scholarly journals Differential Susceptibility and Innate Immune Response of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus to the Haitian Strain of the Mayaro Virus

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 924 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diop ◽  
Alout ◽  
Diagne ◽  
Bengue ◽  
Baronti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Aedes Albopictus ◽  
Serine Proteases ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Npc1 Gene

Mayaro (MAYV) is an emerging arthropod-borne virus belonging to the Alphavirus genus of the Togaviridae family. Although forest-dwelling Haemagogus mosquitoes have been considered as its main vector, the virus has also been detected in circulating Aedes ssp mosquitoes. Here we assess the susceptibility of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus to infection with MAYV and their innate immune response at an early stage of infection. Aedes albopictus was more susceptible to infection with MAYV than Ae. aegypti. Analysis of transcript levels of twenty immunity-related genes by real-time PCR in the midgut of both mosquitoes infected with MAYV revealed increased expression of several immune genes, including CLIP-domain serine proteases, the anti-microbial peptides defensin A, E, cecropin E, and the virus inducible gene. The regulation of certain genes appeared to be Aedes species-dependent. Infection of Ae. aegypti with MAYV resulted in increased levels of myeloid differentiation2-related lipid recognition protein (ML26A) transcripts, as compared to Ae. albopictus. Increased expression levels of thio-ester-containing protein 22 (TEP22) and Niemann–Pick type C1 (NPC1) gene transcripts were observed in infected Ae. albopictus, but not Ae. aegypti. The differences in these gene expression levels during MAYV infection could explain the variation in susceptibility observed in both mosquito species.

scholarly journals Lymphocytes are detrimental during the early innate immune response against Listeria monocytogenes

2006 ◽  
Vol 203 (4) ◽  
pp. 933-940 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier A. Carrero ◽  
Boris Calderon ◽  
Emil R. Unanue
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Interleukin 10 ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Type I ◽  
Phagocytic Cells ◽  
Immunodeficient Mice

Mice deficient in lymphocytes are more resistant than normal mice to Listeria monocytogenes infection during the early innate immune response. This paradox remains unresolved: lymphocytes are required for sterilizing immunity, but their presence during the early stage of the infection is not an asset and may even be detrimental. We found that lymphocyte-deficient mice, which showed limited apoptosis in infected organs, were resistant during the first four days of infection but became susceptible when engrafted with lymphocytes. Engraftment with lymphocytes from type I interferon receptor–deficient (IFN-αβR−/−) mice, which had reduced apoptosis, did not confer increased susceptibility to infection, even when the phagocytes were IFN-αβR+/+. The attenuation of innate immunity was due, in part, to the production of the antiinflammatory cytokine interleukin 10 by phagocytic cells after the apoptotic phase of the infection. Thus, immunodeficient mice were more resistant relative to normal mice because the latter went through a stage of lymphocyte apoptosis that was detrimental to the innate immune response. This is an example of a bacterial pathogen creating a cascade of events that leads to a permissive infective niche early during infection.

scholarly journals The SIRT3 and SIRT6 Promote Prostate Cancer Progression by Inhibiting Necroptosis-Mediated Innate Immune Response

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Weiwei Fu ◽  
Hong Li ◽  
Haiyang Fu ◽  
Shuchao Zhao ◽  
Weiping Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Nodal Metastasis ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Prostate Cancer Progression ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Mrna And Protein Expression

The sirtuins (SIRTs), including seven family members, belong to class III histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes, which have been intensively investigated in cancers. Although the function of SIRTs in the cancer immunology is explored, SIRT-specific mechanisms regulating necroptosis-related innate immune response are not clear. In our present study, we found that both the mRNA and protein expression levels of SIRT3 and SIRT6 are significantly increased in the PCa tissues (HR, CI P = 3.30 E − 03 ; HR, CI P = 2.35 E − 08 ; and HR, CI P = 9.20 E − 08 ) and were associated with patients’ Gleason score and nodal metastasis. Furthermore, multivariate analysis showed that the PCa patients with higher expression levels of SIRT3 and SIRT6 had shorter overall survival (OS). Mechanistically, we found that SIRT3 and SIRT6 promote prostate cancer progress by inhibiting RIPK3-mediated necroptosis and innate immune response. Knockdown of both SIRT3 and SIRT6 not only activates TNF-induced necroptosis but also refreshes the corresponding recruitment of macrophages and neutrophils. Overall, our study identified that SIRT3 and SIRT6 are key regulators of necroptosis during prostate cancer progression.

scholarly journals THE MUC5B PROMOTOR POLYMORPHISM ASSOCIATES WITH SEVERE COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Coline H.M. van Moorsel ◽  
Joanne J van der Vis ◽  
Claudia Benschop ◽  
Henk J.T. Ruven ◽  
Marian Quanjel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Lung Disease ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Survival Data ◽  
Risk Allele ◽  
Promoter Polymorphism ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Allele Frequencies ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Trade Offs

Background Diversity in response to exposition to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is common and may be related to the innate immune response. The mucin MUC5B is an important component of the innate immune response and expression levels are associated with the MUC5B promoter polymorphism, rs35705950. The high expressing T-allele of rs35705950 is an accepted risk allele for a non-infectious aging lung disease called idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). However, given the theory of trade-offs in aging lung disease and the importance of high expression for an adequate immune response, we hypothesize that the T-allele is protective against severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods We collected demographics, radiology, survival data and MUC5B rs35705950 allele status for 108 patients requiring hospitalisation for COVID-19 at St Antonius Hospital in The Netherlands. For comparison of allele frequencies and allele carriership with a white control cohort, the patient cohort was divided in a white (n=83) and non-white cohort. Results The patients had a median age of 66 years and consisted predominantly of males (74%) and 23 patients (21%) died. The T-allele frequencies of rs35705950 in white patients was 0.04 which was significantly lower than the T-allele frequency of 0.10 in white controls (p= 0.02). Moreover, comparison of the number of carriers and non-carriers of the T allele showed that only 8.4% of patients carried the T-allele versus 18% of controls (p=0.029; OR= 0.41, CI=0.19-0.94). Conclusions The MUC5B rs35705950 promoter polymorphism associates with COVID-19. The risk allele (T) for IPF is protective against the development of severe COVID-19 disease. This is a further example of a trade-off between optimal expression levels in the respiratory system which associates with aging diseases. However, these results require further investigation.

scholarly journals An Immediate Innate Immune Response Occurred In the Early Stage of E.granulosus Eggs Infection in Sheep: Evidence from Microarray Analysis

PLoS ONE ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. e0135096 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenqiao Hui ◽  
Song Jiang ◽  
Jishun Tang ◽  
Hongyan Hou ◽  
Sheng Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Microarray Analysis ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Innate Immune

Reassessing the role of defensin in the innate immune response of the mosquito, Aedes aegypti

2004 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. C. Bartholomay ◽  
J. F. Fuchs ◽  
L.-L. Cheng ◽  
E. T. Beck ◽  
J. Vizioli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immune

DIFFERENCES IN THE EXPRESSION OF INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE-MODULATING GENES IN BLOOD MONOCYTES BETWEEN SUBCLINICALLY PORCINE CIRCOVIRUS TYPE 2 (PCV2)-INFECTED AND PCV2-FREE PIGS PRIOR TO AND AFTER LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE STIMULATIONIN VITRO

2014 ◽  
Vol 40 (01) ◽  
pp. 37-48
Author(s):  
Yi-Chieh Tsai ◽  
Chian-Ren Jeng ◽  
Chih-Cheng Chang ◽  
Shih-Hsuan Hsiao ◽  
Hui-Wen Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Blood Monocytes ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Tnf Α

The objective of the present study was to characterize and compare the differences in gene expression associated with innate immune response of blood monocytes (Mos) between healthy subclinically PCV2-infected and PCV2-free pigs prior to and after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation in vitro by relative quantitative real-time PCR (q-rt-PCR). Genes coding for 24 innate molecules, including toll-like receptors (TLRs), interferon-regulatory factors (IRFs), nuclear factor kappa-light chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and pro-inflammatory cytokines were evaluated. When compared with PCV2-free pigs, Mos from subclinically PCV2-infected pigs showed significantly lower mRNA expression levels in TLR-9, IRF-3, IRF-6, IRF-7, IL-6, IL-12p35, IL-12p40 and IFN-α under no further stimulation. Following LPS stimulation in vitro, a broad and/or obvious reduction in TLRs, IRFs, IL-12 and IFN-α along with increase in IL-1α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and/or TNF-α were seen in both PCV2-free and subclinically PCV2-infected pigs; when compared with PCV2-free pigs, the subclinically PCV2-infected pigs had significantly higher expression levels in TLR-10 and IRF-1 but lower expression levels in IRF-6, IL-1α and IL-12p40. On the contrary, the expression level of NF-κB was consistently higher in subclinically PCV2-infected pigs than in PCV2-free pigs with or without LPS stimulation. The changes seen in the present study suggest that the subclinically PCV2-infected pigs may look healthy clinically, but their innate immunity has become dis-regulated or is in an improper status. The adverse condition may become even worse when exposed to certain bacterial products such as endotoxin. Such alterations in the innate immune system may make the subclinically PCV2-infected pigs more vulnerable to the secondary infection and subsequent PCV2-associated disease development.

scholarly journals Blood signatures for second stage Human African Trypanosomiasis: A transcriptomic approach.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julius Mulindwa ◽  
Enock Matovu ◽  
John Enyaru ◽  
Christine Clayton
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Late Stage ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Signalling Molecules ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Stage Disease ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Stage Infection

Abstract Background Rhodesiense sleeping sickness is caused by infection with T. b rhodesiense parasites resulting in an acute disease that is fatal if not treated in time. The global impact of active T. b rhodesiense infection on the patient’s immune response in the early and late stages of the disease is not known. Results We previously described the transcriptomes of T. b rhodesiense from infected early stage blood (n=3) and late stage CSF (n=3) samples from Eastern Uganda. We here identify human transcripts that were differentially expressed (padj < 0.05) in the early stage blood versus healthy controls (n=3) and early stage blood versus late stage CSF. Differential expression in infected blood showed an enrichment of innate immune response genes whereas that of the CSF showed enrichment for anti-inflammatory and neuro-degeneration signalling pathways. We also identified genes (C1QC, MARCO, IGHD3-10) that were up-regulated (log 2 FC > 2.5) in both the blood and CSF. Conclusion The data yields insights into the host’s response to T. b rhodesiense parasites in the blood and central nervous system. We identified key pathways and signalling molecules for the predominant innate immune response in the early stage infection; and anti-inflammatory and neuro-degeneration pathways associated with sleep disorders in second stage infection. We further identified potential blood biomarkers that can be used for diagnosis of late stage disease without the need for lumbar puncture.

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