scholarly journals Sediments from Arctic Tide-Water Glaciers Remove Coastal Marine Viruses and Delay Host Infection

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douwe Maat ◽  
Maarten Prins ◽  
Corina Brussaard
Keyword(s):  
Removal Rate ◽  
Interaction Strength ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Microbial Interactions ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Virus Removal ◽  
Algal Virus ◽  
Fine Sediments ◽  
Coastal Marine ◽  
Marine Viruses

Over the past few decades, the Arctic region has been strongly affected by global warming, leading to increased sea surface temperatures and melting of land and sea ice. Marine terminating (tide-water) glaciers are expected to show higher melting and calving rates, with an increase in the input of fine sediment particles in the coastal marine environment. We experimentally investigated whether marine viruses, which drive microbial interactions and biogeochemical cycling are removed from the water column through adsorption to glacier-delivered fine sediments. Ecologically relevant concentrations of 30, 100 and 200 mg·L−1 sediments were added to filtered lysates of 3 cultured algal viruses and to a natural marine bacterial virus community. Total virus removal increased with sediment concentration whereby the removal rate depended on the virus used (up to 88% for an Arctic algal virus), suggesting a different interaction strength with the sediment. Moreover, we observed that the adsorption of viruses to sediment is a reversible process, and that desorbed viruses are still able to infect their respective hosts. Nonetheless, the addition of sediment to infection experiments with the Arctic prasinovirus MpoV-45T substantially delayed host lysis and the production of progeny viruses. We demonstrate that glacier-derived fine sediments have the potency to alter virus availability and consequently, host population dynamics.

scholarly journals Ice-nucleating ability of aerosol particles and possible sources at three coastal marine sites

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (21) ◽  
pp. 15669-15685 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng Si ◽  
Victoria E. Irish ◽  
Ryan H. Mason ◽  
Jesús Vergara-Temprado ◽  
Sarah J. Hanna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Aerosol Particles ◽  
Freezing Temperature ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Labrador Sea ◽  
Sea Spray ◽  
Site Density ◽  
Coastal Marine ◽  
Surface Active ◽  
Surface Area Basis

Abstract. Despite the importance of ice-nucleating particles (INPs) for climate and precipitation, our understanding of these particles is far from complete. Here, we investigated INPs at three coastal marine sites in Canada, two at mid-latitude (Amphitrite Point and Labrador Sea) and one in the Arctic (Lancaster Sound). For Amphitrite Point, 23 sets of samples were analyzed, and for Labrador Sea and Lancaster Sound, one set of samples was analyzed for each location. At all three sites, the ice-nucleating ability on a per number basis (expressed as the fraction of aerosol particles acting as an INP) was strongly dependent on the particle size. For example, at diameters of around 0.2 µm, approximately 1 in 106 particles acted as an INP at −25 ∘C, while at diameters of around 8 µm, approximately 1 in 10 particles acted as an INP at −25 ∘C. The ice-nucleating ability on a per surface-area basis (expressed as the surface active site density, ns) was also dependent on the particle size, with larger particles being more efficient at nucleating ice. The ns values of supermicron particles at Amphitrite Point and Labrador Sea were larger than previously measured ns values of sea spray aerosols, suggesting that sea spray aerosols were not a major contributor to the supermicron INP population at these two sites. Consistent with this observation, a global model of INP concentrations under-predicted the INP concentrations when assuming only marine organics as INPs. On the other hand, assuming only K-feldspar as INPs, the same model was able to reproduce the measurements at a freezing temperature of −25 ∘C, but under-predicted INP concentrations at −15 ∘C, suggesting that the model is missing a source of INPs active at a freezing temperature of −15 ∘C.

Intestinal parasites of the Arctic fox in relation to the abundance and distribution of intermediate hosts

Parasitology ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 137 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. STIEN ◽  
L. VOUTILAINEN ◽  
V. HAUKISALMI ◽  
E. FUGLEI ◽  
T. MØRK ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intermediate Host ◽  
Intestinal Parasites ◽  
Parasite Community ◽  
Host Population ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Arctic Fox ◽  
Vole Population ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Svalbard Archipelago ◽  
Abundance And Distribution

SUMMARYThe intestinal parasite community of Arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus) on the Svalbard archipelago in the High Arctic was investigated in relation to the abundance and distribution of intermediate hosts. Five species of cestodes (Echinococcus multilocularis, Taenia crassiceps, Taenia polyacantha, Taenia krabbei and Diphyllobothrium sp.), ascaridoid nematodes and one unidentified acanthocephalan species were found. The cestodes E. multilocularis, T. crassiceps and T. polyacantha all showed a decreasing prevalence in the fox population with increasing distance from their spatially restricted intermediate host population of sibling voles (Microtus levis). In addition, the prevalence of E. multilocularis in a sample from the vole population was directly related to the local vole abundance. The cestode T. krabbei uses reindeer as intermediate host, and its prevalence in female foxes was positively related to the density of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus platyrhyncus). Finally, the prevalence of the ascaridoid nematodes also decreased with increasing distance from the vole population, a finding that is consistent with the idea that voles are involved in transmission, most likely as paratenic hosts. The prevalence of the remaining species (Diphyllobothrium sp. and an unidentified acanthocephalan) was very low. We conclude that the distribution and abundance of intermediate host structure the gastrointestinal parasite community of the Arctic fox on the Svalbard archipelago.

scholarly journals VLADIMIR ALEXANDROVICH ARTEMIEV - MORE THAN 60 SEA EXPEDITIONS FROM ARCTIC TO ANTARCTIC

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-207
Author(s):  
O. V. Kopelevich
Keyword(s):  
The Arctic ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Ocean Optics ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Coastal Marine ◽  
Senior Researcher ◽  
Underwater Irradiance ◽  
Invention Patent ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
Over 40 Years

The article is dedicated to the 70th birthday of Vladimir Aleksandrovich Artemiev, senior researcher at the Ocean Optics Laboratory of the IO RAS. This is a unique electronics specialist who directly performs scientific research and provides this opportunity to others. V.A. Artemyev has been developing and improving optical equipment for marine expeditionary research for over 40 years; Among the devices he developed are an underwater irradiance meter (Alfamer device), three types of submersible transparent meters (PUM, PUM-A, PUM-200). Member of more than 60 sea expeditions from the Arctic to the Antarctic and about two dozen coastal marine. Conducted measurements of the underwater brightness of solar radiation at depths of up to 300 m in the Philippine Sea, diving on the Pysis underwater manned vehicle (PA), and in the Black Sea on the Argus PA. Vladimir Aleksandrovich is an irreplaceable expeditionary employee both in terms of his business and human qualities: contact, benevolent, always ready to help, creating a friendly atmosphere in the team. Coauthor of over 80 scientific publications and one invention patent. Has state awards.

Virus removal by soil passage at field scale and ground-water protection of sandy aquifers

2002 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 123-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.F. Schijven ◽  
S.M. Hassanizadeh
Keyword(s):  
Rate Coefficient ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Virus Concentration ◽  
Current Guideline ◽  
Rate Parameter ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Virus Removal ◽  
Virus Contamination ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Sandy Aquifers

Virus removal from groundwater by soil passage often appears to be much higher during the first few metres due to the presence of more favorable sites for attachment than thereafter. A model is presented which interprets virus removal as a function of collision efficiencies αbeta; and αλl, inactivation rate coefficient μll and rate parameter γ. Initial high removal is determined by αβ, which decreases exponentially at a rate γ to a constant base removal rate that is determined by αλ and μl. A hypothetical worst case was simulated to calculate the travel distance and time required for 9 log10 protection against virus contamination of groundwater wells in anoxic sandy aquifers. Unfavorable conditions for attachment were assumed. Virus was constantly leaking from a sewage pipe lying at the groundwater table. Mixing reduced virus concentration by 3.1 to 4.0 log10. For an additional 5.0 to 5.9 log10 protection against virus contamination by attachment and inactivation, residence times of about three to seven times longer than the current guideline of 60 days are needed, depending on abstraction rates, aquifer thickness and grain size of the sand.

Virus removal by the domestic wastewater treatment system named Johkasou

1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 187-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Kaneko
Keyword(s):  
Removal Rate ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Order Reduction ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Coxsackievirus B3 ◽  
Virus Removal ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Domestic Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Small Model ◽  
Reducing Activity

Virus removal by a treatment plant for domestic wastewater (Johkasou), was investigated using a small model of the plant. Under standard BOD loading of 0.076 BOD kg/m3/day, 97% of E. coli phage T2, 98% of poliovirus 1 and 93% of coxsackievirus B3 were removed from inlet wastewater by the system. About 80% of the viruses in the influent were removed in the first and second anaerobic zones under the standard conditions. When the loading was increased to double the standard loading (0.152 kg BOD/m3/day) the removal rate decreased to 64%. Poliovirus 1 and coxsackievirus B3 were removed more easily than T2 phage. Assuming the stream in each zone was completely mixed, the virus reducing activity of microorganisms was estimated by the rate constant of the first order reduction equation. It was found that the higher the BOD loading rates, the lower the values of the constant.

Development of Techniques for Evaluating the Virus Removal Rate using Adenovirus

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 633-641
Author(s):  
Yoonjung Cho ◽  
◽  
Jaewon Lim ◽  
Dawoon Baek ◽  
Sang-Hoon Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Removal Rate ◽  
Virus Removal

scholarly journals An Alternative Perspective for the Theory of Biological Control

Insects ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Mills
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Interaction Strength ◽  
Invasion Biology ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Relative Population ◽  
Population Growth Rates ◽  
Propagule Size

Importation biological control represents the planned introduction of a specialist natural enemy from the region of origin of an invasive pest or weed. For this study, the author considered why attempts to develop a predictive theory for biological control have been misguided and what future directions might be more promising and effective. Despite considerable interest in the theory of consumer–resource population dynamics, such theory has contributed little to improvements in the success of biological control due to a focus on persistence and equilibrium dynamics rather than establishment and impact. A broader consideration of invasion biology in addition to population ecology offers new opportunities for a more inclusive theory of biological control that incorporates the demographic and genetic processes that more specifically address the establishment and impact of introduced natural enemies. The importance of propagule size and genetic variance for successful establishment, and of contributions to host population growth, relative population growth rates, interaction strength, and coevolution for suppression of host abundance are discussed as promising future directions for a theory of biological control.

Planktonic viruses, heterotrophic bacteria, and nanoflagellates in fresh and coastal marine waters of the Kara Sea Basin (the Arctic)

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. I. Kopylov ◽  
D. B. Kosolapov ◽  
E. A. Zabotkina ◽  
P. V. Boyarskii ◽  
V. N. Shumilkin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Kara Sea ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Marine Waters ◽  
Coastal Marine

scholarly journals Seaduck engineers in the Arctic Archipelago: nesting eiders deliver marine nutrients and transform the chemistry of island soils, plants, and ponds

Oecologia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 195 (4) ◽  
pp. 1041-1052
Author(s):  
N. Clyde ◽  
K. E. Hargan ◽  
M. R. Forbes ◽  
S. A. Iverson ◽  
J. M. Blais ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Impacts ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Somateria Mollissima ◽  
Nutrient Inputs ◽  
Arctic Ecosystems ◽  
Coastal Marine ◽  
Common Eiders ◽  
Pond Sediments ◽  
Circumpolar Arctic

AbstractSeabirds are thought to provide ecological services such as the movement of nutrients between marine and terrestrial ecosystems, which may be especially critical to productivity and diversity in nutrient-poor environments. Most Arctic ecosystems are unaffected by local human impacts and are naturally nutrient poor and especially sensitive to warming. Here, we assessed the effects of nesting common eider ducks (Somateria mollissima) on soil, vegetation, and pond sediments on island archipelagoes in Hudson Strait between Nunavut and Québec, Canada. Soil, moss, and pond sediments were significantly higher in nitrogen on islands with large numbers of nesting eiders compared to sites with no nesting birds. The highest concentrations of nitrogen in soils and moss occurred at the margins of ponds on eider islands, which correspond to the areas of highest eider use. δ15N and δ34S values in soils, moss, and sediments indicated substantial marine-derived organic matter inputs at the higher nutrient sites. We propose that by foraging on coastal marine benthic invertebrates and returning to islands to nest, eider ducks bio-transport and concentrate marine-derived nutrients to their colony islands, fertilizing Arctic island ecosystems in the process. As common eiders nest on thousands of low to mid-latitude islands throughout the circumpolar Arctic, these nutrient inputs likely dramatically affect biota and ecosystem functioning throughout the tundra biome.

scholarly journals Effects of Arctic Warming on Microbes and Methane in Different Land Types in Svalbard

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 3296
Author(s):  
Fang Zhang ◽  
Han Zhang ◽  
Shaofeng Pei ◽  
Liyang Zhan ◽  
Wangwang Ye
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
High Arctic ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Deep Soil ◽  
Svalbard Archipelago ◽  
Annual Variations ◽  
Climate And Environmental Change ◽  
Coastal Marine ◽  
Irreversible Effects ◽  
Land Types

Climate change is having a profound impact on Arctic microbiomes and their living environments. However, we have only incomplete knowledge about the seasonal and inter-annual variations observed among these microbes and about their methane regulation mechanisms with respect to glaciers, glacial melting, snow lakes and coastal marine water. This gap in our knowledge limits our understanding of the linkages between climate and environmental change. In the Arctic, there are large reservoirs of methane which are sensitive to temperature changes. If global warming intensifies, larger quantities of methane stored in deep soil and sediments will be released into the atmosphere, causing irreversible effects on the global ecosystem. Methane production is mainly mediated by microorganisms. Although we have some knowledge of microbial community structure, we know less about the methane-correlated microbes in different land types in the Svalbard archipelago, and we do not have a comprehensive grasp of the relationship between them. That is the main reason we have written this paper, in which current knowledge of microorganisms and methane-correlated types in High Arctic Svalbard is described. The problems that need to be addressed in the future are also identified.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document