scholarly journals Usefulness of Eurasian Magpies (Pica pica) for West Nile virus Surveillance in Non-Endemic and Endemic Situations

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 716 ◽  
Author(s):  
Napp ◽  
Montalvo ◽  
Piñol-Baena ◽  
Gómez-Martín ◽  
Nicolás-Francisco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Active Surveillance ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Pica Pica ◽  
Northern Spain ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Virus Surveillance ◽  
Lineage 2 ◽  
First Time

: In September 2017, passive surveillance allowed the detection of West Nile virus (WNV) lineage 2 for the first time in northern Spain in a northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis). However, a cross sectional study carried out in Eurasian magpies (Pica pica) in a nearby area evidenced that WNV had been circulating two months earlier. Therefore, active surveillance in Eurasian magpies proved its effectiveness for the early detection of WNV in a non-endemic area. Further surveys in 2018 and the beginning of 2019 using young magpies (i.e., born after 2017) showed the repeated circulation of WNV in the same region in the following transmission season. Therefore, active surveillance in Eurasian magpies as well proved to be useful for the detection of WNV circulation in areas that may be considered as endemic. In this manuscript we present the results of those studies and discuss reasons that make the Eurasian magpies an ideal species for the surveillance of WNV, both in endemic and non-endemic areas.

West Nile Virus Chorioretinitis in the Presence of Negative Cerebrospinal Fluid Polymerase Chain Reaction Results

2021 ◽  
pp. 247412642097925
Author(s):  
Kareem Moussa ◽  
Karen W. Jeng-Miller ◽  
Leo A. Kim ◽  
Dean Eliott
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Nucleic Acid Amplification ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Positive Serum ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Purpose: This work aims to evaluate the utility of nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT) and serology in confirming West Nile Virus (WNV) infection in patients with suspected WNV chorioretinitis. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted of a cluster of patients who presented to the Retina Service of Massachusetts Eye and Ear between September and October 2018. Results: Three patients were identified with classic WNV chorioretinitis lesions with negative cerebrospinal fluid NAAT and positive serum serology findings. The diagnosis of WNV chorioretinitis was made based on the appearance of the fundus lesions and the presence of characteristic findings on fluorescein angiography as previously described in the literature. Conclusions: This report highlights 3 unique cases of WNV chorioretinitis in which NAAT of cerebrospinal fluid failed to identify WNV as the inciting agent. These cases stress the importance of serum serologic testing in diagnosing WNV infection.

scholarly journals Co-Circulation of West Nile and Usutu Flaviviruses in Mosquitoes in Slovakia, 2018

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 639 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viktória Čabanová ◽  
Silvie Šikutová ◽  
Petra Straková ◽  
Oldřich Šebesta ◽  
Bronislava Vichová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
The European Union ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Usutu Virus ◽  
Pathogenic Viruses ◽  
Lineage 2 ◽  
First Time

Monitoring West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV) activity now has the highest priority among mosquito-borne pathogenic viruses circulating in the European Union. This study documents a first time detection and the co-circulation of WNV lineage-2 (with the minimal prevalence of 0.46%) and USUV clade Europe 2 (with the minimal prevalence of 0.25%) in mosquitoes from the same habitat of south-western Slovakia and underlines necessity to perform rigorous surveillance in birds, mosquitoes, horses and humans in that country.

scholarly journals Evidence of enzootic circulation of West Nile virus (Nea Santa-Greece-2010, lineage 2), Greece, May to July 2011

2011 ◽  
Vol 16 (31) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Chaskopoulou ◽  
C I Dovas ◽  
S C Chaintoutis ◽  
I Bouzalas ◽  
G Ara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Northern Greece ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Surveillance Network ◽  
Lineage 2 ◽  
First Time

A West Nile virus (WNV) surveillance network including sentinel chickens was deployed in Thessaloniki county, Greece, from May to July 2011. For the first time in summer 2011, a chicken WNV isolate from 6 July was molecularly identified. The partial NS3 sequence was identical to that of the Nea Santa-Greece-2010 WNV lineage 2, detected in central Macedonia in 2010. This suggests that WNV is actively circulating in central Macedonia and that it may have overwintered in northern Greece.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence of West Nile Virus and Associated Factors in Borena District, Southern Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Health Center ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Immunofluorescence Assay ◽  
Southern Ethiopia ◽  
Igg Antibody ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Control And Prevention

West Nile virus is a member of genus Flavivirus that cause emerging disease. It is transmitted with mosquitoes, Culex species. Still now, no studies carried out to determine the seroprevalence of WNV antibodies in Ethiopia. The aim of this study was to assess the WNV seroprevalence and its associated factors in health facilities in the Borena District. An institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted from May to August, 2019. 519 consecutive acute febrile patients attending the outpatient departments of Teltelle Health Center, Yabello and Moyale Hospital were participated. Data on socio-demographic and associated factors were collected using a structured questionnaire. 3-5 blood samples were collected from all participants and screened for WNV antibodies using indirect immunofluorescence assay. The overall prevalence of anti-WNV IgG and IgM was 7.3% and 2.7% respectively. Above thirty-nine percent of the study participants were from Teltelle Health center, 36.6% were from Moyale Hospital, and the left were (23.7%) were from Yabello Hospital. Female participants (3.3%) had higher rate of WNV IgM compared to males (2%), but male was account higher in IgG antibody (8.8%). This study provides evidence that WNV infection is prevalent in the study area. The observed low awareness of participants underlines the urgent need for further community based studies to determine the associated factors that determine the extent of exposure to WNV infection in the study area for appropriate control and prevention.

scholarly journals West Nile virus infections in France, July to November 2018

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
L Ramalli ◽  
G Grard ◽  
C Beck ◽  
P Gallian ◽  
G L’Ambert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Blood Donation ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
West Nile ◽  
West Nile Virus Transmission ◽  
Lineage 2 ◽  
First Time ◽  
Epidemiological Situation

Abstract In July 2018, one autochthonous case of West Nile virus (WNV) infection was identified in Nice, Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur (Paca). We investigated to determine the potential place of infection and the extent of viral circulation in the area, in order to guide control and preventive measures. In affected areas, we raised awareness of health professionals on WNV infections, substance of human origin safety relied on nucleic acid testing for WNV and on deferral of blood donors indicating minimum one night of stay in the areas for 28 days. Equine, wild bird and entomologic surveillance activities were reinforced. The human arboviruses national reference laboratory (NRL) retrospectively tested samples from hospitalized individuals from June 1st with meningitis and encephalitis around Nice. We tested negative suspected autochthonous cases of chikungunya and dengue infections notified since July in Paca and presenting WNV compatible symptoms. Measures were adapted along identification of additional cases. We identified 27 autochthonous cases, with onset of symptoms between July 7th and November 12th: 24 in Paca, 2 in Corsica and 1 in Occitanie. Seven cases presented neuroinvasives symptoms, 18 flu-like symptoms and 2 were asymptomatic. One blood donation and 2 organs tested positive for WNV. The animal NRL identified 13 equine cases (1 in Paca, 5 in Corsica and 7 in Occitanie) and 4 infected raptors with nervous symptoms (3 in Paca and 1 in Corsica). Genomic characterization of the virus identified a strain belonging to the lineage 2 among 2 raptors. No virus was found in mosquitoes captured in affected areas. Since 2000, six episodes of WNV transmission were reported in France but none with this extent. For the first time, the lineage 2, circulating in Italy and other European countries, was isolated in France which might be changing epidemiological situation. Therefore, surveillance activities should be revised in order to promptly secure blood products. Key messages We describe the most important episode of West Nile Virus transmission identified in humans in France. In 2018, West Nile virus lineage 2 was isolated for the first time in France which might change the epidemiological situation in the country.

scholarly journals Emergence and Associated Risk Factors of Vector Borne West Nile Virus In¬fection in Ilorin, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olatunji Matthew Kolawole ◽  
Glory Adelaiye ◽  
Jeremiah Ikhevha Ogah
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Organ Transplant ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
West Nile Fever ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Viral Pathogen ◽  
Factors Associated

Background: West Nile Virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne viral pathogen that is the causative agent of West Nile fever and encephalitis. Diagnostic tools for WNV infection in Nigeria are not well established hence the current prevalence rate of WNV infection in Nigeria is unknown. We aimed to establish the serological prevalence of WNV infection in febrile patients in Ilorin, Nigeria in 2016, and to assess the risk factors associated with the acquisition of the virus. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study involving the screening of subjects presenting with febrile illnesses. While specific IgM ELISA was used to determine the seroprevalence, a closed-ended questionnaire was used to as­certain the risk factors associated with this viral infection. Results: Fifteen (7.5%) of the respondents were positive for WNV infection. Subjects living in areas in close prox­imity to trees and bushes (P= 0.011) and stagnant water (P= 0.001) were at a higher risk of having WNV infection. Other risk factors associated with WNV among the respondents include the none use of insecticide (P= 0.001), sitting out at night (P= 0.044), HIV positivity (P= 0.003) and having an organ transplant (P= 0.002). Conclusion: This study clearly shows a considerable WNV infection in Ilorin, with the presence of factors that can promulgate an outbreak, hence a need for further surveillance in the study area.  

scholarly journals The seroprevalence of West Nile Virus in Israel: A nationwide cross sectional study

PLoS ONE ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. e0179774 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ravit Bassal ◽  
Tamy Shohat ◽  
Zalman Kaufman ◽  
Batya Mannasse ◽  
Eilat Shinar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Cross Sectional

scholarly journals Emerging Trends in the West Nile Virus Epidemiology in Croatia in the ‘One Health’ Context, 2011–2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 140
Author(s):  
Tatjana Vilibic-Cavlek ◽  
Vladimir Savic ◽  
Ana Klobucar ◽  
Thomas Ferenc ◽  
Maja Ilic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
West Nile ◽  
North West ◽  
Neuroinvasive Disease ◽  
Emerging Trends ◽  
Serologic Evidence ◽  
Lineage 2 ◽  
The One ◽  
Human Infections ◽  
First Time

West Nile virus (WNV) is one of the most widely distributed (re-)emerging arboviruses. In Croatia, acute WNV infections as well as seropositivity were detected in humans, horses, birds and poultry. Although serologic evidence of WNV human infections dates back to the 1970s, no clinical cases were reported until 2012. WNV outbreaks, as well as sporadic infections, were continuously recorded in continental Croatian counties from 2012 to 2018. In addition, acute asymptomatic infections (IgM antibodies) in horses have been regularly notified in continental regions since 2012, while seropositive horses (seroprevalence rates 3.7–21.4%) were detected in both continental and coastal regions. Moreover, WNV seropositivity in poultry (1.8–22.9%) was reported from 2013 to 2020. During the largest WNV outbreak in 2018, WNV RNA was detected for the first time in two dead goshawks (Accipiter gentilis) from the same aviary in North-West Croatia, while WNV antibodies were found in one buzzard (Butteo butteo) from the same region. In addition, WNV RNA was detected in a dead blackbird (Turdus merula) at the Croatian littoral. The phylogenetic analysis of 11 strains detected in urine samples of patients with neuroinvasive disease and 1 strain detected in a goshawk showed circulation of WNV lineage 2. Thus far, WNV has not been detected in mosquitoes in Croatia.

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