scholarly journals Macrolide Therapy in Respiratory Viral Infections

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin-Young Min ◽  
Yong Ju Jang
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Influenza Virus Infection ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infection ◽  
Rsv Infection ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Viral Titers

Background. Macrolides have received considerable attention for their anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory actions beyond the antibacterial effect. These two properties may ensure some efficacy in a wide spectrum of respiratory viral infections. We aimed to summarize the properties of macrolides and their efficacy in a range of respiratory viral infection.Methods. A search of electronic journal articles through PubMed was performed using combinations of the following keywords including macrolides and respiratory viral infection.Results. Bothin vitroandin vivostudies have provided evidence of their efficacy in respiratory viral infections including rhinovirus (RV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and influenza virus. Much data showed that macrolides reduced viral titers of RV ICAM-1, which is the receptor for RV, and RV infection-induced cytokines including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α. Macrolides also reduced the release of proinflammatory cytokines which were induced by RSV infection, viral titers, RNA of RSV replication, and the susceptibility to RSV infection partly through the reduced expression of activated RhoA which is an RSV receptor. Similar effects of macrolides on the influenza virus infection and augmentation of the IL-12 by macrolides which is essential in reducing virus yield were revealed.Conclusion. This paper provides an overview on the properties of macrolides and their efficacy in various respiratory diseases.

scholarly journals Respiratory viral infection alters the gut microbiota by inducing inappetence

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen T. Groves ◽  
Sophie L. Higham ◽  
Miriam F. Moffatt ◽  
Michael J. Cox ◽  
John S. Tregoning
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Influenza Virus Infection ◽  
Significant Shift ◽  
Rsv Infection ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe gut microbiota has an important role in health and disease. Respiratory viral infections are extremely common but their impact on the composition and function of the gut microbiota is poorly understood. We previously observed a significant change in the gut microbiota after viral lung infection. Here we show that weight loss during Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) or influenza virus infection was due to decreased food consumption, and that fasting mice independently of infection altered gut microbiota composition. While the acute phase TNF-α response drove early weight loss and inappetence during RSV infection, this was not sufficient to induce changes in the gut microbiota. However, depleting CD8+ cells increased food intake and prevented weight loss resulting in a reversal of the gut microbiota changes normally observed during RSV infection. Viral infection also led to changes in the faecal gut metabolome during RSV infection, with a significant shift in lipid metabolism. Sphingolipids, poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) valerate all increased in abundance in the faecal metabolome following RSV infection. Whether this, and the impact of infection-induced anorexia on the gut microbiota, are part of a protective, anti-inflammatory response during respiratory viral infections remains to be determined.

scholarly journals Small Animal Models of Respiratory Viral Infection Related to Asthma

Viruses ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingyuan Han ◽  
Charu Rajput ◽  
Tomoko Ishikawa ◽  
Caitlin Jarman ◽  
Julie Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infection ◽  
Asthma Exacerbations ◽  
Small Animal Models ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Respiratory viral infections are strongly associated with asthma exacerbations. Rhinovirus is most frequently-detected pathogen; followed by respiratory syncytial virus; metapneumovirus; parainfluenza virus; enterovirus and coronavirus. In addition; viral infection; in combination with genetics; allergen exposure; microbiome and other pathogens; may play a role in asthma development. In particular; asthma development has been linked to wheezing-associated respiratory viral infections in early life. To understand underlying mechanisms of viral-induced airways disease; investigators have studied respiratory viral infections in small animals. This report reviews animal models of human respiratory viral infection employing mice; rats; guinea pigs; hamsters and ferrets. Investigators have modeled asthma exacerbations by infecting mice with allergic airways disease. Asthma development has been modeled by administration of virus to immature animals. Small animal models of respiratory viral infection will identify cell and molecular targets for the treatment of asthma.

Indicators of the kinin blood system in severe forms of acute respiratory viral infections in children

1982 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-52
Author(s):  
V. A. Anokhin ◽  
A. D. Tsaregorodtsev
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infection ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Severe Form ◽  
Blood System ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infection ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections ◽  
Acute Respiratory Viral Infection ◽  
Apparently Healthy

The aim of this work was to study the parameters of the components of the kinin blood system in children with severe forms of acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI) with neurotoxicosis syndrome. 55 children with ARVI (aged from 1 to 6 months - 14, from 6 months to 1 year - 18, from 1 to 3 years - 11, from 3 to 7 years - 12). 38 patients were admitted in the first three days of illness, 12 - on 4-5 days and 5 - at a later date. 30 children had a severe form of acute respiratory viral infection and 25 - moderate. Adenovirus infection was diagnosed in 14 patients, influenza - in 16, parainfluenza - in 7, MS-viral infection in 5, mixed viral infection - in 13. The control group consisted of 10 apparently healthy children.

scholarly journals Respiratory Viral Infection Alters the Gut Microbiota by Inducing Inappetence

mBio ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen T. Groves ◽  
Sophie L. Higham ◽  
Miriam F. Moffatt ◽  
Michael J. Cox ◽  
John S. Tregoning
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Lung Infection ◽  
Significant Shift ◽  
Rsv Infection ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT Respiratory viral infections are extremely common, but their impacts on the composition and function of the gut microbiota are poorly understood. We previously observed a significant change in the gut microbiota after viral lung infection. Here, we show that weight loss during respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) or influenza virus infection was due to decreased food consumption, and that the fasting of mice altered gut microbiota composition independently of infection. While the acute phase tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) response drove early weight loss and inappetence during RSV infection, this was not sufficient to induce changes in the gut microbiota. However, the depletion of CD8+ cells increased food intake and prevented weight loss, resulting in a reversal of the gut microbiota changes normally observed during RSV infection. Viral infection also led to changes in the fecal gut metabolome, with a significant shift in lipid metabolism. Sphingolipids, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) valerate were all increased in abundance in the fecal metabolome following RSV infection. Whether this and the impact of infection-induced anorexia on the gut microbiota are part of a protective anti-inflammatory response during respiratory viral infections remains to be determined. IMPORTANCE The gut microbiota has an important role in health and disease: gut bacteria can generate metabolites that alter the function of immune cells systemically. Understanding the factors that can lead to changes in the gut microbiome may help to inform therapeutic interventions. This is the first study to systematically dissect the pathway of events from viral lung infection to changes in gut microbiota. We show that the cellular immune response to viral lung infection induces inappetence, which in turn alters the gut microbiome and metabolome. Strikingly, there was an increase in lipids that have been associated with the resolution of disease. This opens up new paths of investigation: first, what is the (presumably secreted) factor made by the T cells that can induce inappetence? Second, is inappetence an adaptation that accelerates recovery from infection, and if so, does the microbiome play a role in this?

scholarly journals Main Directions of Effective Influenza Prevention in Modern Conditions

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 80-86
Author(s):  
E. I. Burtseva ◽  
E. A. Mukasheva ◽  
A. G. Rosatkevich
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Risk Analysis ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Influenza Virus Infection ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Influenza Prevention ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

This paper presents the risk analysis of influenza virus infection in different age groups based on the prevalence and mortality rates. The epidemiological characteristics of the influenza virus circulation during postpandemic period are given. Main aspects of specific and non-specific influenza prevention are discussed. The efficacy of the interferon-based medication Grippferon in the prevention of influenza and acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI) is justified.

scholarly journals Acute respiratory infections and flu during the COVID-19 pandemic. What to expect in 2021–2022?

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (11) ◽  
pp. 721-727
Author(s):  
D.V. Usenko ◽  
◽  
N.Kh. Tkhakushinova ◽  
T.T. Shaturina ◽  
L.A. Ledenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infection ◽  
Sodium Alginate ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Antiviral Agent ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infections ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infection ◽  
Syncytial Virus

This paper discusses the spread of the most common causative agents for respiratory viral infections, i.e., respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza virus (IV), during seasonal peaks and under the COVID-19 pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic and epidemic control measures reduced the transmission of some respiratory viral pathogens. The authors specify the risks of changes in RSV epidemiology associated with restrictions and their lifting. Possible scenarios of virus "behavior" in 2021–2022 are represented. These scenarios include the return of variants registered at the end of 2019 and the risk of the emergence of a novel strain of zoonotic flu that may result in a novel viral pandemic. It was demonstrated that effective monitoring of causative agent circulation, timely specific prophylaxis (particularly in high-risk groups), and early effective antiviral therapy are crucial irrespective of the possible scenario of respiratory viral infection. Modern principles of complex flu and acute respiratory viral infection treatment using an antiviral agent based on rimantadine and sodium alginate are addressed. KEYWORDS: flu, COVID-19, pandemic, respiratory syncytial infection, children, treatment, rimantadine, sodium alginate. FOR CITATION: Usenko D.V., Tkhakushinova N.Kh., Shaturina T.T. et al. Acute respiratory infections and flu during the COVID-19 pandemic. What to expect in 2021–2022? Russian Medical Inquiry. 2021;5(11):721–727 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2021- 5-11-721-727.

scholarly journals Investigation of the drug «Cycloferon» influence on the morbidity of acute respiratory viral infections and flu and condition of local immunity in children of different age groups

2006 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-126
Author(s):  
Ye. I. Kondratieva ◽  
L. A. Matveeva ◽  
Ye. Yu. Tyuteva ◽  
N. A. Ryzhakova ◽  
A. A. Terentieva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infection ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Local Immunity ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infection ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections ◽  
Acute Respiratory Viral Infection

The aim of the research was the investigation of prophylactic using the drug «Cycloferon». Influence of Cycloferon on acute respiratory viral infection and flu and on their clinical manifestations as well as on local immunity condition was assessed. We examined 124 children aged from 4 to 18 years. It was revealed that duration of acute respiratory viral infections as well as flu decreased and local immunity of the upper respiratory ways increased considerably in children taking Cycloferon. The abovementioned changes were observed both just after the treatment and in the follow-up period.

scholarly journals Early-Life Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection, Trained Immunity and Subsequent Pulmonary Diseases

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carrie-Anne Malinczak ◽  
Nicholas W. Lukacs ◽  
Wendy Fonseca
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Childhood Asthma ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Pulmonary Diseases ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infection ◽  
Rsv Infection ◽  
Syncytial Virus

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is often the first clinically relevant pathogen encountered in life, with nearly all children infected by two years of age. Many studies have also linked early-life severe respiratory viral infection with more pathogenic immune responses later in life that lead to pulmonary diseases like childhood asthma. This phenomenon is thought to occur through long-term immune system alterations following early-life respiratory viral infection and may include local responses such as unresolved inflammation and/or direct structural or developmental modifications within the lung. Furthermore, systemic responses that could impact the bone marrow progenitors may be a significant cause of long-term alterations, through inflammatory mediators and shifts in metabolic profiles. Among these alterations may be changes in transcriptional and epigenetic programs that drive persistent modifications throughout life, leaving the immune system poised toward pathogenic responses upon secondary insult. This review will focus on early-life severe RSV infection and long-term alterations. Understanding these mechanisms will not only lead to better treatment options to limit initial RSV infection severity but also protect against the development of childhood asthma linked to severe respiratory viral infections.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Respiratory Viral Infections in Children with Asthma in Kermanshah

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Farhad Babaei ◽  
Hamid Reza Mortazavi ◽  
Nasim Kondori ◽  
Bahareh Cheshmenooshi ◽  
Mohsen Moghoofei
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Inflammatory Disorder ◽  
Seasonal Incidence ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Disorder ◽  
Children With Asthma ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections ◽  
Syncytial Virus

Background: Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of lung airways, affecting about 300 million people worldwide. Several risk factors are involved in asthma development, such as environmental allergens, genetic susceptibility, and respiratory viral infections. Viral infections induce NF-kB and inflammatory pathways that lead to the production of cytokines, chemokines, and inflammatory proteins and, finally, a reduction of lung volume and function. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate viral infections’ prevalence in children with asthma from 2016 to 2017. Methods: One hundred throat swab samples were collected from asthmatic children. Extraction of RNA and cDNA synthesis were performed to recognize parainfluenza viruses, rhinoviruses, influenza viruses, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) using real-time PCR. Also, the associations of age, sex, and other studied factors with asthmatic attacks were evaluated. Results: In this study, 41 viruses were detected, including 21 cases of rhinoviruses (51.22%), 10 cases of parainfluenza (24.39%), seven cases of respiratory syncytial virus (17.07%), and three cases of the influenza virus (7.32%). Regarding seasonal incidence, the prevalence of the viruses was high in autumn and winter, and there was a significant relationship between seasonal incidence and gender. However, there were no statistically significant relationships between the prevalence of the viruses and age or gender. Conclusions: The most important viral causes of childhood asthma in this study were found to be rhinoviruses, followed by parainfluenza. The lowest prevalence was related to the RSV and influenza virus, which the two viruses also showed the lowest seasonal outbreaks. Therefore, it can be said that with an increase in the seasonal incidence of respiratory viruses, the effects of these viruses will be greater on asthma.

scholarly journals Respiratory viral infections by Non-influenza viruses are associated with more adverse clinical outcome in patients with underlying liver disease: a single centre laboratory based study.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekta Gupta ◽  
Abhishek Padhi ◽  
Kavita Agarwal ◽  
Krithiga Ramachandran ◽  
Reshu Aggarwal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Clinical Outcome ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Critically Ill ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infection ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Clinical Records

Background Respiratory viral infections are an important cause of acute respiratory tract infections. They are caused by both Influenza and non influenza viruses. Respiratory viral infections are known to be associated with severe clinical outcome especially in the critically ill. A constant surveillance is needed for early etiological identification which can help in timely and appropriate management and will further help in prevention of indiscriminate use of antibiotics in patients with viral etiology. Methods In this retrospective study, clinical records of all adult liver disease patients with clinically confirmed ARI, whose request for respiratory viral testing were received in the virology laboratory during September 2016 - March 2019 were reviewed. Respiratory viruses were identified by real time PCR on FilmArray 2.0 instrument (BioFire Diagnostics, Utah, USA) using Respiratory panel as per the manufacturer's instructions. Results Of the 603 patients of liver disease with clinically confirmed influenza like illness, over all incidence of respiratory viral infection was 24.3% (n= 147). Infections by non-influenza viruses (87, 59.1%) were more than influenza group of viruses. Mortality was higher in non influenza group (43, 49.4%) as compared to influenza (24, 40%) [p=0.015] being maximum in Rhinovirus, 22 (32.8%). Two peaks were observed in both influenza and non influenza groups, first in the months of January and February and the other one in August and October. Conclusion With the emergence of SARS- CoV-2 it has now become imperative for a constant surveillance of the non influenza viruses for early etiological identification of the respiratory viral infection for proper and timely management in the critically ill.

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