scholarly journals Mimiviridae: An Expanding Family of Highly Diverse Large dsDNA Viruses Infecting a Wide Phylogenetic Range of Aquatic Eukaryotes

Viruses ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Michel Claverie ◽  
Chantal Abergel
Keyword(s):  
Historical Review ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
Taxonomic Structure ◽  
Dna Virus ◽  
Chlorella Virus ◽  
Genome Complexity ◽  
Algal Viruses ◽  
Operational Criteria ◽  
Dsdna Viruses

Since 1998, when Jim van Etten’s team initiated its characterization, Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus 1 (PBCV-1) had been the largest known DNA virus, both in terms of particle size and genome complexity. In 2003, the Acanthamoeba-infecting Mimivirus unexpectedly superseded PBCV-1, opening the era of giant viruses, i.e., with virions large enough to be visible by light microscopy and genomes encoding more proteins than many bacteria. During the following 15 years, the isolation of many Mimivirus relatives has made Mimiviridae one of the largest and most diverse families of eukaryotic viruses, most of which have been isolated from aquatic environments. Metagenomic studies of various ecosystems (including soils) suggest that many more remain to be isolated. As Mimiviridae members are found to infect an increasing range of phytoplankton species, their taxonomic position compared to the traditional Phycodnaviridae (i.e., etymologically “algal viruses”) became a source of confusion in the literature. Following a quick historical review of the key discoveries that established the Mimiviridae family, we describe its current taxonomic structure and propose a set of operational criteria to help in the classification of future isolates.

scholarly journals Mimiviridae: A Rising Family of Highly Diverse Large Aquatic dsDNA Viruses Infecting a Wide Variety of Eukaryotes

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Michel Claverie ◽  
Chantal Abergel
Keyword(s):  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
Taxonomic Structure ◽  
Dna Virus ◽  
Chlorella Virus ◽  
Genome Complexity ◽  
Algal Viruses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Operational Criteria ◽  
Dsdna Viruses

Since 1998, when Jim van Etten’s team initiated its characterization, Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus 1 (PBCV-1) had been the largest known DNA virus, both in terms particle size and genome complexity. In 2003, The Acanthamoeba-infecting Mimivirus unexpectedly superseded PBCV-1, opening the era of giant viruses, i.e. with virions large enough to be visible by light microscopy and genomes encoding more proteins than many bacteria. During the 15 following years, the isolation of many Mimivirus-relatives, have made the Mimiviridae one of the largest and most diverse family of eukaryotic viruses isolated from aquatic environments. Metagenomic studies keep suggesting that many more remain to be isolated. As Mimiviridae members are found to infect an increasing range of phytoplanckton species, their taxonomic position compared to the traditional Phycodnaviridae (i.e. etymologically “algal viruses”) became a source of confusion in the literature. Following a rapid history of the key discoveries that established the Mimiviridae family, we describe its current taxonomic structure and propose a set of operational criteria to help in the classification of future isolates.

Cycloid psychosis: From Kleist until our days

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. S366-S366
Author(s):  
A. Sousa ◽  
C. Solana ◽  
J. Gomes ◽  
P. Barata ◽  
R. Serrano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
Clinical Entity ◽  
Cycloid Psychosis ◽  
Atypical Symptoms ◽  
Manic Depressive ◽  
Cycloid Psychoses ◽  
Competing Interest ◽  
Operational Criteria

IntroductionAfter Emil Kraepelin's division of psychoses into a group of dementia praecox and manic-depressive insanity, the classification of psychoses with atypical symptoms, which could not be assigned in this dichotomy created a debate, that lasts until our days. These “atypical psychoses” had been described under many terms and concepts in different countries.In 1926, Kleist coined the term “cycloid psychosis” to describe cases which did not meet the typical presentation shown in Kraepelian's dichotomy. Three decades later, Karl Leonhard established the concept of cycloid psychosis as a nosologically independent group of endogenous psychosis.Objectives/AimsMake an historical review of the concept of cycloid psychosis. Discuss the clinical features and debate the classification of this clinical entity.MethodsA bibliographical review is made of the cycloid psychosis, based on the data published in Pubmed.ResultsAccording to Leonhard, cycloid psychosis generally present with bipolar, polymorphous clinical symptomatology, and run a phasic course with complete remissions after each episode. Furthermore, Leonhard delineated three subtypes: anxiety-happiness psychosis, confusion psychosis and motility psychosis presenting with different symptoms. In 1981, Perris and Brockington formulated the first set of operational criteria for cycloid psychoses. In recent years, new data about this entity have been acknowledged due to information displayed by different clinical studies and imaging techniques.ConclusionThe phenomenology and classification of cycloid psychosis still needs more evidence for a greater use in clinical practice. However, this clinical entity can solve the void for the diagnosis of many of the so-called “atypical psychoses”.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Classifications of acute pancreatitis: to Atlanta and beyond

Open Medicine ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 543-549
Author(s):  
Anna Pallisera ◽  
Farah Adel ◽  
Jose Ramia
Keyword(s):  
Acute Pancreatitis ◽  
Minimally Invasive ◽  
Surgical Management ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Local Complications ◽  
Made In

AbstractUntil Atlanta Classification (AC) made in 1992, there was not any classification of acute pancreatitis (AP). Last twenty years AC let us compare results and papers. But the increasing understanding of the pathophysiology of AP, improvements in diagnostic methods and the development of minimally invasive tools for radiological, endoscopic and surgical management of local complications, several authors have called for the AC to be reviewed. Last months, two new classifications of AP have been published. We made a historical review of AC, the two new classifications and a comparison between them.

Modern classification of acute intestinal obstruction; mesenteric foramen as the cause of obstructive intestinal obstruction

1904 ◽  
Vol 4 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 107-108
Author(s):  
V N Orlov
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Obstruction ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
Acute Intestinal Obstruction ◽  
Modern Classification

Historical review of literary data to lead to the following classification of intestinal obstruction. There are two groups of pains - dynamic obstruction (without anatomical reasons) and mechanical. The first is divided into two subgroups paralytic and spastic obstruction.

scholarly journals Distributed Biomedical Terminology Development: From Experiments to Open Process

2010 ◽  
Vol 19 (01) ◽  
pp. 58-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. G. Chute
Keyword(s):  
Group Process ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Description Logic ◽  
Social Computing ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
Web Based ◽  
International Classification Of Disease ◽  
Biomedical Terminology ◽  
Computing Models

Summary Objective: Can social computing efforts materially alter the distributed creation and maintenance of complex biomedical terminologies and ontologies; a review of distributed authoring history and status. Background: Social computing projects, such as Wikipedia, have dramatically altered the perception and reality of large-scale content projects and the labor required to create and maintain them. Health terminologies have become large, complex, interdependent content artifacts of increasing importance to biomedical research and the communities understanding of biology, medicine, and optimal healthcare practices. The question naturally arises as to whether social computing models and distributed authoring platforms can be applied to the voluntary, distributed authoring of high-quality terminologies and ontologies. Methods: An historical review of distributed authoring developments. Results: The trajectory of description logic-driven authoring tools, group process, and web-based platforms suggests that public distributed authoring is likely feasible and practical; however, no compelling example on the order of Wikipedia is yet extant. Nevertheless, several projects, including the Gene Ontology and the new revision of the International Classification of Disease (ICD-11) hold promise.

The generic classification of the Trochilini (Aves: Trochilidae): Reconciling taxonomy with phylogeny

Zootaxa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 4353 (3) ◽  
pp. 401 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. GARY STILES ◽  
J. V. JR. REMSEN ◽  
JIMMY A. MCGUIRE
Keyword(s):  
New Genus ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
Genetic Data ◽  
Zoological Nomenclature ◽  
Tabular Form ◽  
Dna Sequence Data ◽  
The Family ◽  
Traditional Classification

The generic nomenclature of the hummingbirds is unusually complicated. McGuire et al.’s (2014) recent phylogeny of the Trochilidae based on DNA sequence data has greatly clarified relationships within the family but conflicts strongly with the traditional classification of the family at the genus level, especially that of the largest and most recently derived clade, the Trochilini or “emeralds”. We recently presented a historical review of this classification and the generic modifications required by the Code of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Herein we present a revised generic classification of the Trochilini based upon McGuire et al.’s genetic data, while producing diagnosable generic groupings and preserving nomenclatural stability insofar as possible. However, this generic rearrangement has necessitated the resurrection of nine generic names currently considered synonyms, the synonymization of seven currently recognized genera and the creation of one new genus. The generic changes we recommend to the classification are drastic, and we summarize these in tabular form in comparison with the three most recent classifications of the Trochilini. Where appropriate, we outline alternatives to our proposed arrangement. The classification treats 110 species in 35 genera, including two species that remain unplaced for lack of genetic samples. 

scholarly journals Algal Viruses with Distinct Intraspecies Host Specificities Include Identical Intein Elements

2005 ◽  
Vol 71 (7) ◽  
pp. 3599-3607 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keizo Nagasaki ◽  
Yoko Shirai ◽  
Yuji Tomaru ◽  
Kensho Nishida ◽  
Shmuel Pietrokovski
Keyword(s):  
Dna Polymerase ◽  
Homing Endonuclease ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Dna Virus ◽  
Single Nucleotide Change ◽  
Double Stranded Dna ◽  
Endonuclease Domain ◽  
Algal Viruses ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
Position Coding

ABSTRACT Heterosigma akashiwo virus (HaV) is a large double-stranded DNA virus infecting the single-cell bloom-forming raphidophyte (golden brown alga) H. akashiwo. A molecular phylogenetic sequence analysis of HaV DNA polymerase showed that it forms a sister group with Phycodnaviridae algal viruses. All 10 examined HaV strains, which had distinct intraspecies host specificities, included an intein (protein intron) in their DNA polymerase genes. The 232-amino-acid inteins differed from each other by no more than a single nucleotide change. All inteins were present at the same conserved position, coding for an active-site motif, which also includes inteins in mimivirus (a very large double-stranded DNA virus of amoebae) and in several archaeal DNA polymerase genes. The HaV intein is closely related to the mimivirus intein, and both are apparently monophyletic to the archaeal inteins. These observations suggest the occurrence of horizontal transfers of inteins between viruses of different families and between archaea and viruses and reveal that viruses might be reservoirs and intermediates in horizontal transmissions of inteins. The homing endonuclease domain of the HaV intein alleles is mostly deleted. The mechanism keeping their sequences basically identical in HaV strains specific for different hosts is yet unknown. One possibility is that rapid and local changes in the HaV genome change its host specificity. This is the first report of inteins found in viruses infecting eukaryotic algae.

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