scholarly journals Logical Contradictions in the One-Way ANOVA and Tukey–Kramer Multiple Comparisons Tests with More Than Two Groups of Observations

Symmetry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1387
Author(s):  
Vladimir Gurvich ◽  
Mariya Naumova
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Multiple Comparisons ◽  
Symmetric Case ◽  
Subject Classification ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
62 Statistics ◽  
The One ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient ◽  
One Way Anova

We show that the one-way ANOVA and Tukey–Kramer (TK) tests agree on any sample with two groups. This result is based on a simple identity connecting the Fisher–Snedecor and studentized probabilistic distributions and is proven without any additional assumptions; in particular, the standard ANOVA assumptions (independence, normality, and homoscedasticity (INAH)) are not needed. In contrast, it is known that for a sample with k>2 groups of observations, even under the INAH assumptions, with the same significance level α, the above two tests may give opposite results: (i) ANOVA rejects its null hypothesis H0A:μ1=…=μk, while the TK one, H0TK(i,j):μi=μj, is not rejected for any pair i,j∈{1,…,k}; (ii) the TK test rejects H0TK(i,j) for a pair (i,j) (with i≠j), while ANOVA does not reject H0A. We construct two large infinite pseudo-random families of samples of both types satisfying INAH: in case (i) for any k≥3 and in case (ii) for some larger k. Furthermore, case (ii) ANOVA, being restricted to the pair of groups (i,j), may reject equality μi=μj with the same α. This is an obvious contradiction, since μ1=…=μk implies μi=μj for all i,j∈{1,…,k}. Such contradictions appear already in the symmetric case for k=3, or in other words, for three groups of d,d, and c observations with sample means +1,−1, and 0, respectively. We outline conditions necessary and sufficient for this phenomenon. Similar contradictory examples are constructed for the multivariable linear regression (MLR). However, for these constructions, it seems difficult to verify the Gauss–Markov assumptions, which are standardly required for MLR. Mathematics Subject Classification: 62 Statistics.

scholarly journals MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KREATIF MATEMATIS MELALUI MODEL PEMBELAJARAN EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING BERBASIS ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT (ZPD)

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-60
Author(s):  
Roby Firdian Ruswanda ◽  
Achi Rinaldi ◽  
Siska Andriani ◽  
Gusti Ayu Farah Nabilla
Keyword(s):  
Experiential Learning ◽  
Creative Thinking ◽  
Zone Of Proximal Development ◽  
Thinking Skills ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Proximal Development ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
The One ◽  
One Way Anova

This research's background is the students' mathematical creative thinking abilities that are rarely of concern so that they are generally classified as low. This study aims to determine the Zone of Proximal Development Experiential Learning model's effect based on improving mathematical creative thinking skills. The design of this study uses the Quasi-Experimental Design form. This study's population were students of class VII SMP Negeri 19 Bandar Lampung with a sample of two experimental classes and one control class. Data analysis used the One Way Anova test, and the significance level was 5%. Based on the average increase, the Experiential Learning Model, based on the Zone of Proximal Development, is as good as the Experiential Learning Model. The Experimental Learning Model is based on Zone Of Proximal Development is better with conventional learning, Experiential Learning Model is better with conventional learning.   Latar belakang penelitian ini adalah kemampuan berpikir kreatif matematis peserta didik yang jarang menjadi perhatian sehingga secara umum masih tergolong rendah. Tujuan dari penelitian ini mengetahui pengaruh model pembelajaran Experiential Learning berbasis Zone Of Proximal Development untuk meningkatkan kemampuan berpikir kreatif matematis. Desain penelitian ini menggunakan bentuk Quasi Experimental Disign. Populasi pada penelitian ini yaitu siswa kelas VII SMP Negeri 19 Bandar Lampung dengan sampel dua kelas eksperimen dan satu kelas kontrol. Analisis data menggunakan uji One Way Anova dan taraf signifikan 5%. Berdasarkan rata – rata peningkatan disimpulkan bahwa Model pembelajaran Experiential Learning berbasis Zone Of Proximal Development  sama baiknya dengan Model pembelajaran Experiential Learning,  Model pembelajaran Experiential Learning berbasis Zone Of Proximal Development  lebih baik dengan pembelajaran konvensional, Model pembelajaran Experiential Learning  lebih baik dengan pembelajaran konvensional.

scholarly journals Fishbowl Technique towards the Students’ Speaking Skill

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-42
Author(s):  
Raisa Anakotta ◽  
Nursalim Nursalim ◽  
Reka Judahida Latuheru
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
P Value ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
T Score ◽  
Tenth Grade ◽  
Speaking Skill ◽  
Design Type ◽  
The One

The objective of this research is to describe whether or not fishbowl technique can improve students’ speaking of tenth grade of IPS 1 in SMA N 2 Sorong Regency. In this study, the researcher conducted the quantitative research using the method pre-experimental design type of the one group pre-test. Therefore, the researcher took 30 students as the sample from the population. The researcher used SPSS Analysis Version 20.0, the researcher gave the interpretation   towards “t” score by comparing t-value with t-table. The researcher interpretation that t-value is 3.048 with the significance value is 0.05. The score of t-table is 2.045 with the significance level of 0.05 with df 29. P-value is 0.0005 < 0.05, it is known that t-value > t-table ( 3.048  >  2.045 ). Meanwhile, the alternative (H1) is accepted and null hypothesis (Ho) is rejected. It means that using fishbowl technique can improve students speaking skill at the tenth of SMAN 2 Sorong Regency. But this technique is not effective towards students’ speaking skill, because it is not achieve score of KKM that is > 68.

scholarly journals Keefektifan metode CIRC, role playing, dan VCT dalam meningkatkan hasil belajar IPS yang komprehensif

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Trapsila Siwi Hutami ◽  
Hastuti Hastuti
Keyword(s):  
Social Studies ◽  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Role Playing ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Junior High Schools ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
The One ◽  
One Way Anova ◽  
Quasi Experiment

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keefektifan metode CIRC, Role Playing dan VCT dalam meningkatkan hasil belajar IPS pada aspek: (1) pengetahuan, (2) sikap, dan (3) keterampilan. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian quasi experiment. Populasi penelitian ini adalah SMP di Kabupaten Bantul yang menerapkan Kurikulum 2013. Sampel penelitian ditentukan dengan teknik purposive random sampling. Pengumpulan data menggunakan tes, lembar penilaian diri, dan tes kinerja dalam bentuk proyek. Pengujian hipotesis dengan teknik One Way Anova pada taraf signifikansi 0,05. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) ada perbedaaan keefektifan antara metode CIRC, Role Playing dan VCT dalam meningkatkan hasil belajar IPS pada aspek pengetahuan; (2) ada perbedaaan keefektifan antara metode CIRC, Role Playing dan VCT dalam meningkatkan hasil belajar IPS pada aspek sikap; (3) ada perbedaaan keefektifan antara metode CIRC, Role Playing dan VCT dalam meningkatkan hasil belajar IPS pada aspek keterampilan. Dengan demikian ketiga metode tersebut mempunyai perbedaan keefektifan untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar IPS yang komprehensif. AbstractThis reseacrh aims to determine the effectiveness of CIRC method, Role Playing, and VCT in improving the learning outcomes in social studies in the aspects of: (1) knowledge, (2) attitude, (3) skill. This research is a quasi experiment. The population was the students of a junior high schools in Bantul Regency which have implemented Curriculum 2013. The sample was established using the purposive sampling technique. The data collection used a test, a self esteem sheet, and a test in the form of a project. The hypotesis testing used the One Way Anova technique at the significance level of 0.05. The result of this research shows that: (1) there are some differences in the effectiveness between the CIRC Method, Role Playing, and VCT in improving the learning outcomes in the knowledge aspect of social studies; (2) ) there are some differences in the effectiveness between the CIRC Method, Role Playing, and VCT in improving the learning outcomes in the attitudinal aspect of social studies; (3) there are some differences in the effectiveness between the CIRC Method, Role Playing, and VCT in improving the learning outcomes in the skill aspect of social studies. Therefore, these three methods have the differences in the effectiveness for improving the comprehensive social studies learning outcomes.

scholarly journals Public Tendering Practices, Issues and Directions - A Case of Pakistan Construction Sector

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Raza Khoso ◽  
Md Aminah Yusof ◽  
Muhammad Aslam Leghari ◽  
Fida Siddiqui ◽  
Samiullah Sohu
Keyword(s):  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Construction Sector ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Projects ◽  
Data Compilation ◽  
Significant Obstacle ◽  
Questionnaire Surveys ◽  
The One ◽  
One Way Anova

Outdated tendering system is a significant obstacle in the momentum of public sector development in Pakistan. This study aims to examine various undiscovered part of public tendering through a detailed survey from key professionals, experts, and decision-makers of public projects. Furthermore, research covers the present status of public tendering in Pakistan and provides recommendations as per experts’ opinion. This paper exhaustively highlights how the classical customs of the public tendering in Pakistan could track the old-fashioned sector to an upright path. Intensive interviews and questionnaire surveys were carried out throughout the country for data compilation. The one-way ANOVA test was performed to verify the perception of various participants and to reject the null hypothesis. The study revealed various interesting facts of present-day situations of public tendering. Various pitfalls in public tendering were underlined in the speculation of experts. The study concluded that public tendering in Pakistan is crowded with severe threats that may be alarming for the future of the industry. Un-discovering of alarming facts about public tendering in Pakistan opens the directions for several researchers in terms of exploring project case studies further. The research is an eye-opener for policymakers, experts, decision-makers and governmental bodies to regulate the public tendering system accordingly.

scholarly journals Analysis of the setting and predictive factors of the effect of attack according to game ecology

Kinesiology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-223
Author(s):  
Augusto Cezar Rodrigues Rocha ◽  
Gustavo Ferreira Pedrosa ◽  
Auro Barreiros Freire ◽  
Gibson Moreira Praça ◽  
Herbert Ugrinowitsch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Predictive Factors ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Ecological Variables ◽  
Spss Software ◽  
The One ◽  
One Way Anova ◽  
Super League

The objective of this study was to identify how the ecological variables influence the setter during the setting and what were the predictive factors of the attack effect among Brazilian teams ranked from the 1st to 4th place in the volleyball Women’s Super-League in 2016-2017. We analyzed 768 attacks from 10 matches played among the teams. A descriptive analysis was performed and, to identify how the setting location differed in relation to the ecological variables, the One-Way ANOVA (factor 1 = setting location) was used. In addition, multinomial logistic regression was performed to understand the predictive factors of the effect of the attack. The significance level was set at 5% (p≤.05) and the SPSS software version 20.0 was used. The results showed the setting location differed according to the distance between the setter and the central attacker, the distance between the setter and the central blocker, and the distance between the setter and the blocker of position 4. Besides, it was observed that the powerful attack and the blocking touch were predictive factors of the effect of the attack. Thus, it is concluded that the decision-making for the action of the setting is based on the availability of the central attacker and the configuration of the blockers, the powerful attack reduces the chances of defense and the blocking touch reduces the chances of scoring by attacking.

scholarly journals Brand Loyalty and Economic Nationalism of Russian Consumers

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 198-213
Author(s):  
N.V. Antonova ◽  
V.G. Stepanenko
Keyword(s):  
Brand Loyalty ◽  
Economic Nationalism ◽  
Main Hypothesis ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
The One ◽  
Foreign Brands ◽  
Nonparametric Correlation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Domestic Producer ◽  
One Way Anova

Objectives. The study of the relationship between economic nationalism and loyalty to foreign and domestic brands among Russian consumers. Background. Due to the peculiarities of the political and economic situation in the world, the problem of maintaining the national economy and domestic producer has become more acute in many countries. This problem is especially relevant for Russia, which is under sanctions. It was found In a number of foreign studies, that one of the factors of consumer loyalty is economic nationalism, however, the influence of this factor on the behavior of Russian consumers remains unexplored. Study design. The significance level of the differences between loyalty to the domestic and foreign brands was analyzed using the one-way ANOVA analysis of variance. The relationship between economic nationalism and brand loyalty was established using Spearman nonparametric correlation coefficient. Participants. 96 respondents aged 18 to 45 years (M = 22.51; SD = 4.63), 110 men and 86 women. Measurements. To assess the economic nationalism, the CENTSCALE (Consumer Economic Nationalistic Tendencies Scale) methodology of Cheah and Phau was translated in Russian and adapted. To measure brand loyalty, the author’s technique was used. Results. The main hypothesis was not confirmed: there were no significant correlations between economic nationalism and brand loyalty, while a higher loyalty of Russians to foreign brands than to domestic ones was found. Conclusions. Russian consumers have a significantly higher loyalty to foreign brands than domestic ones, while the correlation between economic nationalism and the level of brand loyalty among Russian consumers has not been revealed.

scholarly journals Implementasi ASCO (Analyzing, Solving Problems, ans Comparing) terhadap Pembelajaran Membaca Kritis

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 92
Author(s):  
Nuria Reny Hariyati
Keyword(s):  
Test Scores ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Critical Reading ◽  
Initial Test ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
The One ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
One Way Anova

<p class="StyleAuthorBold">Abstract</p><p class="abstrak"><em>Research on overcoming exposure to radical issues with critical thinking on critical reading learning is still rarely done. This research is important to be carried out in the reading of the story to avoid radical issues that have been entered in university by using the Asco method (Analyzing, Solving Problems, Comparing). This research approach uses the Quasi-Times Design Series with Control Group experiment. The research data collection, namely the initial test scores and final tests. The experimental group was B2-18 and the control group was B3-18. Data analysis of this study used the One Way Anova SPSS test for Windows with a significance level of &lt;0.05. The results of this study, namely (1) A homogeneous group test of 0.049 which was declared valid because&gt; 0.05 to test this relationship; (2) Anova test of the two groups of 0,000 was declared significant because &lt;0.05. The results showed that there was a significant influence of Asco (Analyzing, Solving Problems, Comparing) on critical reading learning. </em></p><p class="abstrak" align="left"><em> </em></p><strong><em>Keywords:</em></strong><em> Asco (Analyzing, Solving Problems, Comparing), Implementation, Critical   ReadingLearning </em>

Efektifitas Ekstrak Daun Sirih Hijau (Piper Betle) sebagai Insektisida Nabati terhadap Mortalitas Lalat Rumah (Musca domestica)

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 44-50
Author(s):  
Rinaldi Daswito ◽  
Rima Folentia ◽  
M Yusuf MF
Keyword(s):  
Musca Domestica ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Effective Concentration ◽  
P Value ◽  
Piper Betle ◽  
Microbiology Laboratory ◽  
House Flies ◽  
Betel Leaf ◽  
The One ◽  
One Way Anova

One of the diseases that can be transmitted by flies is diarrhea. Green betel leaf contains essential oils, chavicol, arecoline, phenol, and tannins which function as plant-based insecticides. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of green betel leaf extract (Piper betel) as a plant-based insecticide on the number of mortality of house flies (Musca domestica). The research was an experimental study used After Only Design used the One Way Anova test with a 95% confidence level. The samples used were 360 ​​house flies. Each treatment of 30 house flies with 4 repetitions and used three concentrations of green betel leaf extract (25%, 50%, 75%). The study was conducted at the Chemistry and Microbiology Laboratory of Health Polytechnic Tanjungpinang, while the location of the fly collection was at the Tokojo Garbage Collection Station in Bintan Regency. The number of mortality of house flies at a concentration of 25% was 81 heads (67.5%), 50% concentrations were 93 heads (77.5%), and at a concentration of 75% were 103 heads (85.83%). There was an effect of green betel leaf extract on the mortality of house flies (p-value 0.0001 <0.05) with the most effective concentration of 75%. Further research is needed to obtain a finished product utilizing green betel leaf extract as a vegetable insecticide, especially in controlling the fly vector. Need further research on the use of green betel leaf extract as a vegetable insecticide controlling the fly vector by taking into account the amount of spraying and the age of the fly.   Keywords: Green betel leaf extract , organic insecticide, houseflies

Does Global Justice Require More than Just Global Institutions?

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-31
Author(s):  
Kok-Chor Tan
Keyword(s):  
Global Justice ◽  
The Other ◽  
Global Institutions ◽  
Institutional Approach ◽  
The One ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient ◽  
Strong Reading

The ‘institutional approach’ to justice holds that persons’ responsibility of justice is primarily to support, maintain, and comply with the rules of just institutions. Within the rules of just institutions, so long as their actions do not undermine these background institutions, individuals have no further responsibilities of justice. But what does the institutional approach say in the non-ideal context where just institutions are absent, such as in the global case? One reading of the institutional approach, in this case, is that our duties are primarily to create just institutions, and that when we are doing our part in this respect, we may legitimately pursue other personal or associational ends. This ‘strong’ reading of our institutional duty takes it to be both a necessary and sufficient duty of justice of individuals that they do their part to establish just arrangements. But how plausible is this? On the one hand this requirement seems overly inflexible; on the other it seems overly lax. I clarify the motivation and context of this reading of the institutional duty, and suggest that it need not be as implausible as it seems.

Maintaining Customer Loyalty by Intensifying Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction in Commuter Line Jabodetabek

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 902-909
Author(s):  
Umbas Krisnanto ◽  
◽  
Conny Marpaung ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Customer Satisfaction ◽  
Service Quality ◽  
Hypothesis Testing ◽  
Customer Loyalty ◽  
T Test ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Simple Linear Regression ◽  
Significance Level

This study aims to determine and analyze the influence of Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction on Customer Loyalty in Jabodetabek Commuter Line. The sample of this study was 50 people. Methods of collecting data by distributing questionnaires. Data analysis using the analysis used is simple linear regression, t test and coefficient of determination. The results showed 1) Service Quality has a positive and significant effect on Customer Loyalty in Jabodetabek Commuter Line, with a significance level of 0.048; and supported by the results of hypothesis testing with a t-count value of 4.433 > t-table value of 1.95, with a significance of 0.048 or < 0.05; 2) Customer Satisfaction positive and significant effect on Customer Loyalty in Jabodetabek Commuter Line, with a level significance of 0,000; and supported by the results of hypothesis testing with a t-count value of 4,969 > t-table value of 1.95, with a significance of 0,000 or < 0.05, 3) Service quality and Customer Satisfaction have a positive and significant effect on Customer Loyalty in Jabodetabek Commuter Line, with a significance level of 0,000. This means that the hypothesis H0 is rejected and Ha is accepted so that it can be concluded that service quality and customer satisfaction together have a positive and significant effect on customer loyalty in Jabodetabek Commuter Line.

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