scholarly journals Mycoviruses as Triggers and Targets of RNA Silencing in White Mold Fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

Viruses ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pauline Mochama ◽  
Prajakta Jadhav ◽  
Achal Neupane ◽  
Shin-Yi Lee Marzano
Keyword(s):  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Rna Silencing ◽  
White Mold ◽  
Mold Fungus

scholarly journals Transcriptional and Small RNA Responses of the White Mold Fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum to Infection by a Virulence-Attenuating Hypovirus

Viruses ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 713 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shin-Yi Lee Marzano ◽  
Achal Neupane ◽  
Leslie Domier
Keyword(s):  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Small Rna ◽  
Small Rnas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
White Mold ◽  
Enhanced Production ◽  
Mold Fungus ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Sclerotial Formation ◽  
In Trans

Mycoviruses belonging to the family Hypoviridae cause persistent infection of many different host fungi. We previously determined that the white mold fungus, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, infected with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum hypovirus 2-L (SsHV2-L) exhibits reduced virulence, delayed/reduced sclerotial formation, and enhanced production of aerial mycelia. To gain better insight into the cellular basis for these changes, we characterized changes in mRNA and small RNA (sRNA) accumulation in S. sclerotiorum to infection by SsHV2-L. A total of 958 mRNAs and 835 sRNA-producing loci were altered after infection by SsHV2-L, among which >100 mRNAs were predicted to encode proteins involved in the metabolism and trafficking of carbohydrates and lipids. Both S. sclerotiorum endogenous and virus-derived sRNAs were predominantly 22 nt in length suggesting one dicer-like enzyme cleaves both. Novel classes of endogenous small RNAs were predicted, including phasiRNAs and tRNA-derived small RNAs. Moreover, S. sclerotiorum phasiRNAs, which were derived from noncoding RNAs and have the potential to regulate mRNA abundance in trans, showed differential accumulation due to virus infection. tRNA fragments did not accumulate differentially after hypovirus infection. Hence, in-depth analysis showed that infection of S. sclerotiorum by a hypovirulence-inducing hypovirus produced selective, large-scale reprogramming of mRNA and sRNA production.

scholarly journals First report of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on watercress (Nasturtium officinale) in aquaponic system in Hungary

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kitti Csüllög ◽  
Brigitta Tóth ◽  
Éva Judit Lelesz ◽  
Milán Fehér ◽  
Csaba István Virág ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
White Mold ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Protease Gene ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer Region ◽  
Potato Dextrose Broth ◽  
Nasturtium Officinale ◽  
Mold Fungus

Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) is an aquatic dicotyledonous vegetable belonging to Brassicaceae (Aiton 1812). Watercress was grown in an aquaponic system on fired clay ball medium at the Aquaponic Research Station of the University of Debrecen, in the city of Debrecen (Hungary). During January 2020, 3-month-old plants showed symptoms in aquaponic cultivation. A visual survey showed 30% of plants with symptoms. Leaves and stems withered and showed white cotton-like mycelium. Mycelia from infected plants were placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated at 25°C for seven days. Single hyphal tips were transferred to produce a pure culture. All ten fungal isolates showed similar morphological characteristics on PDA. Colonies consisted of white mycelia after three days and globoid to irregular and black 2.5 to 7 (average, 3) mm (n = 100 from ten plates) sclerotia formed ten days later, which are the typical morphological features of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Mordue et al. 1976). Molecular identification was performed with one of the ten isolates (Scl_B). Mycelia were grown in 250 ml of potato dextrose broth in a rotary shaker at 175 rpm at 24°C for six days. DNA was extracted from mycelium using a Nucleospin plant II (Macherey-Nagel, Germany) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. PCR amplification (Kim et al. 2014) was performed with primers ITS1/ITS4 for the internal transcribed spacer region (White et al. 1990) on a Primus 96 thermal cycler (MWG Biotech, Germany). Specific polymerase chain reaction was performed with primers SSasprF/SSasprR (Abd-Elmagid et al. 2013). PCR products were sequenced by Microsynth Austria GmbH. NCBI BLAST analysis of the 440-bp ITS sequence (Genbank MW012403.1) showed 100% identity with the sequence of S. sclerotiorum (MT177267.1, etc.). The 170-bp specific gene sequence (Genbank MW959042.1) had a 100% similarity to hypothetical proteins (Genbank MK028159.1), with a 99.4% similarity to a portion of the S. sclerotiorum aspartyl protease gene (AF271387.1). Pathogenicity tests were carried out by inoculating surface-disinfested, 30-day-old watercress plants in plastic pots (15x15x12 cm). In three repeated experiments 90 watercress plants were measured. 15 plants (one plant per pot) were planted into the five-times autoclaved substrate (Biorgmix: pH 6.1±0.5%, N:1.5%, P2O5:0.7%, K2O:0.5%, organic matter content:50%) and inoculated by ten wheat kernels that were colonized by S. sclerotiorum (Scl_B) (Garibaldi et al. 2019). 15 plants were planted into the substrate with ten non-inoculated kernels as a control. Plants were kept in an MLR-352 climatic test chamber (PHCbi, Japan) at 21 ± 1°C for 12 hr light:dark cycle. On the first day of the experiment complex nutrient solution (Tek-Land: N:5%, P2O5:5%, K2O:5%, B:0.01%, Cu:0,01%, Mn:0.02%, Mo:0.002%, Zn:0.016%) was used, then autoclaved water daily. Eight days later white mycelium appeared on every inoculated plant and five days later dark sclerotia formed on the stems. Based on the morphological characteristics the re-isolated pathogen was S. sclerotiorum. Similar results were detected in three repeated experiments with white mold fungus being reisolated from all 45 infected watercress plants. The 45 non-inoculated plants did not show any symptoms and any diseases. This pathogen has already been reported on watercress in the field (Farr et al. 1989; Boland and Hall 1994; Garibaldi et al. 2019). This is the first reported case of white mold on watercress in aquaponic system in Hungary.

scholarly journals Management of White Mold Fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib) De Bary Causes Disease in Tomato under In vitro Conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (08) ◽  
pp. 2733-2743
Author(s):  
N. K. Upadhyay ◽  
Ved Ratan ◽  
V. K. Yadav ◽  
Ajay Kumar ◽  
Deepak Awasthi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
White Mold ◽  
Mold Fungus

A Trojan horse approach for white mold biocontrol: Paraconiothyrium endophytes promotes grass growth and inhibits Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

2021 ◽  
pp. 104685
Author(s):  
Natálie Martins Alves ◽  
Rafaela Araújo Guimarães ◽  
Sarah Silva Costa Guimarães ◽  
Amanda Frausino Faria ◽  
Ítalo Augusto Férrer Melo Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Trojan Horse ◽  
White Mold ◽  
Grass Growth

Efficacy of three greenhouse screening methods for the identification of physiological resistance to white mold in dry bean

2009 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 755-762 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Terán ◽  
S P Singh
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Common Bean ◽  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
White Mold ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Dry Bean ◽  
Physiological Resistance ◽  
Nueva Granada

White mold (WM) caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary is the most devastating disease of common bean (dry and snap or garden bean) (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in North America. The use of a reliable screening method (SM) in common bean is crucial to improve physiological resistance to WM. The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of three SM to identify physiological resistance in dry bean genotypes with different evolutionary origins and levels of resistance. Screening methods tested were: (i) the modified straw test or cut–stem (CSM); (ii) infected bean flower (IFL); and (iii) infected oat seed (IOS). A 195, ICA Bunsi, Othello, and VCW 54 dry bean were tested with the three SM. The experimental design was a split plot in randomized complete blocks with three replications in 2007 and 2008. Two independent inoculations 1 wk apart for each SM were made. The WM reaction was scored at 16, 23, and 33 d post-inoculation (DPI) using a 1 to 9 scale. There were highly significant differences between SM and its interaction with years. The CSM and IFL were the most consistent and highly correlated (r > 0.70, P < 0.01). Interspecific breeding line VCW 54 consistently had the highest WM resistance across years, SM, and evaluation dates, followed by A 195. White mold scores increased with delayed evaluations. Thus, CSM or IFL with disease assessed 33 DPI should be used for identifying common bean genotypes with high levels of physiological resistance to WM.Key words: Common bean, growth habit, race Mesoamerica, race Nueva Granada, Phaseolus vulgaris, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

First characterization of a newly emerging phytopathogen, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum causing white mold in pea

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Rabiul Islam ◽  
Abdul Mannan Akanda ◽  
Md. Mofazzal Hossain ◽  
Md. Motaher Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
White Mold

scholarly journals Biocontrol of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and white mold of soybean using saprobic fungi from semi-arid areas of Northeastern Brazil

2015 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 251-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daiane Cristina Martins Barros ◽  
Inês Cristina de Batista Fonseca ◽  
Maria Isabel Balbi-Peña ◽  
Sérgio Florentino Pascholati ◽  
Douglas Casaroto Peitl
Keyword(s):  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Antagonistic Effect ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
White Mold ◽  
Lesion Length ◽  
Fungal Culture ◽  
Saprobic Fungi ◽  
Previously Treated

ABSTRACTThe incidence and the levels of yield loss caused by the white mold of soybean (caused by the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) have increased in areas of higher altitude at Cerrado and Southern Brazil, causing yield losses of up to 60%. The aim of this study was to select saprobic fungi with the potential to control the white mold of soybean. First, in vitroantagonism screening was carried out to test eight saprobic fungi against S. sclerotiorum. Assessment of S. sclerotiorum mycelial growth was done at four and seven days after its placement on the culture medium. The isolate showing greatest antagonistic effect in all tests/assessments was Myrothecium sp. An in vivo experiment was conducted in a greenhouse and growth chamber, where plants previously treated with eight saprobic fungi were artificially inoculated with S. sclerotiorum. The fungal culture medium (potato-dextrose) and the commercial resistance inducer acibenzolar-S-methyl were used as controls. In the in vivotests, severity of the white mold was assessed at 8, 14 and 21 days after inoculation. The highest reduction percentage in the lesion length was observed for the treatment with Myrothecium sp. (70%), which has the greater potential to be used as biocontrol agent of soybean under the conditions of this experiment.

scholarly journals First Report of White Mold Caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on Oreganum vulgare and Taraxacum officinale in Italy

Plant Disease ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 91 (10) ◽  
pp. 1360-1360
Author(s):  
A. Garibaldi ◽  
A. Minuto ◽  
M. L. Gullino
Keyword(s):  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Taraxacum Officinale ◽  
White Mold ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Medicinal Uses ◽  
First Report ◽  
Potted Plants ◽  
Mycelial Plug ◽  
Commercial Farms

Oreganum vulgare (wild marjoram) and Taraxacum officinale (dandelion) plants with culinary and medicinal uses are grown in the field and as potted plants in Liguria in northern Italy. In the spring of 2006, extensive chlorosis was observed on both crops on commercial farms. Economic losses were low. Symptoms included foliar necrosis and a watery decay of the stem at the soil level. Necrotic tissues became covered with a whitish mycelium that produced dark sclerotia. Eventually, affected plants wilted and died. Samples of diseased stem tissue were surface sterilized for 1 min in 1% NaOCl and plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with 100 mg/l of streptomycin sulfate. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary (1) was consistently recovered from diseased stem pieces. Sclerotia from infected O. vulgare plants measured 1.8 to 3.4 × 1.8 to 6.1 (average 2.5 to 3.6) mm. Sclerotia from these isolates measured 1.3 to 4.7 × 1.6 to 6.1 (average 2.7 to 3.4) mm on PDA. Sclerotia from infected T. officinale plants measured 1.8 to 3.4 × 1.8 to 6.1 (average 2.5 to 3.6) mm. Sclerotia from these isolates measured 1.7 to 5.2 × 2.0 to 5.7 (average 3.3 to 3.8) mm on PDA. Pathogenicity of three isolates obtained from O. vulgare and three isolates from T. officinale was confirmed on each host. Inoculum consisted of 1 cm2 of mycelial plugs excised from a 10-day-old PDA culture of each isolate. Plants were inoculated by placing a mycelial plug on the soil surface around the base of each plant. Ten plants were inoculated per isolate and an equal number of noninoculated plants served as controls. Plants were incubated at 10 to 27°C (average 18°C) and watered as needed. Pathogenicity tests were repeated once. All inoculated plants developed chlorosis within 12 to 18 days, followed by the appearance of white mycelium and sclerotia, and eventually wilt. Control plants remained symptomless. S. sclerotiorum was reisolated from inoculated plants of both hosts. To our knowledge, this is the first report of white mold on O. vulgare in Italy as well as worldwide and the first report of white mold on T. officinale in Italy. S. sclerotiorum is a well known pathogen of T. officinale (2) and its use as a mycoherbicide has been proposed (3). References: (1) N. F. Buchwald. Page 75. Den. Kgl. Veterin.er-og Landbohojskoles Aarsskrift, 1949. (2) D. M. McLean. Plant Dis. Rep. 35:162, 1951 (3) G. E. Riddle et al. Weed Sci. 39:109, 1991.

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