scholarly journals Measles Vaccine Virus RNA in Children More Than 100 Days after Vaccination

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 636 ◽  
Author(s):  
McMahon ◽  
Mackay ◽  
Lambert
Keyword(s):  
Measles Virus ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Diagnostic Testing ◽  
Vaccine Virus ◽  
N Gene ◽  
Measles Vaccine ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Virus Rna ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
The 1960S

Measles vaccines have been in use since the 1960s with excellent safety and effectiveness profiles. Limited data are available on detection of measles vaccine virus (MeVV) RNA in human subjects following vaccination. Available evidence suggests MeVV RNA can be identified up to 14 days after vaccination, with detection beyond this rare. In routine diagnostic testing, we used two real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-rPCR) assays targeting M and F genes to identify measles virus (MeV) and MeVV RNA. Confirmatory testing was performed with an N gene RT-rPCR, followed by sequence confirmation of RT-rPCR positives by semi-nested conventional RT-PCR assays targeting portions of the N, H, and L genes. We report detection and confirmation of MeVV RNA from the respiratory tract of 11 children between 100 and 800 days after most recent receipt of measles-containing vaccine. These novel findings emphasize the importance of genotyping all MeV detections and highlight the need for further work to assess whether persistent MeVV RNA represents viable virus and if transmission to close contacts can occur.

scholarly journals Measles vaccine virus RNA in children more than 100 days after vaccination

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamie McMahon ◽  
Ian M Mackay ◽  
Stephen B Lambert
Keyword(s):  
Measles Virus ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Diagnostic Testing ◽  
Vaccine Virus ◽  
Measles Vaccine ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Virus Rna ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Close Contacts

AbstractMeasles vaccines have been in use since the 1960s with excellent safety and effectiveness profiles. Limited data are available on detection of measles vaccine virus (MeVV) RNA in human subjects following vaccination. Available evidence suggests MeVV RNA can be identified up to 14 days after vaccination, with detection beyond this rare. In routine diagnostic testing, we used two real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-rPCR) assays for identifying measles virus (MeV) and MeVV RNA, followed by sequence confirmation of RT-rPCR positives by a semi-nested conventional RT-PCR. We report detection and confirmation of MeVV RNA from the respiratory tract of 11 children between 100 and 800 days after most recent receipt of measles-containing vaccine. These novel preliminary findings emphasize the importance of genotyping all MeV detections and highlight the need for further work to assess whether persistent MeVV RNA represents viable virus and if transmission to close contacts can occur.

MEASLES IMMUNIZATION INCORPORATED IN THE ROUTINE SCHEDULE FOR INFANTS: EFFICACY OF A COMBINED INACTIVATED-LIVE VACCINATION REGIMEN

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1964 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 795-797
Author(s):  
Saul Krugman ◽  
Shirley Stone ◽  
Rose Hu ◽  
Harriet Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Virus Vaccine ◽  
Measles Virus ◽  
Gamma Globulin ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Vaccine Virus ◽  
Inactivated Vaccine ◽  
Measles Vaccine ◽  
Subclinical Disease

1. Live attenuated measles virus vaccine without gamma globulin was extremely well tolerated by infants 12 to 14 months of age if they received 3 doses of inactivated vaccine at about 2, 3, and 4 months of age. This phenomenon was observed in spite of no detectable antibody after inactivated vaccine and a consistent antibody response after live vaccine. 2. Three inoculations of inactivated vaccine appeared to have an attenuating effect on measles infection acquired within 9 months by 17 infants; at least 70% of these infants were proved to have a subclinical disease by serologic studies. 3. The failure to detect antibody following three inoculations of killed vaccine probably reflects the lack of sensitivity of the HI antibody test which was employed in this study. The attenuating effect of the killed vaccine on the natural disease and on the measles vaccine-virus disease provides indirect evidence of antibody formation. 4. If killed measles vaccine can be successfully incorporated with diphtheriapertussis-tetanus toxoid it should be a useful preparation for primary immunization during the first 6 months of life. However, it would be most important to complete the immunization with an inoculation of live attenuated measles-virus vaccine at 12 to 14 months of age.

Persistent Measles Virus Infection and Otosclerosis

2001 ◽  
Vol 110 (10) ◽  
pp. 897-903 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Arnold ◽  
Hans P. Niedermeyer ◽  
Maria Schuster ◽  
Wolfgang J. Neubert ◽  
Christa Baumann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Measles Virus ◽  
Otic Capsule ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Virus Rna ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
H Protein ◽  
Antibody Pattern

The cause of otosclerosis is still unknown. Recently, measles virus involvement has been implicated. The aim of this study was to analyze the presence of measles virus RNA within the otosclerotic focus and to evaluate the perilymphatic antibody pattern. Bone and perilymph specimens from 40 patients with the spontaneous form of otosclerosis and from control patients were investigated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western blot techniques, and cell culture. By the use of RT-PCR, measles virus RNA could be detected in 32 patients, but not in controls. Analysis of perilymph revealed the presence of antibodies to N, F1, and M measles virus proteins in all cases, and antibodies against H protein in 2 additional cases. In preosteoblasts cultured from otosclerotic bone chips, no measles virus RNA could be amplified. We conclude that the spontaneous form of otosclerosis is, in the vast majority of cases, a measles virus-associated disease of the otic capsule.

scholarly journals Frequency of Measles Virus-Specific CD4+ and CD8+ T Cells in Subjects Seronegative or Highly Seropositive for Measles Vaccine

2003 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 411-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inna G. Ovsyannikova ◽  
Neelam Dhiman ◽  
Robert M. Jacobson ◽  
Robert A. Vierkant ◽  
Gregory A. Poland
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Measles Virus ◽  
Vaccine Virus ◽  
Th2 Cells ◽  
Cell Mediated Immunity ◽  
Median Frequency ◽  
Measles Vaccine ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Cellular Immune

ABSTRACT The protective effect of measles immunization is due to humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. Little is known about cell-mediated immunity (CMI) to measles vaccine virus, the relative contribution of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to variability in such immune responses, and the immunologic longevity of the CMI after measles vaccination in humans. Our study characterizes cellular immune response in subjects seronegative or highly seropositive for measles vaccine immunoglobulin G-specific antibody, aged 15 to 25 years, previously immunized with two doses of measles-mumps-rubella II vaccine. We evaluated the ability of subjects to respond to measles vaccine virus by measuring measles virus-specific T-cell proliferation. We examined the frequencies of measles virus-specific memory Th1 and Th2 cells by an ELISPOT assay. Our results demonstrated that proliferation of T cells in seronegative subjects was significantly lower than that for highly seropositive subjects (P = 0.003). Gamma interferon (IFN-γ) secretion predominated over interleukin 4 (IL-4) secretion in response to measles virus in both groups. The median frequency of measles virus-reactive CD8+ T cells secreting IFN-γ was 0.09% in seronegative subjects and 0.43% in highly seropositive subjects (P = 0.04). The median frequency of CD4+ T cells secreting IL-4 in response to measles virus was 0.03% in seronegative subjects and 0.09% in highly seropositive subjects (P = 0.005). These data confirm the presence of measles virus-specific cellular immune responses post-measles vaccine immunization in humans. The detection of measles virus-induced IFN-γ and IL-4 production by ELISPOT can be used to identify measles virus-specific low-frequency memory T cells in subjects immunized with measles vaccine. These differences agree in directionality with the observed antibody response phenotype.

scholarly journals Molecular characterisation of measles virus strains among refugees from Central African Republic in Cameroon in 2014

2018 ◽  
Vol 146 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. K. Ndombo ◽  
V. N. Ndze ◽  
F. D. Mbarga ◽  
R. Anderson ◽  
A. Acho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Measles Virus ◽  
Central African Republic ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
N Gene ◽  
Refugee Camps ◽  
Rna Detection ◽  
East Region ◽  
Pcr Product ◽  
Northern Cameroon ◽  
Polymerase Chain

AbstractMeasles is a highly infectious human viral disease caused by measles virus (MeV). An estimated 114 900 measles deaths occurred worldwide in 2014. There are currently eight clades (A–H) comprised 24 MeV genotypes. We sought to characterise MeVs among Central African Republic (CAR) refugees during the 2014 measles epidemic in Cameroon. Samples were collected from children <15 years with suspected measles infections in two refugee camps in the east region of Cameroon. Viral RNA was extracted directly from urine samples. RNA detection of MeV RNA was performed with real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify a 634 bp nucleotide fragment of the N gene. The sequence of the PCR product was obtained to determine the genotype. MeV RNA was detected in 25 out of 30 samples from suspected cases, and among the 25 positive samples, MeV sequences were obtained from 20. The MeV strains characterised were all genotype B3. The MeV strains from genotype B3 found in this outbreak were more similar to those circulating in Northern Cameroon in 2010–2011 than to MeV strains circulating in the CAR in 2011. Surveillance system should be improved to focus on refugees for early detection of and response to outbreaks.

scholarly journals Detection of multiple strains of rabies virus RNA using primers designed to target Mexican vampire bat variants

2005 ◽  
Vol 133 (5) ◽  
pp. 927-934 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. LOZA-RUBIO ◽  
E. ROJAS-ANAYA ◽  
V. M. BANDA-RUÍZ ◽  
S. A. NADIN-DAVIS ◽  
B. CORTEZ-GARCÍA
Keyword(s):  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
N Gene ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Virus Rna ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Multiple Strains ◽  
Vampire Bat

A reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR), that uses primers specifically designed to amplify a portion of the N gene of vampire bat strains of rabies that circulate in Mexico, but also recognizing most of the rabies variants circulating in endemic areas, was established. This standardized PCR assay was able to detect viral RNA in tenfold serial dilutions up to a 107 dilution using stock virus at an original titre of 107·5 LD50. The assay was highly specific for rabies virus. Forty different rabies isolates recovered from different species and geographical regions in the country were diagnosed as positive and negative by the fluorescent antibody test (FAT). These same samples were re-examined by both PCR and the mouse inoculation test (MIT). Compared with MIT the PCR exhibited an epidemiological sensitivity of 86% and a specificity of 91% while its positive predictive value was 96%.

Detection of measles virus RNA on SYBR green real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction

2010 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 611-615 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masahiro Ito ◽  
Tomoko Suga ◽  
Kyoko Akiyoshi ◽  
Souichi Nukuzuma ◽  
Mayumi Kon-no ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Reverse Transcription ◽  
Measles Virus ◽  
Sybr Green ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Virus Rna ◽  
Polymerase Chain

scholarly journals Differences of nucleotide and amino acid sequences of nucleoprotein (N) gene between wild-type measles virus and vaccine virus in Indonesia

2008 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
Made Setiawan ◽  
Agus Sjahrurachman ◽  
Fera Ibrahim ◽  
Agus Suwandono
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Measles Virus ◽  
Protein Analysis ◽  
Rna Replication ◽  
Vaccine Virus ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
N Gene ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
N Protein ◽  
Nucleoprotein N

Background Measles virus is a member of genus morbiliviruswhich belongs to family paramyxovirus with negative, single-strand RNA genome. RNA is packed by nucleocapsid (N) protein.The N protein is very important for RNA replication andtranslation. Abnormality in N protein will induce abnormality invirus replication.Objective This study aimed to explore the differences ofnucleotide sequence of N gene and amino acid sequences of Nprotein between wild-type measles virus (G2, G3 and D9) andvaccine virus (CAM-70, Schwarz and Edmonston-wt)Methods The exctraction and amplification of the gene wereconducted in the laboratory using biomolecular technology. Thegene and protein analysis were conducted using the bioinformatictechnology.Results The results showed that more differences were foundbetween nucleotide sequences of N gene of wild-type measlesvirus against CAM-70 vaccine virus (77 – 79 nucleotides)compared against Schwarz and Edmonston-wt vaccine virus (71-74 nucleotides). Likewise, more differences were also observedbetween amino acid sequences of N protein of wild-type measlesvirus against CAM-70 vaccine virus (18-24 residues) comparedagainst Schwarz and Edmonston-wt vaccine virus (17-23 residues).

scholarly journals Antigenic differences between wildtype measles viruses and vaccine viruses in Indonesia

2016 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 125
Author(s):  
Made Setiawan ◽  
Agus Sjahrurachman ◽  
Fera Ibrahim ◽  
Agus Suwandono
Keyword(s):  
Measles Virus ◽  
Neutralization Test ◽  
Vaccine Virus ◽  
Structural Proteins ◽  
Wild Type Virus ◽  
Type Virus ◽  
Measles Vaccine ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Examination Technique ◽  
Cross Neutralization

Background Measles virus has a single, negative strand RNAgenome which codes 6 structural proteins: N, F, P M, H and L.Currently there are several variances in the nucleotide sequencesof N, F, M and H genes across wild type measles viruses, hencemeasles viruses can be categorized into clades and genotypes. Theantigenicity of the previous genotype of measles is different fromthe current genotype.Objective To determine the antigenic differences between wildtype measles virus and measles vaccine virus.Methods Analysis of the antigenic differences between wild typevirus (G2, G3 and D9) and vaccine virus (CAM-70 and Schwarz)was performed by immunizing mice with the respective viruses.The serum was then tested with micro-cross-neutralizationtechnique using the G2, G3, D9 and CAM-70 virus. Tests withcross ELISA examination technique were also performed usingthe same set of virus.Results Analysis of the cross neutralization test and cross ELISAshowed that the highest antigenicity reaction was found betweenwild type virus with antibody against wild type virus, while thelowest reaction was between wild type virus with antibody againstCAM-70.Conclusions We conclude that the antigenicity of antigenic proteinfrom wild type virus is higher than antigenicity of vaccine virusprotein. In addition, it was found that the antigenicity of proteinsfrom Schwarz vaccine virus was higher than proteins CAM-70vaccine virus.

scholarly journals Nonfebrile Seizures after Mumps, Measles, Rubella, and Varicella-Zoster Virus Combination Vaccination with Detection of Measles Virus RNA in Serum, Throat, and Urine

2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 1094-1096 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabella Eckerle ◽  
Brigitte Keller-Stanislawski ◽  
Sabine Santibanez ◽  
Stephan Buderus ◽  
Matthias Hillmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Varicella Zoster Virus ◽  
Virus Strain ◽  
Measles Virus ◽  
Vaccine Virus ◽  
Combination Vaccine ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Virus Rna ◽  
Vaccine Virus Strain

ABSTRACTWe report the case of a child presenting with nonfebrile seizures 6 and 13 days after the first vaccination with a measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella (MMRV) combination vaccine. Measles virus RNA was detected in the patient's serum, throat, and urine. Genotyping revealed the Schwarz vaccine virus strain.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document