the Nigerian LPAI H5N2 viruses found in wild birds were reassortants exhibiting an NS gene that circulated for at least 7 years in African birds and is part of the African influenza gene pool, and genes that were more recently introduced into Africa from Eurasia, most probably by intercontinental migratory birds. Interestingly the haemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes formed a sister branch to highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N2 strains found in the same wild bird species in the same wetland only 1 year earlier. However, they were not the closest known relatives of each other, suggesting that their presence in the wetland resulted from two separate introductions. The presence of LPAI H5N2 in wild birds in the Hadejia–Nguru wetlands, where wild birds and poultry occasionally mix, provides ample opportunity for infection across species boundaries, with the potential risk of generating HPAI viruses after extensive circulation in poultry.

scholarly journals NS Reassortment of an H7-Type Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Affects Its Propagation by Altering the Regulation of Viral RNA Production and Antiviral Host Response

2010 ◽  
Vol 84 (21) ◽  
pp. 11323-11335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhongfang Wang ◽  
Nicole C. Robb ◽  
Eva Lenz ◽  
Thorsten Wolff ◽  
Ervin Fodor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Genetic Background ◽  
Host Response ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Nonstructural Protein ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Viral Rna ◽  
Ns1 Protein ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza

ABSTRACT Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) with reassorted NS segments from H5- and H7-type avian virus strains placed in the genetic background of the A/FPV/Rostock/34 HPAIV (FPV; H7N1) were generated by reverse genetics. Virological characterizations demonstrated that the growth kinetics of the reassortant viruses differed from that of wild-type (wt) FPV and depended on whether cells were of mammalian or avian origin. Surprisingly, molecular analysis revealed that the different reassortant NS segments were not only responsible for alterations in the antiviral host response but also affected viral genome replication and transcription as well as nuclear ribonucleoprotein (RNP) export. RNP reconstitution experiments demonstrated that the effects on accumulation levels of viral RNA species were dependent on the specific NS segment as well as on the genetic background of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). Beta interferon (IFN-β) expression and the induction of apoptosis were found to be inversely correlated with the magnitude of viral growth, while the NS allele, virus subtype, and nonstructural protein NS1 expression levels showed no correlation. Thus, these results demonstrate that the origin of the NS segment can have a dramatic effect on the replication efficiency and host range of HPAIV. Overall, our data suggest that the propagation of NS reassortant influenza viruses is affected at multiple steps of the viral life cycle as a result of the different effects of the NS1 protein on multiple viral and host functions.

scholarly journals Passage of low-pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses mediates rapid genetic adaptation of a wild-bird isolate in poultry

2011 ◽  
Vol 156 (4) ◽  
pp. 565-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Dlugolenski ◽  
Les Jones ◽  
Geraldine Saavedra ◽  
S. Mark Tompkins ◽  
Ralph A. Tripp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Wild Bird ◽  
Genetic Adaptation ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza

scholarly journals Circulation of low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses in wild birds and poultry in the Netherlands, 2006–2016

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Saskia A. Bergervoet ◽  
Sylvia B. E. Pritz-Verschuren ◽  
Jose L. Gonzales ◽  
Alex Bossers ◽  
Marjolein J. Poen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Wild Bird ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Range Restriction ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Host Range Restriction

Abstract In this study, we explore the circulation of low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses in wild birds and poultry in the Netherlands. Surveillance data collected between 2006 and 2016 was used to evaluate subtype diversity, spatiotemporal distribution and genetic relationships between wild bird and poultry viruses. We observed close species-dependent associations among hemagglutinin and neuraminidase subtypes. Not all subtypes detected in wild birds were found in poultry, suggesting transmission to poultry is selective and likely depends on viral factors that determine host range restriction. Subtypes commonly detected in poultry were in wild birds most frequently detected in mallards and geese. Different temporal patterns in virus prevalence were observed between wild bird species. Virus detections in domestic ducks coincided with the prevalence peak in wild ducks, whereas virus detections in other poultry types were made throughout the year. Genetic analysis of the surface genes demonstrated that most poultry viruses were related to locally circulating wild bird viruses, but no direct spatiotemporal link was observed. Results indicate prolonged undetected virus circulation and frequent reassortment events with local and newly introduced viruses within the wild bird population. Increased knowledge on LPAI virus circulation can be used to improve surveillance strategies.

Differential innate responses of chickens and ducks to low-pathogenic avian influenza

2012 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 519-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. W. J. Cornelissen ◽  
J. Post ◽  
B. Peeters ◽  
L. Vervelde ◽  
J. M. J. Rebel
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza
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