scholarly journals Enhanced Autophagy Contributes to Reduced Viral Infection in Black Flying Fox Cells

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Laing ◽  
Spencer Sterling ◽  
Dawn Weir ◽  
Chelsi Beauregard ◽  
Ina Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virus Replication ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Homeostatic Process ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Natural Hosts ◽  
Pathogenic Viruses ◽  
Post Entry ◽  
High Virus ◽  
Flying Fox

Bats are increasingly implicated as hosts of highly pathogenic viruses. The underlying virus–host interactions and cellular mechanisms that promote co-existence remain ill-defined, but physiological traits such as flight and longevity are proposed to drive these adaptations. Autophagy is a cellular homeostatic process that regulates ageing, metabolism, and intrinsic immune defense. We quantified basal and stimulated autophagic responses in black flying fox cells, and demonstrated that although black flying fox cells are susceptible to Australian bat lyssavirus (ABLV) infection, viral replication is dampened in these bat cells. Black flying fox cells tolerated prolonged ABLV infection with less cell death relative to comparable human cells, suggesting post-entry mechanisms interference with virus replication. An elevated basal autophagic level was observed and autophagy was induced in response to high virus doses. Pharmacological stimulation of the autophagy pathway reduced virus replication, indicating autophagy acts as an anti-viral mechanism. Enhancement of basal and virus-induced autophagy in bat cells connects related reports that long-lived species possess homeostatic processes that dampen oxidative stress and macromolecule damage. Exemplifying the potential that evolved cellular homeostatic adaptations like autophagy may secondarily act as anti-viral mechanisms, enabling bats to serve as natural hosts to an assortment of pathogenic viruses. Furthermore, our data suggest autophagy-inducing drugs may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for combating lyssavirus infection.

scholarly journals Saccharomyces: Is a Necessary Organism or a Biological Warrior?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nilay Seyidoglu ◽  
Cenk Aydin
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Virus Replication ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Biological Mechanism ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Eukaryotic Organism ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Replication Systems ◽  
Pathogenic Viruses

Saccharomyces is a eukaryotic organism that possesses approximately 6,000 known genes since 1996. It has long been used for food, bakeries, drinks, and therapeutics due to its many ingredients and its role in several mechanisms. Saccharomyces can be used as an experimental organism for medicinal products in the pharmaceutical industry. Particularly in public health, the use of Saccharomyces in the production of vaccines is remarkable. It has been alleviated that this yeast helps clarify the function of individual proteins in pathogenic viruses. To clarify virus life and host interactions, virus replication systems in Saccharomyces were interested in scientists. The new antiviral strategies with yeasts suggest the biological mechanism of a pathogen virus. Due to the variety of diseases and current epidemic conditions, these organisms play an essential role in prevention and treatment. This chapter will try to update Saccharomyces’ scientific discoveries with the most recent and up-to-date literature.

scholarly journals Detection of Alpha- and Betacoronaviruses in Miniopterus fuliginosus and Rousettus leschenaultii, two species of Sri Lankan Bats

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 650
Author(s):  
Therese Muzeniek ◽  
Thejanee Perera ◽  
Sahan Siriwardana ◽  
Dilara Bas ◽  
Fatimanur Kaplan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Sanger Sequencing ◽  
Rectal Swab ◽  
Sri Lankan ◽  
Rna Dependent Rna Polymerase ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Natural Hosts ◽  
Pathogenic Viruses ◽  
Miniopterus Fuliginosus ◽  
Important Basis

Bats are known to be potential reservoirs of numerous human-pathogenic viruses. They have been identified as natural hosts for coronaviruses, causing Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in humans. Since the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in 2019 interest in the prevalence of coronaviruses in bats was newly raised. In this study we investigated different bat species living in a sympatric colony in the Wavul Galge cave (Koslanda, Sri Lanka). In three field sessions (in 2018 and 2019), 395 bats were captured (Miniopterus, Rousettus, Hipposideros and Rhinolophus spp.) and either rectal swabs or fecal samples were collected. From these overall 396 rectal swab and fecal samples, the screening for coronaviruses with nested PCR resulted in 33 positive samples, 31 of which originated from Miniopterus fuliginosus and two from Rousettus leschenaultii. Sanger sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the obtained 384-nt fragment of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase revealed that the examined M. fuliginosus bats excrete alphacoronaviruses and the examined R. leschenaultii bats excrete betacoronaviruses. Despite the sympatric roosting habitat, the coronaviruses showed host specificity and seemed to be limited to one species. Our results represent an important basis to better understand the prevalence of coronaviruses in Sri Lankan bats and may provide a basis for pursuing studies on particular bat species of interest.

Immune Defense Strategies of Queens of the Social Parasite Ant Acromyrmex ameliae and Queens of Its Natural Hosts

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lailla C. Gandra ◽  
Karina D. Amaral ◽  
Joel C. Couceiro ◽  
Rômulo A. C. Dângelo ◽  
Danival J. De Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Defense ◽  
Social Parasite ◽  
Defense Strategies ◽  
The Social ◽  
Natural Hosts

scholarly journals NUDT2 initiates viral RNA degradation by removal of 5′-phosphates

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatrice T. Laudenbach ◽  
Karsten Krey ◽  
Quirin Emslander ◽  
Line Lykke Andersen ◽  
Alexander Reim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rna Degradation ◽  
Degradation Pathway ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
Viral Rna ◽  
Rna Turnover ◽  
Nudix Hydrolase ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Independent Manner ◽  
Viral Rnas ◽  
Bacterial Rna

AbstractWhile viral replication processes are largely understood, comparably little is known on cellular mechanisms degrading viral RNA. Some viral RNAs bear a 5′-triphosphate (PPP-) group that impairs degradation by the canonical 5′-3′ degradation pathway. Here we show that the Nudix hydrolase 2 (NUDT2) trims viral PPP-RNA into monophosphorylated (P)-RNA, which serves as a substrate for the 5′-3′ exonuclease XRN1. NUDT2 removes 5′-phosphates from PPP-RNA in an RNA sequence- and overhang-independent manner and its ablation in cells increases growth of PPP-RNA viruses, suggesting an involvement in antiviral immunity. NUDT2 is highly homologous to bacterial RNA pyrophosphatase H (RppH), a protein involved in the metabolism of bacterial mRNA, which is 5′-tri- or diphosphorylated. Our results show a conserved function between bacterial RppH and mammalian NUDT2, indicating that the function may have adapted from a protein responsible for RNA turnover in bacteria into a protein involved in the immune defense in mammals.

scholarly journals Complex Virus–Host Interactions Involved in the Regulation of Classical Swine Fever Virus Replication: A Minireview

Viruses ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Su Li ◽  
Jinghan Wang ◽  
Qian Yang ◽  
Muhammad Naveed Anwar ◽  
Shaoxiong Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virus Replication ◽  
Classical Swine Fever Virus ◽  
Classical Swine Fever ◽  
Fever Virus ◽  
Host Interactions

scholarly journals Volatile Cues Influence Host-Choice in Arthropod Pests

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1984
Author(s):  
Jacqueline Poldy
Keyword(s):  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Vector Surveillance ◽  
Specific Chemical ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Synthetic Chemicals ◽  
Natural Hosts ◽  
Arthropod Pests

Many arthropod pests of humans and other animals select their preferred hosts by recognising volatile odour compounds contained in the hosts’ ‘volatilome’. Although there is prolific literature on chemical emissions from humans, published data on volatiles and vector attraction in other species are more sporadic. Despite several decades since the identification of a small number of critical volatiles underpinning specific host–vector relationships, synthetic chemicals or mixtures still largely fail to reproduce the attractiveness of natural hosts to their disease vectors. This review documents allelochemicals from non-human terrestrial animals and considers where challenges in collection and analysis have left shortfalls in animal volatilome research. A total of 1287 volatile organic compounds were identified from 141 species. Despite comparable diversity of entities in each compound class, no specific chemical is ubiquitous in all species reviewed, and over half are reported as unique to a single species. This review provides a rationale for future enquiries by highlighting research gaps, such as disregard for the contribution of breath volatiles to the whole animal volatilome and evaluating the role of allomones as vector deterrents. New opportunities to improve vector surveillance and disrupt disease transmission may be unveiled by understanding the host-associated stimuli that drive vector-host interactions.

scholarly journals Mechanisms of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Pathogenesis and Innate Immunomodulation

2008 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 672-685 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Frieman ◽  
Ralph Baric
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immune ◽  
Open Reading Frames ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Host Cell Signaling ◽  
Robust Model ◽  
Pathogenic Viruses ◽  
End Stage ◽  
Reading Frames

SUMMARY The modulation of the immune response is a common practice of many highly pathogenic viruses. The emergence of the highly pathogenic coronavirus severe acute respiratory virus (SARS-CoV) serves as a robust model system to elucidate the virus-host interactions that mediate severe end-stage lung disease in humans and animals. Coronaviruses encode the largest positive-sense RNA genome of ∼30 kb, encode a variety of replicase and accessory open reading frames that are structurally unique, and encode novel enzymatic functions among RNA viruses. These viruses have broad or specific host ranges, suggesting the possibility of novel strategies for targeting and regulating host innate immune responses following virus infection. Using SARS-CoV as a model, we review the current literature on the ability of coronaviruses to interact with and modify the host intracellular environment during infection. These studies are revealing a rich set of novel viral proteins that engage, modify, and/or disrupt host cell signaling and nuclear import machinery for the benefit of virus replication.

scholarly journals Acute-phase CD4+ T-cell proliferation and CD152 upregulation predict set-point virus replication in vaccinated simian–human immunodeficiency virus strain 89.6p-infected macaques

2009 ◽  
Vol 90 (4) ◽  
pp. 915-926 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerrit Koopman ◽  
Daniella Mortier ◽  
Sam Hofman ◽  
Marguerite Koutsoukos ◽  
Willy M. J. M. Bogers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Virus Replication ◽  
Acute Phase ◽  
Chronic Phase ◽  
Set Point ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Strain ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
High Virus

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in humans and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection in macaques are accompanied by a combined early loss of CCR5 (CD195)-expressing CD4+ memory T cells, loss of T-helper function and T-cell hyperactivation, which have all been associated with development of high virus load and disease progression. Here, a cohort of vaccinated simian–human immunodeficiency virus strain 89.6p (SHIV89.6p)-infected rhesus macaques, where preferential depletion of these memory T-cell subsets does not take place and CD4+ T cells are relatively well maintained, was used to study the role of hyperactivation as an independent factor in the establishment of set-point virus load. In the acute phase of the infection, a transient loss of CD4+ T cells, as well as strong increases in expression of proliferation and activation markers on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, together with CD152 expression on CD4+ T cells, were observed. Peak expression levels of these markers on CD4+ T cells, but not on CD8+ T cells, were correlated with high virus replication in the chronic phase of the infection. In addition, the peak expression level of these markers was correlated inversely with acute-phase, but not chronic-phase, HIV/SIV-specific gamma interferon responses. These data highlight a central role for an acute but transient CD4 decrease, as well as CD4+ T-cell activation, as independent factors for prediction of set-point levels of virus replication.

scholarly journals Where does the peanut smut pathogen, Thecaphora frezii, fit in the spectrum of smut diseases?

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvina Arias ◽  
Verónica Sofía Mary ◽  
Pilar Andrea Velez ◽  
María Gisel Rodriguez ◽  
Santiago Nicolás Otaiza González ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Pest Control ◽  
Food Quality ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Ustilago Maydis ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
Smut Fungi ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Commercial Species

Smut fungi, such as Ustilago maydis, have been studied extensively as a model for plant- pathogenic basidiomycetes. However, little attention has been paid to smut diseases of agronomic importance that are caused by species of the fungus Thecaphora spp., probably due to their more localized distribution. Peanut smut by T. frezii has been reported only in South America, with Argentina being the only country where this disease has been noted in commercial species. In this work, important advances in deciphering T. frezii specific biology/pathobiology in relation to the agronomically relevant potato (T. solani), wheat (U. tritici) and barley (U. nuda) smuts are presented. The state of knowledge of fungal effectors, functionally characterized to date in U. maydis and most recently in T. thlaspeos, as well as the potential to be present in other Thecaphora species involved in dicot-host interactions like T. frezii-peanut, is summarized. We also discuss the applicability and limitations of current available methods for the identification of smut fungi in different matrices, and the management strategies to reduce their impact on the agri-food quality. To conclude, we describe some of the challenges in elucidating T. frezii strategies which allow it to successfully infect the host, and tolerate or evade plant immune defense mechanisms, as well as analysis of other aspects related to pest control and their implications for human health.

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