scholarly journals Cytokine Storm Combined with Humoral Immune Response Defect in Fatal Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome Case, Tatarstan, Russia

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 601 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Garanina ◽  
Ekaterina Martynova ◽  
Yuriy Davidyuk ◽  
Emmanuel Kabwe ◽  
Konstantin Ivanov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Human Case ◽  
Multiple Organ ◽  
Cytokine Storm ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Cellular Immune Responses ◽  
Bank Voles ◽  
Cellular Immune ◽  
Necrosis Factor

Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is endemic in Tatarstan, where thousands of cases are registered annually. Puumala orthohantavirus is commonly detected in human case samples as well as in captured bank voles, the rodent hosts. The pathogenesis of HFRS is still not well described, although the cytokine storm hypothesis is largely accepted. In this study, we present a comprehensive analysis of a fatal HFRS case compared with twenty four non-fatal cases where activation of the humoral and cellular immune responses, pro-inflammatory cytokines and disturbed blood coagulation were detected using immunological, histological, genetic and clinical approaches. Multiple organ failure combined with disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome and acute renal failure was the cause of death. Decreased Interleukin (IL)-7 and increased IL-18, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand (CCL)-5, stem cell growth factor (SCGF)-b and tumor necrosis factor-beta (TNF-β) serum levels were found, supporting the cytokine storm hypothesis of hantavirus pathogenesis.

scholarly journals mRNA vaccination in people over 80 years of age induces strong humoral immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 with cross neutralization of P.1 Brazilian variant

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Parry ◽  
Gokhan Tut ◽  
Rachel Bruton ◽  
Sian Faustini ◽  
Christine Stephens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cellular Response ◽  
Humoral Response ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Vaccine Platform ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Vaccine Responses ◽  
Cellular Immune Responses ◽  
Humoral Immune Responses ◽  
Cellular Immune

Age is the major risk factor for mortality after SARS-CoV-2 infection and older people have received priority consideration for COVID-19 vaccination. However, vaccine responses are often suboptimal in this age group and few people over the age of 80 years were included in vaccine registration trials. We determined the serological and cellular response to spike protein in 100 people aged 80–96 years at 2 weeks after the second vaccination with the Pfizer BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine. Antibody responses were seen in every donor with high titers in 98%. Spike-specific cellular immune responses were detectable in only 63% and correlated with humoral response. Previous SARS-CoV-2 infection substantially increased antibody responses after one vaccine and antibody and cellular responses remained 28-fold and 3-fold higher, respectively, after dual vaccination. Post-vaccine sera mediated strong neutralization of live Victoria infection and although neutralization titers were reduced 14-fold against the P.1 variant first discovered in Brazil they remained largely effective. These data demonstrate that the mRNA vaccine platform delivers strong humoral immunity in people up to 96 years of age and retains broad efficacy against the P.1 variant of concern.

scholarly journals Cure of Helicobacter pylori Infection and Resolution of Gastritis by Adoptive Transfer of Splenocytes in Mice

2001 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 1025-1031 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn A. Eaton ◽  
Megan E. Mefford
Keyword(s):  
Helicobacter Pylori ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Adoptive Transfer ◽  
Host Response ◽  
Bacterial Colonization ◽  
Scid Mice ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Cellular Immune Responses ◽  
H Pylori ◽  
Cellular Immune

ABSTRACT Vaccination suppresses Helicobacter pylori colonization but does not cure infection. Furthermore, postvaccination gastritis, likely induced by enhanced host response to residual colonization, may exacerbate disease. The goal of this study was to determine if adoptive transfer of C57BL/6 splenocytes to C57BL/6scid/scid (severe combined immunodeficient [SCID]) mice cures infection without exacerbating gastritis. H. pylori-infected and uninfected C57BL/6 mice and SCID recipients of normal splenocytes were killed at intervals between 5 and 51 weeks after infection. Colonization and gastritis were quantified, humoral immune responses were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and cellular immune responses were determined by delayed-type hypersensitivity response and by a proliferative response of cultured splenocytes to H. pylorisonicate. In infected C57BL/6 mice, gastritis developed gradually and bacterial colonization diminished but persisted throughout the experiment. In contrast, gastritis in infected recipient SCID mice developed rapidly and bacterial colonization decreased precipitously. Gastritis in those mice peaked 9 weeks after adoptive transfer, however, and began to resolve. By 45 weeks after transfer, gastritis had returned to background levels and bacteria were no longer detectable. Resolution of gastritis and elimination of infection were associated with a cellular but not humoral immune response to H. pylori antigens. These results demonstrate that although the host response fails to clear bacterial colonization in normal mice, enhanced cellular immune responses in recipient SCID mice are capable of clearing H. pylori infection and allowing resolution of gastritis. Thus, immune mechanisms of cure exist, and effective and safe vaccination protocols may be feasible.

scholarly journals Dynamics of the Cellular and Humoral Immune Response After BNT162b2 Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Vaccination in COVID-19-Naive Nursing Home Residents

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens T Van Praet ◽  
Stefaan Vandecasteele ◽  
Anneleen De Roo ◽  
Matthijs Vynck ◽  
An S De Vriese ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Home ◽  
Ribonucleic Acid ◽  
Cellular Response ◽  
Nursing Home Residents ◽  
Booster Vaccination ◽  
Humoral Response ◽  
Messenger Ribonucleic Acid ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Cellular Immune Responses ◽  
Cellular Immune

Abstract Short-term humoral and cellular immune responses are diminished after BNT162b2 messenger ribonucleic acid coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination in COVID-19-naive nursing home residents, a population particularly vulnerable to the disease. We found both responses to decline after 4 weeks and remain lower than those of healthcare workers after 24 weeks, with an estimated half-life of the antibody response of 47 days. At 4 weeks, older age was significantly associated with a decreased humoral response, and diabetes mellitus and active malignancy were associated with a decreased cellular response. Our results imply that COVID-19-naive nursing home residents are a target group for booster vaccination trials.

scholarly journals Reduced schedule of human anti rabies immunization with Fuenzalida & Palacios vaccine

1989 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Roberto Zanetti ◽  
Silvana Regina Favoretto ◽  
Milene Silva Tino ◽  
Avelino Albas ◽  
Elizabeth Juliana G. Valentini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
The Other ◽  
Double Dose ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Cellular Immune Responses ◽  
Lymphoblastic Transformation ◽  
Cellular Immune

The present study evaluates the humoral and cellular immune responses in 35 volunteers submited to short antirabies vaccination schedules with the Fuenzalida & Palacios vaccine based on the administration of doses on non consecutive days. The volunteers were divided into two groups. The first group received a total number of five doses given on days 0, 4, 7, 20 and 35. The other group received four doses, the first one being a double dose given on day 0 and than three other single doses on days 7, 20 and 35. The evaluation of humoral immune response was carried out by serum neutralization (SN) and indirect immunofluorescense (IIF) tests, while the cellular immune response was evaluated by lymphoblastic transformation assay (LTA) and skin test (ST). According to our results these reduced schedules elicited early and effective humoral and cellulafimmune responses to rabies antigen suggesting that new reduced schedules should be extensively studied in order to give the proper bases to the proposition of changes in the current long-term schedule.

scholarly journals A highly specific assay for the detection of SARS-CoV-2-reactive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in COVID-19 patients

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henning Zelba ◽  
David Worbs ◽  
Johannes Harter ◽  
Natalia Pieper ◽  
Christina Kyzirakos-Feger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Membrane Protein ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cd8 T Cells ◽  
Functional Markers ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Cellular Immune Responses ◽  
Humoral Immune Responses ◽  
Cellular Immune

Gaining detailed insights into the role of host immune responses in viral clearance is critical for understanding COVID-19 pathogenesis and future treatment strategies. While studies analyzing humoral immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 were available rather early during the pandemic, cellular immunity came into focus of investigations just recently. For the present work, we have adapted a protocol, designed for the detection of rare neoantigen-specific Memory T cells in cancer patients for studying cellular immune responses against SARS-CoV-2. Both, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were detected after 6 days of in vitro expansion using overlapping peptide libraries representing the whole viral protein. The assay readout was an Intracellular cytokine staining and flow cytometric analysis detecting four functional markers simultaneously (CD154, TNF, IL-2, IFN-γ). We were able to detect SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in 9 of 9 COVID-19 patients with mild symptoms. All patients had reactive T cells against at least one of 12 analyzed viral antigens and all patients had Spike-specific T cells. While some antigens were detected by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, Membrane protein was mainly recognized by CD4+ T cells. Strikingly, we were not able to detect SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in 9 unexposed healthy individuals. We are presenting a highly specific protocol for the detection of SARS-CoV-2-reactive T cells. Our data confirmed the important role of cellular immune responses in understanding SARS-CoV-2 clearance. We showed that Spike is the most immunogenic antigen. We have introduced Membrane protein as interesting target for studying humoral immune responses in convalescent COVID-19 patients.

scholarly journals Effects of a multispecies synbiotic on intestinal mucosa immune responses

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alpha Fardah Athiyyah ◽  
Nur Aisiyah Widjaja ◽  
Pramira Fitri ◽  
Ariani Setiowati ◽  
Andy Darma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Immunoglobulin A ◽  
Streptococcus Thermophilus ◽  
Orogastric Tube ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Cellular Immune Responses ◽  
Humoral Immune Responses ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Cellular Immune

Background and Objectives: Probiotics and prebiotics are known to regulate immune responses. A synbiotic is a product that combines probiotics and prebiotics in a single dosage form. In this study, we attempt to present the effects of a multispe- cies synbiotic on intestinal mucosa immune responses after exposure to Escherichia coli O55:B5 lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Materials and Methods: Totally 21 male Balb/c mice were randomly classified into two groups. The K-I group received LPS and a synbiotic, and the K-II group received LPS alone. The synbiotic was administered for 21 consecutive days, where- as LPS was administered once on the 15th day. Specifically, a synbiotic containing 1 × 109 colony forming units (CFUs) of the probiotic combination of Lactobacillus acidophilus PXN 35, L. casei subsp. casei PXN 37, L. rhamnosus PXN 54, L. bul- garicus PXN 39, Bifidobacterium breve PXN 25, B. infantis PXN 27 and Streptococcus thermophilus PXN 66 and the prebi- otic fructo-oligosaccharide was administered through an orogastric tube. Immunohistochemistry was performed to measure immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels for humoral immune responses and CD4+ and CD8+ levels for cellular immune responses. Results: An independent-samples t-test revealed significant increases of the numbers of IgA- (p = 0.027) and CD4-express- ing cells (p = 0.009) but not the number of CD8-expressing cells in the K-I group compared with those in the K-II group. Conclusion: The multispecies synbiotic had immunoregulatory effects on IgA and CD4 expression in LPS-exposed mice.

scholarly journals Interdependencies between cellular and humoral immune responses in heterologous and homologous SARS-CoV-2 vaccination

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moritz M Hollstein ◽  
Lennart Muensterkoetter ◽  
Michael P Schoen ◽  
Armin Bergmann ◽  
Thea M Husar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
T Cell Activation ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Booster Vaccination ◽  
Antibody Avidity ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Cellular Immune Responses ◽  
Cellular Immune

Background: Homologous and heterologous SARS-CoV-2-vaccinations yield different spike protein-directed humoral and cellular immune responses. However, their interdependencies remain elusive. Methods: COV-ADAPT is a prospective, observational cohort study of 417 healthcare workers who received homologous vaccination with Astra (ChAdOx1-S; AstraZeneca) or BNT (BNT162b2; Biontech/Pfizer) or heterologous vaccination with Astra/BNT. We assessed the humoral (anti-spike-RBD-IgG, neutralizing antibodies, antibody avidity) and cellular (spike-induced T cell interferon-y release) immune response in blood samples up to 2 weeks before (T1) and 2 to 12 weeks following secondary immunization (T2). Findings: Initial vaccination with Astra resulted in lower anti-spike-RBD-IgG responses compared to BNT (70+/-114 vs. 226+/-279 BAU/ml, p<0.01) at T1, whereas T cell activation did not differ significantly. Booster vaccination with BNT proved superior to Astra at T2 (anti-spike-RBD-IgG: Astra/BNT 2387+/-1627 and BNT/BNT 3202+/-2184 vs. Astra/Astra 413+/-461 BAU/ml, both p<0.001; spike-induced T cell interferon-y; release: Astra/BNT 5069+/-6733 and BNT/BNT 4880+/-7570 vs. Astra/Astra 1152+/-2243 mIU/ml, both p<0.001). No significant differences were detected between BNT-boostered groups at T2. For Astra, we observed no booster effect on T cell activation. We found associations between anti-spike-RBD-IgG levels (Astra/BNT and BNT/BNT) and T cell responses (Astra/Astra and Astra/BNT) from T1 to T2. There were also links between levels of anti-spike-RBD-IgG and T cell at both time points (all groups combined). All regimes yielded neutralizing antibodies and increased antibody avidity at T2. Interpretation: Interdependencies between humoral and cellular immune responses differ between common SARS-CoV-2 vaccination regimes. T cell activation is unlikely to compensate for poor humoral responses. Funding: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), ER723/3-1

scholarly journals ESAT-6 Subunit Vaccination againstMycobacterium tuberculosis

2000 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 791-795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lise Brandt ◽  
Martin Elhay ◽  
Ida Rosenkrands ◽  
Erik B. Lindblad ◽  
Peter Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Lipid A ◽  
T Cell Response ◽  
Cell Mediated Immunity ◽  
Adjuvant Activity ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Cellular Immune Responses ◽  
Humoral Immune Responses ◽  
Monophosphoryl Lipid A ◽  
Cellular Immune

ABSTRACT The ESAT-6 antigen from Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a dominant target for cell-mediated immunity in the early phase of tuberculosis (TB) in TB patients as well as in various animal models. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the potential of ESAT-6 in an experimental TB vaccine. We started out using dimethyl dioctadecylammonium bromide (DDA), an adjuvant which has been demonstrated to be efficient for the induction of cellular immune responses and has been used successfully before as a delivery system for TB vaccines. Here we demonstrate that, whereas immune responses to both short-term-culture filtrate and Ag85B are efficiently induced with DDA, this adjuvant was inefficient for the induction of immune responses to ESAT-6. Therefore, we investigated the modulatory effect of monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL), an immunomodulator which in different combinations has demonstrated strong adjuvant activity for both cellular and humoral immune responses. We show in the present study that vaccination with ESAT-6 delivered in a combination of MPL and DDA elicited a strong ESAT-6-specific T-cell response and protective immunity comparable to that achieved withMycobacterium bovis BCG.

scholarly journals Toxoplasma gondii: humoral and cellular immune response of BALB/c mice immunized via intranasal route with rTgROP2

2010 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 210-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Igarashi ◽  
Dauton Luiz Zulpo ◽  
Ivo Alexandre Leme da Cunha ◽  
Luiz Daniel Barros ◽  
Vanessa Figueredo Pereira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Recombinant Protein ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Stimulation Index ◽  
Intranasal Route ◽  
Iptg Induction ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Cellular Immune Responses ◽  
Humoral Immune Responses ◽  
Cellular Immune

TgROP2 is an intracellular protein associated with rhoptries of Toxoplama gondii and an antigen component of a candidate vaccine for toxoplasmosis. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of rTgROP2 to stimulate humoral and cellular immune responses in BALB/c mice via intranasal injection. TgROP2 partial coding sequence was (196-561) amplified by PCR from genomic T. gondii RH strain DNA and cloned into the pTrcHis expression vector. Escherichia coli Rosetta 2 cells transformed with pTrcHis-TgROP2 showed high levels (~1 mg.mL-1) of recombinant protein after 4 hours of IPTG induction. Recombinant TgROP2 exhibited an apparent Mr equal to 54 kDa. In order to test immunogenicity of the recombinant protein, 10 BALB/c mice received 10 µg of rROP2 protein + 10 µg of Quil-A via intranasal injection. Doses were administered at days 0, 21, and 42. Three animals were euthanized and used to evaluate cell-ular immune response on day 62. Five (50%) and two (20%) out of ten animals produced IgG (DO mean = 0.307; cut-off = 0.240) and IgA (DO mean = 0.133, cut-off = 0.101), respectively, by ELISA on day 62. The proliferation of splenocytes revealed high stimulation index (SI) when co-cultured with 5, 10 and 15 µg.mL-1 of rTgROP2. These results indicate that intranasal immunization with recombinant protein ROP2 plus Quil-A can elicit both cellular and humoral immune responses in BALB/c mice.

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