scholarly journals Small Animal Models of Respiratory Viral Infection Related to Asthma

Viruses ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingyuan Han ◽  
Charu Rajput ◽  
Tomoko Ishikawa ◽  
Caitlin Jarman ◽  
Julie Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infection ◽  
Asthma Exacerbations ◽  
Small Animal Models ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Respiratory viral infections are strongly associated with asthma exacerbations. Rhinovirus is most frequently-detected pathogen; followed by respiratory syncytial virus; metapneumovirus; parainfluenza virus; enterovirus and coronavirus. In addition; viral infection; in combination with genetics; allergen exposure; microbiome and other pathogens; may play a role in asthma development. In particular; asthma development has been linked to wheezing-associated respiratory viral infections in early life. To understand underlying mechanisms of viral-induced airways disease; investigators have studied respiratory viral infections in small animals. This report reviews animal models of human respiratory viral infection employing mice; rats; guinea pigs; hamsters and ferrets. Investigators have modeled asthma exacerbations by infecting mice with allergic airways disease. Asthma development has been modeled by administration of virus to immature animals. Small animal models of respiratory viral infection will identify cell and molecular targets for the treatment of asthma.

scholarly journals Macrolide Therapy in Respiratory Viral Infections

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin-Young Min ◽  
Yong Ju Jang
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Influenza Virus Infection ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infection ◽  
Rsv Infection ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Viral Titers

Background. Macrolides have received considerable attention for their anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory actions beyond the antibacterial effect. These two properties may ensure some efficacy in a wide spectrum of respiratory viral infections. We aimed to summarize the properties of macrolides and their efficacy in a range of respiratory viral infection.Methods. A search of electronic journal articles through PubMed was performed using combinations of the following keywords including macrolides and respiratory viral infection.Results. Bothin vitroandin vivostudies have provided evidence of their efficacy in respiratory viral infections including rhinovirus (RV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and influenza virus. Much data showed that macrolides reduced viral titers of RV ICAM-1, which is the receptor for RV, and RV infection-induced cytokines including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α. Macrolides also reduced the release of proinflammatory cytokines which were induced by RSV infection, viral titers, RNA of RSV replication, and the susceptibility to RSV infection partly through the reduced expression of activated RhoA which is an RSV receptor. Similar effects of macrolides on the influenza virus infection and augmentation of the IL-12 by macrolides which is essential in reducing virus yield were revealed.Conclusion. This paper provides an overview on the properties of macrolides and their efficacy in various respiratory diseases.

Indicators of the kinin blood system in severe forms of acute respiratory viral infections in children

1982 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-52
Author(s):  
V. A. Anokhin ◽  
A. D. Tsaregorodtsev
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infection ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Severe Form ◽  
Blood System ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infection ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections ◽  
Acute Respiratory Viral Infection ◽  
Apparently Healthy

The aim of this work was to study the parameters of the components of the kinin blood system in children with severe forms of acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI) with neurotoxicosis syndrome. 55 children with ARVI (aged from 1 to 6 months - 14, from 6 months to 1 year - 18, from 1 to 3 years - 11, from 3 to 7 years - 12). 38 patients were admitted in the first three days of illness, 12 - on 4-5 days and 5 - at a later date. 30 children had a severe form of acute respiratory viral infection and 25 - moderate. Adenovirus infection was diagnosed in 14 patients, influenza - in 16, parainfluenza - in 7, MS-viral infection in 5, mixed viral infection - in 13. The control group consisted of 10 apparently healthy children.

scholarly journals Small animal models of heart failure

2019 ◽  
Vol 115 (13) ◽  
pp. 1838-1849 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Riehle ◽  
Johann Bauersachs
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Surgical Techniques ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Genetic Modifications ◽  
Small Animal Models ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Abstract Heart disease is a major cause of death worldwide with increasing prevalence, which urges the development of new therapeutic strategies. Over the last few decades, numerous small animal models have been generated to mimic various pathomechanisms contributing to heart failure (HF). Despite some limitations, these animal models have greatly advanced our understanding of the pathogenesis of the different aetiologies of HF and paved the way to understanding the underlying mechanisms and development of successful treatments. These models utilize surgical techniques, genetic modifications, and pharmacological approaches. The present review discusses the strengths and limitations of commonly used small animal HF models, which continue to provide crucial insight and facilitate the development of new treatment strategies for patients with HF.

scholarly journals Acute respiratory infections and flu during the COVID-19 pandemic. What to expect in 2021–2022?

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (11) ◽  
pp. 721-727
Author(s):  
D.V. Usenko ◽  
◽  
N.Kh. Tkhakushinova ◽  
T.T. Shaturina ◽  
L.A. Ledenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infection ◽  
Sodium Alginate ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Antiviral Agent ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infections ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infection ◽  
Syncytial Virus

This paper discusses the spread of the most common causative agents for respiratory viral infections, i.e., respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza virus (IV), during seasonal peaks and under the COVID-19 pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic and epidemic control measures reduced the transmission of some respiratory viral pathogens. The authors specify the risks of changes in RSV epidemiology associated with restrictions and their lifting. Possible scenarios of virus "behavior" in 2021–2022 are represented. These scenarios include the return of variants registered at the end of 2019 and the risk of the emergence of a novel strain of zoonotic flu that may result in a novel viral pandemic. It was demonstrated that effective monitoring of causative agent circulation, timely specific prophylaxis (particularly in high-risk groups), and early effective antiviral therapy are crucial irrespective of the possible scenario of respiratory viral infection. Modern principles of complex flu and acute respiratory viral infection treatment using an antiviral agent based on rimantadine and sodium alginate are addressed. KEYWORDS: flu, COVID-19, pandemic, respiratory syncytial infection, children, treatment, rimantadine, sodium alginate. FOR CITATION: Usenko D.V., Tkhakushinova N.Kh., Shaturina T.T. et al. Acute respiratory infections and flu during the COVID-19 pandemic. What to expect in 2021–2022? Russian Medical Inquiry. 2021;5(11):721–727 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2021- 5-11-721-727.

scholarly journals Investigation of the drug «Cycloferon» influence on the morbidity of acute respiratory viral infections and flu and condition of local immunity in children of different age groups

2006 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-126
Author(s):  
Ye. I. Kondratieva ◽  
L. A. Matveeva ◽  
Ye. Yu. Tyuteva ◽  
N. A. Ryzhakova ◽  
A. A. Terentieva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infection ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Local Immunity ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infection ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections ◽  
Acute Respiratory Viral Infection

The aim of the research was the investigation of prophylactic using the drug «Cycloferon». Influence of Cycloferon on acute respiratory viral infection and flu and on their clinical manifestations as well as on local immunity condition was assessed. We examined 124 children aged from 4 to 18 years. It was revealed that duration of acute respiratory viral infections as well as flu decreased and local immunity of the upper respiratory ways increased considerably in children taking Cycloferon. The abovementioned changes were observed both just after the treatment and in the follow-up period.

scholarly journals Respiratory viral infections by Non-influenza viruses are associated with more adverse clinical outcome in patients with underlying liver disease: a single centre laboratory based study.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekta Gupta ◽  
Abhishek Padhi ◽  
Kavita Agarwal ◽  
Krithiga Ramachandran ◽  
Reshu Aggarwal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Clinical Outcome ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Critically Ill ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infection ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Clinical Records

Background Respiratory viral infections are an important cause of acute respiratory tract infections. They are caused by both Influenza and non influenza viruses. Respiratory viral infections are known to be associated with severe clinical outcome especially in the critically ill. A constant surveillance is needed for early etiological identification which can help in timely and appropriate management and will further help in prevention of indiscriminate use of antibiotics in patients with viral etiology. Methods In this retrospective study, clinical records of all adult liver disease patients with clinically confirmed ARI, whose request for respiratory viral testing were received in the virology laboratory during September 2016 - March 2019 were reviewed. Respiratory viruses were identified by real time PCR on FilmArray 2.0 instrument (BioFire Diagnostics, Utah, USA) using Respiratory panel as per the manufacturer's instructions. Results Of the 603 patients of liver disease with clinically confirmed influenza like illness, over all incidence of respiratory viral infection was 24.3% (n= 147). Infections by non-influenza viruses (87, 59.1%) were more than influenza group of viruses. Mortality was higher in non influenza group (43, 49.4%) as compared to influenza (24, 40%) [p=0.015] being maximum in Rhinovirus, 22 (32.8%). Two peaks were observed in both influenza and non influenza groups, first in the months of January and February and the other one in August and October. Conclusion With the emergence of SARS- CoV-2 it has now become imperative for a constant surveillance of the non influenza viruses for early etiological identification of the respiratory viral infection for proper and timely management in the critically ill.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Bandemia in Respiratory Viral Infections: A Pediatric Emergency Room Experience

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Estela Noyola ◽  
Asif Noor ◽  
Nicole Sweeney ◽  
Joshua Chan ◽  
Rahul Ramesh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infection ◽  
Emergency Room ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Pediatric Emergency ◽  
Parainfluenza Virus ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Bacterial Coinfection

Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of bandemia in confirmed respiratory viral infections in febrile infants and children presenting to the emergency department.Methods: An observational retrospective study from January 1, 2016, through December 31, 2016, was conducted in patients between the ages of ≥ 1 month and ≤ 5 years presenting to the emergency room with fever and who had a complete blood cell count performed. Patients were separated into seven groups based on the type of respiratory viral infection. Inclusion criteria strictly counted children with viral infections and absence of clinical and laboratory evidence of a bacterial coinfection.Results: A total of 419 patients had a documented viral infection. A significant proportion of these children were found to have bandemia; children with adenovirus (17%), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (14.9%), human metapneumovirus (hMPV) (13%), and parainfluenza virus (7.9%) had the highest prevalence when the cutoff for bandemia was set at 10%. The prevalence increased to 35.3, 30.9, 40.3, and 15.8% for adenovirus, RSV, hMPV, and parainfluenza virus, respectively, when this cutoff was lowered further to 5%.Conclusion: Band neutrophils are detected frequently in confirmed respiratory viral infections particularly during early stages.

Abstract 228: Alterations of Cardiac Morphology and Function Caused by Cardio-Thoracic Surgery in Small Animal Models of Heart Disease

2013 ◽  
Vol 113 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Nordbeck ◽  
Leoni Bönhof ◽  
Karl-Heinz Hiller ◽  
Sabine Voll ◽  
Paula Arias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Right Ventricular ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
Cardiac Morphology ◽  
Small Animal Models ◽  
And Function

Background: Surgical procedures in small animal models of heart disease, such as artificial ligation of the coronary arteries for experimental myocardial infarction, can evoke alterations in cardiac morphology and function. Such alterations might induce artificial early or long term effects in vivo that might account for a significant bias in basic cardiovascular research, and, therefore, could potentially question the meaning of respective studies in small animal models of heart disease. Methods: Female Wistar rats were matched for weight and distributed to sham left coronary artery ligation or untreated control. Cardiac parameters were then investigated in vivo by high-field MRI over time after the surgical procedure, determining left and right ventricular morphology and function. Additionally, the time course of several metabolic and inflammatory blood parameters was determined. Results: Rats after sham surgery showed a lower body weight for up to 8 weeks after the intervention compared to healthy controls. Left and right ventricular morphology and function were not different in absolute measures in both groups 1 week after surgery. However, there was a confined difference in several cardiac parameters normalized to the body weight (bw), such as myocardial mass (2.19±0.30/0.83±0.13 vs. 1.85±0.22/0.70±0.07 mg left/right per g bw, p<0.05), or enddiastolic ventricular volume (1.31±0.36/1.21±0.31 vs. 1.14±0.20/1.07±0.17 µl left/right per g bw, p<0.05). Vice versa, after 8 weeks, cardiac masses, volumes, and output showed a trend for lower values in the sham operated rats compared to the controls in absolute measures (782.2±57.2/260.2±33.2 vs. 805.9±84.8/310.4±48.5 mg, p<0.05 for left/right ventricular mass), but not normalized to body weight. Matching these findings, blood testing revealed prolonged metabolic and inflammatory changes after surgery not related to cardiac disease. Conclusion: There is a small distinct impact of cardio-thoracic surgical procedures on the global integrity of the organism, which in the long term also includes circumscribed repercussions on cardiac morphology and function. This impact has to be considered when analyzing data from respective studies and transferring the findings to conditions in patients.

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