scholarly journals Research on Image Steganography Based on Sudoku Matrix

Symmetry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 387
Author(s):  
Tsung-Chih Hsiao ◽  
Dong-Xu Liu ◽  
Tzer-Long Chen ◽  
Chih-Cheng Chen
Keyword(s):  
Data Hiding ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Data Embedding ◽  
Embedding Capacity ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Good Image Quality ◽  
Shell Matrix ◽  
Embedding Methods

At present, the Sudoku matrix, turtle shell matrix, and octagonal matrix have been put forward according to the magic matrix-based data hiding methods. Moreover, the magic matrices to be designed depend on the size of the embedding capacity. In addition, by determining the classification of points of pixel pairs after applying a magic matrix and by determining the traversal area, the average peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) can be improved. Therefore, this topic intends to propose a data hiding method based on a 16 × 16 Sudoku matrix by using the 16 × 16 Sudoku matrix and extending it to a double-layer magic matrix. Low-cost data embedding methods are also studied, in order to improve the PSNR and maintain good image quality with the same embedding capacity.

Block-Based Reversible Data Hiding Using Histogram Shifting and Modulus Operator for Digital Images

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (06) ◽  
pp. 1750103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pankaj Garg ◽  
Singara Singh Kasana ◽  
Geeta Kasana
Keyword(s):  
Data Hiding ◽  
Reversible Data Hiding ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Cover Image ◽  
Histogram Shifting ◽  
Embedding Capacity ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Secret Data ◽  
Peak Points ◽  
Block Based

A Reversible Data Hiding technique by using histogram shifting and modulus operator is proposed in which secret data is embedded into blocks of the cover image. These blocks are modified by using modulus operator to increase the number of peak points in the histogram of the cover image which further increases its embedding capacity. Secret data is embedded in the original cover blocks of the cover image by using peak points of the predicted blocks, which are generated by using modulus operator. Peak Signal to Noise Ratio and PSNR-Human Visual System are used to show the human visual acceptance of the proposed technique. Experimental results show that the embedding capacity is high as compared to the capacity of existing RDH techniques, while distortion in marked images is also less as compared to distortion produced by these existing techniques.

scholarly journals High-Capacity Embedding Method Based on Double-Layer Octagon-Shaped Shell Matrix

Symmetry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 583
Author(s):  
Chin-Feng Lee ◽  
Jau-Ji Shen ◽  
Somya Agrawal ◽  
Yen-Hsi Li
Keyword(s):  
Double Layer ◽  
Data Hiding ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Secret Message ◽  
Embedding Capacity ◽  
Secret Data ◽  
Shell Matrix ◽  
Pixel Pair ◽  
Geometrical Shapes

Data hiding is a technique that embeds a secret message into a cover medium and transfers the hidden information in the secret message to the recipient. In the past, several data hiding methods based on magic matrix have used various geometrical shapes to transmit secret data. The embedding capacity achieved in these methods was often limited due to simple geometrical layouts. This paper proposes a data hiding scheme based on a double-layer octagon-shaped shell matrix. Compared to previous octagon-shaped data hiding methods, the proposed method embeds a total of 7 bits in each pixel pair, reaching an embedding capacity of 3.5 bits per pixel (bpp). Experimental results show that the proposed scheme has a higher embedding capacity compared to other irreversible data hiding schemes. Using the proposed method, it is possible to maintain the Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) within an acceptable range with the embedding time less than 2 s.

scholarly journals A Distortion-Free Data Hiding Scheme for Triangular Meshes Based on Recursive Subdivision

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan-Yu Tsai
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Data Hiding ◽  
Similarity Transformation ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Secret Message ◽  
Subdivision Scheme ◽  
Data Embedding ◽  
Embedding Capacity ◽  
Free Data ◽  
Reversible Data Embedding

This study adopts a triangle subdivision scheme to achieve reversible data embedding. The secret message is embedded into the newly added vertices. The topology of added vertex is constructed by connecting it with the vertices of located triangle. For further raising the total embedding capacity, a recursive subdivision mechanism, terminated by a given criterion, is employed. Finally, a principal component analysis can make the stego model against similarity transformation and vertex/triangle reordering attacks. Our proposed algorithm can provide a high and adjustable embedding capacity with reversibility. The experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of our proposed algorithm.

scholarly journals Reversible Data Hiding Using Two Marked Images Based on Adaptive Coefficient-Shifting Algorithm

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ching-Yu Yang
Keyword(s):  
Data Hiding ◽  
Reversible Data Hiding ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Secret Image Sharing ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Host Medium ◽  
Secret Image ◽  
Image Sharing ◽  
Host Image ◽  
Acs Algorithm

This paper proposes a novel form of reversible data hiding using two marked images by employing the adaptive coefficient-shifting (ACS) algorithm. The proposed ACS algorithm consists of three parts: the minimum-preserved scheme, the minimum-preserved with squeezing scheme, and the base-value embedding scheme. More specifically, each input block of a host image can be encoded to two stego-blocks according to three predetermined rules by the above three schemes. Simulations validate that the proposed method not only completely recovers the host medium but also losslessly extracts the hidden message. The proposed method can handle various kinds of images without any occurrence of overflow/underflow. Moreover, the payload and peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) performance of the proposed method is superior to that of the conventional invertible data hiding schemes. Furthermore, the number of shadows required by the proposed method is less than that required by the approaches which are based upon secret image sharing with reversible steganography.

Internally Modulated Chirped Pulse Based Direct Detection Type φ-OTDR System with High Signal-to-Noise Ratio and Low Cost

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 0806003
Author(s):  
李鲁川 Luchuan Li ◽  
卢斌 Bin Lu ◽  
王校 Xiao Wang ◽  
梁嘉靖 Jiajing Liang ◽  
郑汉荣 Hanrong Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Direct Detection ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
High Signal ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Chirped Pulse ◽  
Noise Ratio

scholarly journals Signal-to-noise optimization and evaluation of a home-made visible diode-array spectrophotometer

1993 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 227-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivo M. Raimundo, Jr. ◽  
Celio Pasquini
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Optical Design ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Noise Optimization ◽  
Instrument Control ◽  
Automatic Methods ◽  
Photodiode Array ◽  
Variable Integration

This paper describes a simple low-cost multichannel visible spectrophotometer built with an RL512G EGG-Reticon photodiode array. A symmetric Czerny-Turner optical design was employed; instrument control was via a single-board microcomputer based on the 8085 Intel microprocessor. Spectral intensity data are stored in the single-board's RAM and then transferred to an IBM-AT 3865X compatible microcomputer through a RS-232C interface. This external microcomputer processes the data to recover transmittance, absorbance or relative intensity of the spectra. The signal-to-noise ratio and dynamic range were improved by using variable integration times, which increase during the same scan; and by the use of either weighted or unweighted sliding average of consecutive diodes. The instrument is suitable for automatic methods requiring quasi-simultaneous multiwavelength detections, such as multivariative calibration and flow-injection gradient scan techniques.

A Motorized Microdrive for Recording of Neural Ensembles in Awake Behaving Rats

2005 ◽  
Vol 127 (6) ◽  
pp. 1035-1040 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Venkateswaran ◽  
Chris Boldt ◽  
J. Parthasarathy ◽  
B. Ziaie ◽  
A. G. Erdman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Dynamic Control ◽  
Experimental Paradigm ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Implanted Electrodes ◽  
Neural Ensembles ◽  
Dc Motors ◽  
Cell Electrode ◽  
Scientific Advances

The recording of neural ensembles in awake, behaving rats has been an extremely successful experimental paradigm, providing demonstrable scientific advances. Dynamic control of the position of the implanted electrodes is of key importance as mobile electrodes provide a better signal-to-noise ratio and a better cell/electrode yield than nonmobile electrodes. Here we describe the use of low cost, soon to be commercially available dc motors to successfully control the depth of electrodes. The prototype designed is approximately 30mm in diameter and 50mm in length and weighed about 30gms. This paper presents the results of linear displacements of electrodes achievable with this motorized microdrive.

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