scholarly journals Environmental Surveillance for Poliovirus and Other Enteroviruses: Long-Term Experience in Moscow, Russian Federation, 2004–2017

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga E. Ivanova ◽  
Maria S. Yarmolskaya ◽  
Tatiana P. Eremeeva ◽  
Galina M. Babkina ◽  
Olga Y. Baykova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Environmental Surveillance ◽  
Detection Rates ◽  
Echovirus 30 ◽  
Relative Value ◽  
Afp Surveillance ◽  
The One

Polio and enterovirus surveillance may include a number of approaches, including incidence-based observation, a sentinel physician system, environmental monitoring and acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance. The relative value of these methods is widely debated. Here we summarized the results of 14 years of environmental surveillance at four sewage treatment plants of various capacities in Moscow, Russia. A total of 5450 samples were screened, yielding 1089 (20.0%) positive samples. There were 1168 viruses isolated including types 1–3 polioviruses (43%) and 29 different types of non-polio enteroviruses (51%). Despite using the same methodology, a significant variation in detection rates was observed between the treatment plants and within the same facility over time. The number of poliovirus isolates obtained from sewage was roughly 60 times higher than from AFP surveillance over the same time frame. All except one poliovirus isolate were Sabin-like polioviruses. The one isolate was vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 with 17.6% difference from the corresponding Sabin strain, suggesting long-term circulation outside the scope of the surveillance. For some non-polio enterovirus types (e.g., Echovirus 6) there was a good correlation between detection in sewage and incidence of clinical cases in a given year, while other types (e.g., Echovirus 30) could cause large outbreaks and be almost absent in sewage samples. Therefore, sewage monitoring can be an important part of enterovirus surveillance, but cannot substitute other approaches.

scholarly journals Methods to homogenize ECC ozonesonde measurements across changes in sensing solution concentration or ozonesonde manufacturer

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry Deshler ◽  
Rene Stübi ◽  
Francis J. Schmidlin ◽  
Jennifer L. Mercer ◽  
Herman G. J. Smit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transfer Functions ◽  
Electrochemical Cell ◽  
Solution Concentration ◽  
Solution Composition ◽  
Single Sensor ◽  
The One ◽  
Simple Ratio ◽  
Comparison Data

Abstract. From the mid 1990s to the late 2000s the consistency of electrochemical cell ozonesonde long term records has been compromised by differences in manufacturers, Science Pump and ENSCI, and differences in recommended sensor solution concentrations, 1.0 % potassium iodide (KI) and the one half dilution 0.5 %. To investigate these differences a number of organizations independently undertook comparisons of the various ozonesonde types and solution concentrations, resulting in 197 ozonesonde comparison profiles. The goal is to derive transfer functions to allow measurements outside of standard recommendations, for sensor composition and ozonesonde type, to be converted to a standard measurement and thus homogenize the data to the expected accuracy of 5 % (10 %) in the stratosphere (troposphere). Subsets of these data have been analyzed previously and intermediate transfer functions derived. Here all the comparison data are analyzed to compare: 1) differences in sensor solution composition for a single ozonesonde type, 2) differences in ozonesonde type for a single sensor solution composition and 3) the manufacturer’s recommendations of 1.0 % KI solution for Science Pump and 0.5 % KI for ENSCI. From the recommendations it is clear that ENSCI ozonesondes and 1.0 % KI solution result in higher amounts of ozone sensed. The results indicate that differences in solution composition and in ozonesonde type display little pressure dependence at pressures ≥ 30 hPa and thus the transfer function can be characterized as a simple ratio of the less sensitive to the more sensitive method. This ratio is 0.96 for both solution concentration and ozonesonde type. The ratios differ at pressures

scholarly journals Long-term Variability of the Composite Galaxy SDSS J103911-000057: A True Type-2 AGN Candidate

2021 ◽  
Vol 922 (2) ◽  
pp. 248
Author(s):  
Zhang XueGuang ◽  
Zhang YingFei ◽  
Cheng PeiZhen ◽  
Wang BaoHan ◽  
Lv Yi-Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Level ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Emission Lines ◽  
Intrinsic Variability ◽  
Test Technique ◽  
Sky Survey ◽  
True Type ◽  
The One

Abstract In this manuscript, the composite galaxy SDSS J103911-000057 (=SDSS J1039) is reported as a true Type-2 AGN candidate without hidden BLRs. Only narrow emission lines, not broad, detected in SDSS J1039 can be confirmed both by the F-test technique and by the expected broad emission lines with an EW smaller than 13.5 Å with a 99% confidence level. Meanwhile, a reliable AGN power-law component is preferred with a confidence level higher than 7σ in SDSS J1039. Furthermore, the long-term variability of SDSS J1039 from Catalina Sky Survey can be described by the DRW process with an intrinsic variability timescale τ ∼ 100 days, similar to normal quasars. And, based on BH mass in SDSS J1039 through the M BH–σ relation and on the correlation between AGN continuum luminosity and total Hα luminosity, the expected broad Hα, if there was one, could be reconstructed with a line width of about 300–1000 km s−1 and with a line flux of about 666 × 10−17 erg s−1 cm−2 under the virialization assumption to BLRs, providing robust evidence to reject the probability that the intrinsic probable broad Hα was overwhelmed by noises of the SDSS spectrum in SDSS J1039. Moreover, SDSS J1039 follows the same correlation between continuum luminosity and [O iii] line luminosity as the one for normal broad-line AGN, indicating SDSS J1039 classified as a changing-look AGN in the dim state can be ruled out. Therefore, under the current knowledge, SDSS J1039 is a better candidate for a true Type-2 AGN.

scholarly journals Environmental Surveillance and Vaccine Derived Polio Virus type 2 Isolation, Gombe State, Nigeria.

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond S. Dankoli
Keyword(s):  
Surveillance System ◽  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
World Health ◽  
Environmental Surveillance ◽  
Polio Virus ◽  
Poliovirus Type ◽  
Afp Surveillance ◽  
Stool Samples

ObjectiveTo evaluate Vaccine Derived Polio Virus 2 isolation rate from Environmental Surveillance and its contribution to Polio Eradication Initiative (PEI)IntroductionNigeria is the only country in Africa yet to be certified free of Wild Polio Virus (WPV). The country consists of 36 States and a Federal Capital Territory. Gombe is one of the 19 Polio high risk States in the North-eastern geo-political zone of the country. The last case of WPV isolated in Gombe State was in 2013.One of the strategies for Polio eradication is a sensitive Acute Flaccid Paralysis (AFP) surveillance system in which any AFP is promptly detected and timely investigated. The focus of the investigation is to analyze two faecal samples of the patient, and/or sometimes those from contacts for any possible isolation of Polio Virus1 (PV). AFP surveillance is meant to be applicable to any human population at any time; however, there are situations in which there are good reasons to suspect that negative results of AFP surveillance are not reliable. Supplementary information is required in such situations and one approach for that is Environmental Surveillance (ES), in which a search for PV is made in environmental specimens contaminated by human feaces2ES in the African region started in Nigeria in July 20113,4. Since the introduction of this strategy, it has achieved its objective of complimenting the AFP surveillance system. There has been a gradual increase in the number of ES sites in Nigeria from 2011 to date4. The increase is largely due to the successes recorded in terms of the PV isolation from the sites, PV epidemiology, the large population size and mobility4,5. The last cases of WPV1 and WPV3 from environmental samples had dates of collection in May 2014 (Kaduna) and July 2012 (Kano) respectively4.ES was initiated in Gombe State in December 2016. Four ES sites were identified and sample collection began soon after training of personnel responsible for collection of the sewage sample. The four identified ES sites are Baba Roba Valley, Unguwauku Railway Bridge, Gadan Bayan Moonshine and Dan Gusau Bridge. Since inception of ES in Gombe State, 2 ambiguous Vaccine Derived Poliovirus type 2 (aVDPV2) were confirmed from sewage samples collected from Baba Roba Valley site on the 30th January 2017 and from Dan Gusau Bridge site on the 6th March 2017. In 2018, a circulating Vaccine Derived Poliovirus type 2 (cVDPV2) was also detected from sewage samples collected on the 9th April 2018 from Baba Roba Valley site. We reviewed the laboratory results from the 2 surveillance methods so as to evaluate the VDPV2 isolation rate.MethodsES involves collection of one litre of environmental sample (sewage water) via grab sampling method in accordance with World Health Organization’s (WHO) Guidelines for Environmental Surveillance for Polioviruses2. All ES sewage samples were transported in a 1 litre container appropriately packaged in a Giostyle with 8 frozen icepacks to maintain reverse cold chain to a Polio Laboratory where the samples are analyzed as per WHO ES testing standard operating procedures. Poliovirus type 2 isolates are sent to the reference laboratory at the US Centre for Disease Control for sequencing for PV isolation.We reviewed all the results of the environmental samples (ES) and stool samples from patients with Acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) from January 2017 to June 2018. The environmental samples were from five pre-selected sites that was based on the perceived risks for polio circulation that included poor sanitation, overcrowding, extend of drainage population, availability of sewage system and absence of discharge into the sites. The stool samples were from patients detected with AFP in Gombe local government area.The results from the two methods of surveillance for PV were evaluated and compared based on yields and isolates (Negative results, VDPV2, Non-polio enterovirus (NPENT).ResultsA total of 309 sewage samples from five (5) sites and 142 AFP stool samples from Gombe LGA were collected from January 2017 to June 2018. Three 3(0.97%) of the sewage samples yielded VDPV2, 102(33.01%) had Non-polio enteroviruses (NPENT) and 41 (13.27%) negative samples. On the other hand, no VDPV was isolated from the AFP stool samples, the NPENT detection rate was 13(9.16%) and 121(85.21%) samples were negative. The Non-polio AFP (NPAFP) and stool adequacy rates for Gombe LGA during the reporting period were calculated to be 17.2 and 100% respectively.ConclusionsThe polio virus (VDPV) isolation from ES in this review is higher than in AFP surveillance. This has demonstrated amongst others benefit of ES its ability to detect polio virus even in the absence of the virus among AFP cases. ES can thus detect virus that are probably missed by AFP surveillance and hence allow for early response so as to curtail further transmission. The high NPAFP and stool adequacy rates are indication of a sensitive surveillance system nonetheless, the virus isolation from the AFP surveillance was very low. It is important to mention here that other laboratory indicators were not factored into this review. We recommend therefore that both ES and AFP surveillance be done together where facility, resources and personnel are available to implement.References[1] WHO. Field guide for supplementary activities aimed at achieving polio eradication, publication no. WHO/EPI/GEN/95.1. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1995.[2] WHO. Guidelines for environmental surveillance of poliovirus circulation. World Health Organization 2003,Department of Vaccines and Biologicals, 2003. (http://www.who.int/vaccines-documents/DoxGen/H5-Surv.htm). Accessed 6 October 2010.[3] Nicksy Gumede et al. Status of environmental surveillance in the African Regional. African health monitor. March 2015 Issue 19: Pg 38-41[4] Ticha Johnson Muluh et al. Contribution of Environmental Surveillance Toward Interruption of Poliovirus Transmission in Nigeria, 2012–2015. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Volume 213, Issue suppl_3, 1 May 2016, Pages S131–S135, https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiv767[5] Humayun Ashgar et al. Environmental Surveillance for Polioviruses in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Volume 210, Issue suppl_1, 1 November 2014, Pages S294–S303, https://doi.org/10.1017/S095026881000316X 

degree of payability of debts and capital. Subsequent classification of accounts depended on the physical or legal nature of the ele­ ments they represented. The logic behind the balance sheet framework was based on the representation on an industrial and/or commercial firm with the following characteristics: productive assets having a long-term useful life and an irregular renewal pattern; long-term financing for long-term productive assets; inventories rotating rapidly in less than a one-year time period; and an operations cycle whose dura­ tion was also considered to be less than one year. This representa­ tion led to a classification of assets, debts and owners’ equity based on the one-year time period, the year being traditionally considered as the usual time frame for the accounting period. The permanent resources at the disposal of the firm, together with their investment in long-term production means, were therefore shown in the upper part of the balance sheet, with short-term assets and debts appearing below. Exhibit 1 indicates the structure of the balance sheet as it has been outlined above, as well as the Exhibit 1 Structure o f the Balance Sheet: Relationships Between Classes o f the Chart of Accounts and Balance Sheet Elem ents

2014 ◽  
pp. 347-347
Keyword(s):  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Legal Nature ◽  
Useful Life ◽  
One Year ◽  
The One ◽  
Productive Assets

scholarly journals Elucidation of Echovirus 30's Origin and Transmission during the 2012 Aseptic Meningitis Outbreak in Guangdong, China, through Continuing Environmental Surveillance

2015 ◽  
Vol 81 (7) ◽  
pp. 2311-2319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Lu ◽  
Huanying Zheng ◽  
Xue Guo ◽  
Yong Zhang ◽  
Hui Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aseptic Meningitis ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Environmental Surveillance ◽  
Sequence Alignments ◽  
Clinical Strains ◽  
Echovirus 30 ◽  
Similar Cluster ◽  
High Nucleotide Sequence Similarity

ABSTRACTAn aseptic meningitis outbreak occurred in Luoding City of Guangdong, China, in 2012, and echovirus type 30 (ECHO30) was identified as the major causative pathogen. Environmental surveillance indicated that ECHO30 was detected in the sewage of a neighboring city, Guangzhou, from 2010 to 2012 and also in Luoding City sewage samples (6/43, 14%) collected after the outbreak. In order to track the potential origin of the outbreak viral strains, we sequenced the VP1 genes of 29 viral strains from clinical patients and environmental samples. Sequence alignments and phylogenetic analyses based on VP1 gene sequences revealed that virus strains isolated from the sewage of Guangzhou and Luoding cities matched well the clinical strains from the outbreak, with high nucleotide sequence similarity (98.5% to 100%) and similar cluster distribution. Five ECHO30 clinical strains were clustered with the Guangdong environmental strains but diverged from strains from other regions, suggesting that this subcluster of viruses most likely originated from the circulating virus in Guangdong rather than having been more recently imported from other regions. These findings underscore the importance of long-term, continuous environmental surveillance and genetic analysis to monitor circulating enteroviruses.

Abstract #238: Improved Short Term and Long Term Outcomes of Early Insulin Initiation in Type 2 Diabetes Over 10 Years

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 50
Author(s):  
Jothydev Kesavadev ◽  
Shashank Joshi ◽  
Banshi Saboo ◽  
Hemant Thacker ◽  
Arun Shankar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Insulin Initiation ◽  
Long Term Outcomes ◽  
Short Term

Radioimmunotherapy for treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia and myelodysplastic syndrome

2005 ◽  
Vol 44 (03) ◽  
pp. 107-117
Author(s):  
R. G. Meyer ◽  
W. Herr ◽  
A. Helisch ◽  
P. Bartenstein ◽  
I. Buchmann
Keyword(s):  
Acute Myeloid Leukaemia ◽  
Myeloid Leukaemia ◽  
Primary Tumour ◽  
The Other ◽  
Haematopoietic Stem Cell ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Primary Reduction ◽  
The One ◽  
Acute Myeloid

SummaryThe prognosis of patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) has improved considerably by introduction of aggressive consolidation chemotherapy and haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (SCT). Nevertheless, only 20-30% of patients with AML achieve long-term diseasefree survival after SCT. The most common cause of treatment failure is relapse. Additionally, mortality rates are significantly increased by therapy-related causes such as toxicity of chemotherapy and complications of SCT. Including radioimmunotherapies in the treatment of AML and myelodyplastic syndrome (MDS) allows for the achievement of a pronounced antileukaemic effect for the reduction of relapse rates on the one hand. On the other hand, no increase of acute toxicity and later complications should be induced. These effects are important for the primary reduction of tumour cells as well as for the myeloablative conditioning before SCT.This paper provides a systematic and critical review of the currently used radionuclides and immunoconjugates for the treatment of AML and MDS and summarizes the literature on primary tumour cell reductive radioimmunotherapies on the one hand and conditioning radioimmunotherapies before SCT on the other hand.

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