scholarly journals Morphometric Analysis of Surface Utricles in Halimeda tuna (Bryopsidales, Ulvophyceae) Reveals Variation in Their Size and Symmetry within Individual Segments

Symmetry ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1271
Author(s):  
Jiri Neustupa ◽  
Yvonne Nemcova
Keyword(s):  
Morphometric Analysis ◽  
Outer Surface ◽  
Honeycomb Structure ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Continuous Symmetry ◽  
Caco3 Content ◽  
Symmetry Measure ◽  
Perfect Symmetry ◽  
Lateral Margins ◽  
The Individual

Calcifying marine green algae of genus Halimeda have siphonous thalli composed of repeated segments. Their outer surface is formed by laterally appressed peripheral utricles which often form a honeycomb structure, typically with varying degrees of asymmetry in the individual polygons. This study is focused on a morphometric analysis of the size and symmetry of these polygons in Mediterranean H. tuna. Asymmetry of surface utricles is studied using a continuous symmetry measure quantifying the deviation of polygons from perfect symmetry. In addition, the segment shapes are also captured by geometric morphometrics and compared to the utricle parameters. The area of surface utricles is proved to be strongly related to their position on segments, where utricles near the segment bases are considerably smaller than those located near the apical and lateral margins. Interestingly, this gradient is most pronounced in relatively large reniform segments. The polygons are most symmetric in the central parts of segments, with asymmetry uniformly increasing towards the segment margins. Mean utricle asymmetry is found to be unrelated to segment shapes. Systematic differences in utricle size across different positions might be related to morphogenetic patterns of segment development, and may also indicate possible small-scale variations in CaCO3 content within segments.

Integrating Magnetic Resonance Imaging Postprocessing Results into Neuronavigation for Electrode Implantation and Resection of Subtle Focal Cortical Dysplasia in Previously Cryptogenic Epilepsy

Neurosurgery ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jörg Wellmer ◽  
Yaroslav Parpaley ◽  
Marec von Lehe ◽  
Hans-Jürgen Huppertz
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Morphometric Analysis ◽  
Region Of Interest ◽  
Normal Database ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Electrode Implantation ◽  
Neuronavigation System ◽  
The Individual

Abstract OBJECTIVE Focal cortical dysplasias (FCDs) are highly epileptogenic lesions. Surgical removal is frequently the best treatment option for pharmacoresistant epilepsy. However, subtle FCDs may remain undetected even after high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Morphometric MRI analysis, which compares the individual brain with a normal database, can facilitate the detection of FCDs. We describe how the results of normal database–based MRI postprocessing can be used to guide stereotactic electrode implantation and subsequent resection of lesions that are suspected to be FCDs. METHODS A presurgical evaluation was conducted on a 19-year-old woman with pharmacoresistant hypermotor seizures. Conventional high-resolution MRI was classified as negative for epileptogenic lesions. However, morphometric analysis of the spatially normalized MRI revealed abnormal gyration and blurring of the gray-white matter junction, which was suggestive of a small and deeply seated FCD in the left frontal lobe. RESULTS The brain region highlighted by morphometric analysis was marked as a region of interest, transferred back to the original dimension of the individual MRI, and imported into a neuronavigation system. This allowed the region of interest–targeted stereotactic implantation of 2 depth electrodes, by which seizure onset was confirmed in the lesion. The electrodes also guided the final resection, which rendered the patient seizure-free. The lesion was histologically classified as FCD Palmini and Lüders IIB. CONCLUSION Transferring normal database–based MRI postprocessing results into a neuronavigation system is a new and worthwhile extension of multimodal neuronavigation. The combination of resulting regions of interest with functional and anatomic data may facilitate planning of electrode implantation for invasive electroencephalographic recordings and the final resection of small or deeply seated FCDs.

scholarly journals Mudra (shishu) – an effective scheme in startups

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 222-226
Author(s):  
K.C. Kavipriya
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Individual Development ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Employment Opportunities ◽  
The People ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right ◽  
Small Scale Industries

Economic Development of a country depends upon the individual development; Creation of more Employment opportunities is the right way to strengthen our Economy. By way of strengthening Small scale units, ultimately more people will get Employment. More over Small scale Industries required less amount of Capital. These are the main reasons to start the scheme MUDRA. The scheme MUDRA was launched in the year 2015 by Government of India. In India most of the people are depending upon small scale businesses as their source of livelihood. Most of the individuals depend on un-organised sectors for loans and other credit facilities which have high rate of interest along with unbearable terms and conditions. Ultimately it will lead these poor people to fall in debts. This paper is an attempt to educate the readers about MUDRA Yojana.

scholarly journals On two species of Riocypris (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from northern Patagonia and their relation to Eucypris fontana: implications in paleoenvironmental reconstructions

2018 ◽  
Vol 96 (8) ◽  
pp. 801-817 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.A. Coviaga ◽  
A.P. Pérez ◽  
L.Y. Ramos ◽  
P. Alvear ◽  
G.C. Cusminsky
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Morphometric Analysis ◽  
Indicator Species ◽  
Taxonomic Status ◽  
Geometric Morphometric ◽  
Comparative Analyses ◽  
Northern Patagonia ◽  
Geometric Morphometric Analysis ◽  
The Individual ◽  
First Time

Two species of ostracods new to Patagonia, Argentina, are described. One of them, Riocypris whatleyi sp. nov., is described for the first time, and the second, Riocypris sarsi (Daday, 1902) comb. nov., is reallocated from genus Eucypris to genus Riocypris. Inter- and intra-specific variations in shape, size, and sexual dimorphism were evaluated based on geometric morphometric analysis. Moreover, morphological and morphometric comparative analyses were applied to re-examine living and quaternary specimens recovered from previous studies. Based on these results, a generic reassignment for the Patagonian Eucypris fontana (Jurine, 1820) into the genus Riocypris is proposed. Contributing to the knowledge on the systematic and autecology of this enigmatic species, widely distributed in Patagonia and frequently used in paleolimnological reconstructions, generates science-based evidence for their use as indicator species. Additionally, our results emphasize the usefulness of studying the living representatives (i.e., with valves and appendages) for elucidating the taxonomic status of the individual specimens, especially those present in paleontological records and used as bioproxies in paleolimnological studies.

Elements, Isotopes, and Glass Recycling

2020 ◽  
pp. 285-300
Author(s):  
Patrick Degryse
Keyword(s):  
Ninth Century ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Recycled Glass ◽  
Greco Roman ◽  
Material Procurement ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Glass Recycling ◽  
And Control

This chapter is partly based upon the results of the ARCHGLASS project, which analysed samples dating from the middle of the first millennium BC to the ninth century AD. With the introduction of Greco-Roman translucent glass, colour separation and control over the properties of a re-molten batch become much easier. Once the benefits of glass recycling in terms of raw material procurement, energy expenditure, and waste management are clear, the collection and reuse of cullet becomes common in the Roman world. It is estimated here that upwards from a quarter of the glass circulating in the Roman to early Byzantine economy at any time constitutes recycled glass. It is hypothesized that, apart from the possible addition of cullet to tank furnaces, glass recycling would have been a small-scale process, at the level of the individual workshop.

scholarly journals Smart Sanitation—Biosensors as a Public Health Tool in Sanitation Infrastructure

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (14) ◽  
pp. 5146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Rary ◽  
Sarah M. Anderson ◽  
Brandon D. Philbrick ◽  
Tanvi Suresh ◽  
Jasmine Burton
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Monitoring ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Emergent Technologies ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Sanitation Infrastructure

The health of individuals and communities is more interconnected than ever, and emergent technologies have the potential to improve public health monitoring at both the community and individual level. A systematic literature review of peer-reviewed and gray literature from 2000-present was conducted on the use of biosensors in sanitation infrastructure (such as toilets, sewage pipes and septic tanks) to assess individual and population health. 21 relevant papers were identified using PubMed, Embase, Global Health, CDC Stacks and NexisUni databases and a reflexive thematic analysis was conducted. Biosensors are being developed for a range of uses including monitoring illicit drug usage in communities, screening for viruses and diagnosing conditions such as diabetes. Most studies were nonrandomized, small-scale pilot or lab studies. Of the sanitation-related biosensors found in the literature, 11 gathered population-level data, seven provided real-time continuous data and 14 were noted to be more cost-effective than traditional surveillance methods. The most commonly discussed strength of these technologies was their ability to conduct rapid, on-site analysis. The findings demonstrate the potential of this emerging technology and the concept of Smart Sanitation to enhance health monitoring at the individual level (for diagnostics) as well as at the community level (for disease surveillance).

Small Size Specimens Methods for Evaluation of Mechanical Properties

2015 ◽  
Vol 1127 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Martin Rund ◽  
Josef Volák ◽  
Miroslava Šindelářová
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Small Volume ◽  
Fem Simulation ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Fatigue Tests ◽  
Life Assessment ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Residual Service Life ◽  
Local Properties ◽  
The Individual

The evaluation of actual mechanical properties of the in-service structures after some time of operation or determination of local properties for detailed FEM simulation yields the necessity to obtain relevant material data with high accuracy from small volume of the experimental material. Therefore, non-destructive or semi-destructive techniques using small size samples are being developed. The use of small-scale samples also enables the evaluation of material properties in various locations of tested component; for example, the mechanical properties of the individual regions of welds, local properties determination for properties anisotropy assessment and properties determination in cases when small volume of the experimental material is available e.g. residual service life assessment of in service components, bulk nanostructured materials… There are shown results of small size tensile tests (M-TT) and small sized fatigue tests (SFT). In the case of small size specimens testing a machining becomes more pronounced that in the case of standard sized specimens. The current study brings information on the machining influence on the expected results obtained by small size specimens in the case of quasi-static tensile tests and fatigue test.

scholarly journals Cross-cultural invariances in the architecture of shame

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (39) ◽  
pp. 9702-9707 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Sznycer ◽  
Dimitris Xygalatas ◽  
Elizabeth Agey ◽  
Sarah Alami ◽  
Xiao-Fen An ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Evolution ◽  
Group Living ◽  
Design Feature ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Mutual Aid ◽  
Remote Communities ◽  
Basic Part ◽  
Report Data ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Adaptive Problem

Human foragers are obligately group-living, and their high dependence on mutual aid is believed to have characterized our species’ social evolution. It was therefore a central adaptive problem for our ancestors to avoid damaging the willingness of other group members to render them assistance. Cognitively, this requires a predictive map of the degree to which others would devalue the individual based on each of various possible acts. With such a map, an individual can avoid socially costly behaviors by anticipating how much audience devaluation a potential action (e.g., stealing) would cause and weigh this against the action’s direct payoff (e.g., acquiring). The shame system manifests all of the functional properties required to solve this adaptive problem, with the aversive intensity of shame encoding the social cost. Previous data from three Western(ized) societies indicated that the shame evoked when the individual anticipates committing various acts closely tracks the magnitude of devaluation expressed by audiences in response to those acts. Here we report data supporting the broader claim that shame is a basic part of human biology. We conducted an experiment among 899 participants in 15 small-scale communities scattered around the world. Despite widely varying languages, cultures, and subsistence modes, shame in each community closely tracked the devaluation of local audiences (mean r = +0.84). The fact that the same pattern is encountered in such mutually remote communities suggests that shame’s match to audience devaluation is a design feature crafted by selection and not a product of cultural contact or convergent cultural evolution.

Binding of Antibodies onto the Thylakoid Membrane II. Distribution of Lipids and Proteins at the Outer Surface of the Thylakoid Membrane

1977 ◽  
Vol 32 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 597-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfons Radunz
Keyword(s):  
Outer Surface ◽  
Thylakoid Membrane ◽  
Membrane Surface ◽  
Phosphatidyl Glycerol ◽  
Protein Molecules ◽  
Specific Antisera ◽  
Accessible Surface ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Monogalactosyl Diglyceride ◽  
Cover Up

Abstract The number of antibody molecules which stroma-freed chloroplasts can bind out of the mono-specific antisera to monogalactosyl diglyceride, tri-and digalactosyl diglyceride, sulfoquinovosyl diglyceride, phosphatidyl glycerol, sitosterol, plastoquinone, lutein and neoxanthin was determined. This number was compared to the number of antibody molecules which stroma-freed chloroplasts can maximally bind. The result is that the antibodies to the individual lipids cover at most 17 per cent of the accessible thylakoid membrane surface. From a serum which contains both antibodies to the proteins and lipids of the thylakoid membrane, not more antibody molecules are bound than from a serum to the proteins. This means that antibodies to proteins are able to cover up the entire accessible surface of the thylakoids whereas a mixture of antibodies to the lipids, listed above, cover only one forth of the surface. Consequently, antibodies which are bound to proteins can cover up the lipid areas entirely and in turn antibodies which are bound to lipids cover up parts of the protein areas. From this it follows that the portion of the surface, which is made up by lipids must be considerably smaller than 24 per cent. Furthermore, it follows from these experiments that the lipid areas are small and that lipids probably only fill up the gaps between the protein molecules.

The ROMY project: A 4-component ring laser for geophysics and geodesy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heiner Igel ◽  
Felix Bernauer ◽  
Joachim Wassermann ◽  
Shihao Yuan ◽  
Andre Gebauer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ground Motion ◽  
Ring Laser ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Broadband Seismometer ◽  
Rotational Ground Motion ◽  
Noise Characteristics ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Redundant Component

<p>The ROMY ring laser was constructed with 4 non-orthogonal triangular-shaped cavities of 12 m side length in the Geophysical Observatory outside Munich, Germany, in 2016. The large dimensions of the individual rings have the benefit of allowing high sensitivity surpassing in principle the sensitivity of the G-ring at the Fundamentalstation Wettzell. However, the concrete construction of ROMY is geometrically less stable than the G-ring that is built on a rigid Xerodur plate. Each of the four rings has its own Sagnac frequency. The horizontal triangular ring laser at the top of the inverted tetrahedral ROMY structure allows direct comparison of teleseismic signals and noise with the G-ring at a distance of 200km. It also serves as redundant component. In principle, three orthogonal components of rotational ground motion can be obtained by linear combination from any combination of three rings, that - due to the variable Sagnac frequency - have different noise characteristics. We report on the behavior and observations of ROMY from a seismological point of view. It is fair to say that ROMY provides the most accurate direct 3-component rotational ground motion seismic observations to date. In combination with a collocated broadband seismometer as well as a surrounding small-scale seismic array, we analyse regional, teleseismic events, and ocean-generated noise and compare with array-derived rotation.</p>

scholarly journals Objective Forecasting of Foehn Winds for a Subgrid-Scale Alpine Valley

2008 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Drechsel ◽  
Georg J. Mayr
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Difference ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Joint Probability ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Subgrid Scale ◽  
Alpine Valley ◽  
Weather Phenomenon ◽  
Strength Based ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Model Topography

Abstract Foehn winds often depend on topographical features of a scale that is not sufficiently resolved in numerical models. Consequently, a successful foehn forecast has crucially depended on the experience of bench forecasters. This study provides a method for an objective, probabilistic forecast of foehn occurrence and strength, based on an operational global model (ECMWF). Because model topography differs from real topography, forecasted wind is not a reliable indicator of a foehn. Instead, using the larger-scale fingerprint of foehn from cross-barrier pressure differences and the descent of isentropes is more successful. These foehn predictors were tested over a period of 3 yr for the subgrid-scale Wipp Valley in the central Alps, which is instrumented sufficiently for objectively diagnosing the occurrence and strength of a foehn. The joint probability from pressure differences and isentropic descent is better at diagnosing a foehn from model analyses than from the distributions of the individual parameters. The larger the pressure difference and the isentropic descent, the higher the foehn probability. As wind speed and pressure gradient are directly connected by the Bernoulli equation, the cross-barrier pressure difference in the model proved to be a suitable predictor for the strength of the foehn. Despite being a small-scale weather phenomenon, the skill of a objective foehn forecast out to 3 days degrades little compared to the analysis. Afterward, the predictability decreases progressively.

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