scholarly journals The Impact of COVID-19 on Air Transportation Network in the United States, Europe, and China

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (17) ◽  
pp. 9656
Author(s):  
Xiaoqian Sun ◽  
Sebastian Wandelt ◽  
Hartmut Fricke ◽  
Judith Rosenow
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Transportation Network ◽  
Air Transportation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Transportation System ◽  
Transportation Industry ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Flight Cancellations ◽  
The Impact

The air transportation industry has undergone unprecedented changes throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, as measured in terms of flight cancellations, aircraft retirements, airline bailouts, and disconnection of worldwide communities. In this study, we performed a cross-comparison of the impact COVID-19 had on three aviation centers of the world—the United States, Europe, and China. Methodologically, we analyzed the air transportation system as complex networks and by using time series analysis. We discovered that the peak of COVID-19 impact was around April/May 2020, followed by a strong recovery mostly in domestic subsystems. We found a homogeneous impact on the United States, a strong heterogeneous impact on Europe, and a rather short-term impact on China. Domestic flight connectivity recovered much faster than international flight connectivity, particularly for the Chinese air transportation system. Our study provided a comprehensive, data-driven analysis of the COVID-19 impact on air transportation for these three major regions, augmented by references to the rich scientific literature on this subject. We hope that our work opens up pathways to a better understanding and a higher degree of preparedness for future pandemics.

scholarly journals The impact of COVID-19 on the worldwide air transportation network

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoge Bao ◽  
Peng Ji ◽  
Wei Lin ◽  
Matjaž Perc ◽  
Jürgen Kurths
Keyword(s):  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Average Distance ◽  
Transportation Network ◽  
Optimal Strategies ◽  
Air Transportation ◽  
Network Robustness ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
Flight Cancellations ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

Air travel has been one of the hardest hit industries of COVID-19, with many flight cancellations and airport closures as a consequence. By analysing structural characteristics of the Official Aviation Guide flight data, we show that this resulted in an increased average distance between airports, and in an increased number of long-range routes. Based on our study of network robustness, we uncover that this disruption is consistent with the impact of a mixture of targeted and random global attack on the worldwide air transportation network. By considering the individual functional evolution of airports, we identify anomalous airports with high centrality but low degree, which further enables us to reveal the underlying transitions among airport-specific representations in terms of both geographical and geopolitical factors. During the evolution of the air transportation network, we also observe how the network attempted to cope by shifting centralities between different airports around the world. Since these shifts are not aligned with optimal strategies for minimizing delays and disconnects, we conclude that they are consistent with politics trumping science from the viewpoint of epidemic containment and transport.

IMPROVING MARINE FIREFIGHTING AND SALVAGE RESPONSE USING A NON-REGULATORY APPROACH THROUGH KEY STAKEHOLDER INVOLVEMENT

2005 ◽  
Vol 2005 (1) ◽  
pp. 295-299
Author(s):  
Joseph J. Leonard ◽  
Michael Drieu ◽  
Robert W. Royall
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Rare Event ◽  
The United States ◽  
Transportation System ◽  
Coast Guard ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Incident Management ◽  
Home Base ◽  
Marine Transportation ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT While catastrophic marine fires are a rare event, minor shipboard fires do have a significant potential for damage and a potential impact on the marine transportation system. As such, it is critical that responders at the federal, state, local, industrial, and contractor levels be trained and prepared to conduct timely operations to mitigate any incidents that occur. Due to the nature of services performed in the firefighting community today (fire suppression, rescue, hazardous materials response, and emergency medical services, to name but a few), time and effort is not always dedicated towards responding to events onboard vessels. As over 70% of fire departments in the United States are volunteer departments, this has the potential to become even more of an issue. In addition, shipboard fires typically require some level of participation from a marine salvor. Depending on the damage to the vessel, this may involve significant salvage activities. The number of salvors scattered throughout the United States is somewhat limited, and their home base locations dictate their response times to specific geographic areas. Critical issues that need to be addressed by senior response managers who may find themselves involved in responding to vessel fires include: 1. Establishment of an effective Unified Command to address all stakeholder issues, 2. Enhancing knowledge of regional capabilities and resources to respond to shipboard fires and resultant salvage activities, 3. Ensuring appropriate training of response personnel that meets recognized standards (such as NFPA 1405), and 4. Developing, exercising, and validating plans to respond to shipboard fires and salvage activities. Efforts throughout the Eighth Coast Guard District over the past several years have begun to address many of these issues, with enhanced incident management training, challenging exercises to validate plans, and extensive workshops to improve responder knowledge being a few of the positive steps. Only by addressing these four critical areas can response managers be assured of an effective and efficient response that would minimize the impact to the marine transportation system.

The Popular Sources of American Capitalism

1995 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 437-457
Author(s):  
Joyce Appleby
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Industrial Capitalism ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
National Unity ◽  
Industrial Economy ◽  
American Capitalism ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Struggle For Recognition ◽  
The Impact

Long ago, Louis Hacker noted the anticapitalist bias in American historiography. The tendency of capitalism, particularly marked after the advent of industrialization, to concentrate wealth and to turn that wealth into political power suggests the problem. The Declaration of Independence with its twinned affirmation of equality and liberty provided the ideological underpinnings for national unity. Both seemed threatened during the long transition from an agricultural to an industrial economy as the rich got richer and more and more of America's free citizens were exposed to the unfreedom of the workplace. Progressive historians who systematically analyzed the impact of industrial capitalism in the United States wrote out of sympathy with labor in its struggle for recognition, and no doubt Hacker was thinking of this tendency when he made his remark. This anticapitalist bias in the writing of American history has continued, only now historians decry the steady incursion of commerce and industry out of deference to a traditional way of life.

scholarly journals Truckload transportation requirements: in anticipation of Y2K with epilogue

1999 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-61
Author(s):  
John L Kent ◽  
R Stephen Parker ◽  
Charles E Pettijohn
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Transportation Industry ◽  
Temperature Controlled ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
The Impact

This article investigates the impact of the much-hyped Y2K phenomenon on truckload transportation requirements in the United States, as a result of year-end inventory build-ups. The article reports the results of a Y2K Truckload Transportation Survey of truckload shippers conducted in August of 1999. Additionally, the article takes a post-hoc look at what actually occurred in an effort to completely document the impact of the Y2K phenomenon in the dry van, temperature controlled, and flatbed segments of the truckload transportation industry.

scholarly journals Quantifying the Resilience of the U.S. Domestic Aviation Network During the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandar Bauranov ◽  
Steven Parks ◽  
Xuan Jiang ◽  
Jasenka Rakas ◽  
Marta C. González
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Transportation Network ◽  
Air Transportation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Network Robustness ◽  
Network Efficiency ◽  
Epidemiological Factors ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
Aviation Network ◽  
The U.S

This paper analyzes the impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on the United States air transportation network between March and August 2020. Despite dramatic reductions in flight and passenger volumes, the network remained robust and resilient against perturbation. Although 24% of airports closed, the reduction in network efficiency was only 5.1%, which means airlines continued to serve most destinations. A deeper analysis of airport closures reveals that 1) small peripheral airports were the most likely to be closed; 2) socio-economic and epidemiological factors characterizing the airport’s region such as income, income inequality, political leaning, and the number of observed COVID cases were not predictive of airport closure. Finally, we show that high network robustness has a downside: although emissions from United States air traffic in 2020 fell by 37.4% compared to 2019, mostly due to the drop in the number of flights, emissions per passenger doubled in the period April to August 2020 and increased eightfold in the week of April 5–11. This rise indicates inefficient use of resources by airlines.

Air Transportation Network Flows

2005 ◽  
Vol 1915 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chieh-Yu Hsiao ◽  
Mark Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Network Flows ◽  
Transportation Network ◽  
Air Transportation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Transportation System ◽  
Airline Competition ◽  
Hub And Spoke ◽  
Planning Factor ◽  
Passenger Flows ◽  
And Performance

Passenger flow is an important planning factor in an air transportation system. However, forecasting segment (link) and airport flows becomes more complicated in a hub-and-spoke system since segment flows are the aggregations of route flows, and the number of routes increases with hubbing activities. This research develops an equilibrium model considering certain important characteristics of an air transportation system such as distance, airport delay, airline competition, and networks to predict segment and airport passenger flows from the viewpoint of the whole system. The major features of the model include ( a) treatment of segment flows and airport delays as endogenous by considering the feedback of assigned segment flows and their impacts on airports; ( b) reflecting the flexibility of air networks, a start with all links between all airports as the potential network and determination of the predicted network according to the equilibrium flows on segments; and ( c) connection of key elements of the system so that it can evaluate the system impacts of some element changes. The model is demonstrated by applying it to the National Airspace System of the United States. Several characteristics of the model are also investigated. In addition, a policy experiment shows that improvement of an airport not only affects the airport itself but also changes the flows and performance of other airports–-the model can be a tool for evaluating systemwide effects. Finally, the model's limitations and possible remedies are discussed.

Cultural Awareness of Students in Communication Sciences and Disorders: A Mixed-Methods Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 1231-1242
Author(s):  
Celeste Domsch ◽  
Lori Stiritz ◽  
Jay Huff
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Study Abroad ◽  
Cultural Awareness ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Global Awareness ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Study ◽  
Short Term Study

Purpose This study used a mixed-methods design to assess changes in students' cultural awareness during and following a short-term study abroad. Method Thirty-six undergraduate and graduate students participated in a 2-week study abroad to England during the summers of 2016 and 2017. Quantitative data were collected using standardized self-report measures administered prior to departure and after returning to the United States and were analyzed using paired-samples t tests. Qualitative data were collected in the form of daily journal reflections during the trip and interviews after returning to the United States and analyzed using phenomenological methods. Results No statistically significant changes were evident on any standardized self-report measures once corrections for multiple t tests were applied. In addition, a ceiling effect was found on one measure. On the qualitative measures, themes from student transcripts included increased global awareness and a sense of personal growth. Conclusions Measuring cultural awareness poses many challenges. One is that social desirability bias may influence responses. A second is that current measures of cultural competence may exhibit ceiling or floor effects. Analysis of qualitative data may be more useful in examining effects of participation in a short-term study abroad, which appears to result in decreased ethnocentrism and increased global awareness in communication sciences and disorders students. Future work may wish to consider the long-term effects of participation in a study abroad for emerging professionals in the field.

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