scholarly journals The impact of COVID-19 on the worldwide air transportation network

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoge Bao ◽  
Peng Ji ◽  
Wei Lin ◽  
Matjaž Perc ◽  
Jürgen Kurths
Keyword(s):  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Average Distance ◽  
Transportation Network ◽  
Optimal Strategies ◽  
Air Transportation ◽  
Network Robustness ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
Flight Cancellations ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

Air travel has been one of the hardest hit industries of COVID-19, with many flight cancellations and airport closures as a consequence. By analysing structural characteristics of the Official Aviation Guide flight data, we show that this resulted in an increased average distance between airports, and in an increased number of long-range routes. Based on our study of network robustness, we uncover that this disruption is consistent with the impact of a mixture of targeted and random global attack on the worldwide air transportation network. By considering the individual functional evolution of airports, we identify anomalous airports with high centrality but low degree, which further enables us to reveal the underlying transitions among airport-specific representations in terms of both geographical and geopolitical factors. During the evolution of the air transportation network, we also observe how the network attempted to cope by shifting centralities between different airports around the world. Since these shifts are not aligned with optimal strategies for minimizing delays and disconnects, we conclude that they are consistent with politics trumping science from the viewpoint of epidemic containment and transport.

scholarly journals The Impact of COVID-19 on Air Transportation Network in the United States, Europe, and China

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (17) ◽  
pp. 9656
Author(s):  
Xiaoqian Sun ◽  
Sebastian Wandelt ◽  
Hartmut Fricke ◽  
Judith Rosenow
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Transportation Network ◽  
Air Transportation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Transportation System ◽  
Transportation Industry ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Flight Cancellations ◽  
The Impact

The air transportation industry has undergone unprecedented changes throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, as measured in terms of flight cancellations, aircraft retirements, airline bailouts, and disconnection of worldwide communities. In this study, we performed a cross-comparison of the impact COVID-19 had on three aviation centers of the world—the United States, Europe, and China. Methodologically, we analyzed the air transportation system as complex networks and by using time series analysis. We discovered that the peak of COVID-19 impact was around April/May 2020, followed by a strong recovery mostly in domestic subsystems. We found a homogeneous impact on the United States, a strong heterogeneous impact on Europe, and a rather short-term impact on China. Domestic flight connectivity recovered much faster than international flight connectivity, particularly for the Chinese air transportation system. Our study provided a comprehensive, data-driven analysis of the COVID-19 impact on air transportation for these three major regions, augmented by references to the rich scientific literature on this subject. We hope that our work opens up pathways to a better understanding and a higher degree of preparedness for future pandemics.

Impacts of Model Resolution on Transportation Network Criticality Rankings

2017 ◽  
Vol 2653 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Dowds ◽  
Karen Sentoff ◽  
James L. Sullivan ◽  
Lisa Aultman-Hall
Keyword(s):  
Travel Demand ◽  
Transportation Network ◽  
Network Connectivity ◽  
Network Robustness ◽  
Demand Models ◽  
Lower Volume ◽  
Travel Delay ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Aggregate Nature ◽  
Demand Aggregation

Objective rankings of the criticality of transportation network infrastructure are essential for efficiently allocating limited adaptation resources and must account for network connectivity and travel demand. Road link criticality can be quantified by the total travel delay caused when the capacity of a road segment or link is disrupted or removed. These methods can use standard travel demand models, but the exclusion of lower-volume roads and the aggregate nature of traffic analysis zones may distort resulting criticality rankings. To test the impact of link exclusion and demand aggregation, the authors applied the network robustness index, a well-established link criticality measure, to a hypothetical network with varying levels of network resolution and demand aggregation. The results show a statistically significant change in criticality rankings when demand is aggregated and especially when links are excluded from the network, suggesting that criticality rankings may be distorted when estimated with typical demand models. Application to a road network in Vermont supports the finding on the impact of network resolution on criticality rankings.

scholarly journals Hand-hygiene mitigation strategies against global disease spreading through the air transportation network

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christos Nicolaides ◽  
Demetris Avraam ◽  
Luis Cueto-Felgueroso ◽  
Marta C. González ◽  
Ruben Juanes
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Hand Hygiene ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Transportation Network ◽  
Air Transportation ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Hand Washing ◽  
World Health ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTHand hygiene is considered as an efficient and cost-effective way to limit the spread of diseases and, as such, it is recommended by both the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). While the effect of hand washing on individual transmissibility of a disease has been studied through medical and public-health research, its potential as a mitigation strategy against a global pandemic has not been fully explored yet. In this study, we investigate contagion dynamics through the world air transportation network and analyze the impact of hand-hygiene behavioural changes of airport population against the spread of infectious diseases worldwide. Using a granular dataset of the world air transportation traffic, we build a detailed individual mobility model that controls for the correlated and recurrent nature of human travel and the waiting-time distributions of individuals at different locations. We perform a Monte-Carlo simulation study to assess the impact of different hand-washing mitigation strategies at the early stages of a global epidemic. From the simulation results we find that increasing the hand cleanliness homogeneously at all airports in the world can inhibit the impact of a potential pandemic by 24 to 69%. By quantifying and ranking the contribution of the different airports to the mitigation of an epidemic outbreak, we identify ten key airports at the core of a cost-optimal deployment of the hand-washing strategy: increasing the engagement rate at those locations alone could potentially reduce a world pandemic by 8 to 37%. This research provides evidence of the effectiveness of hand hygiene in airports on the global spread of infectious diseases, and has important implications for the way public-health policymakers may design new effective strategies to enhance hand hygiene in airports through behavioral changes.

scholarly journals The Impact of Fatigue on Jump Shot Height and Accuracy Over a Longer Shooting Distance in Basketball

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (63) ◽  
Author(s):  
Frane Erčulj ◽  
Matej Supej
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Kinematic Analysis ◽  
Average Distance ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Motor Task ◽  
Basketball Player ◽  
Jump Height ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Individual Series

This study basically aimed to establish how a gradual increase in effort (fatigue) affects the jump height and accuracy of shots at the basket. For this purpose, an elite basketball player, Primož Brezec, performed seven series of 20 shots from a distance of 7.24 metres. All shots were executed in four-second intervals and the height of each jump shot was measured. The accuracy of shots was established on the basis of the number of goals and distance from the centre of the ball to the centre of the rim of the basket. Thus, for each shot a kinematic analysis was applied using the APAS system to calculate the parabolas of ball fl ight and the distance between the two points mentioned. During an individual series of shots the subject player performed a special basketball motor task consisting of running, a defensive slide and jumps. The effort gradually increased with each motor task and, in the meantime, the subject’s heart rate and concentration of lactates in his blood were measured. The results of the study show that the jump height decreases on average with each series of shots (with the exception of series two) and that the differences between the series are statistically signifi cant (p < 0.01). There were no statistically signifi cant differences between the individual series of shots in terms of shooting accu-racy and / or number of goals. The number of goals decreased drastically in the last series, i. e. in the conditions of maximum fatigue (heart rate: 197 beats / min, lactate concentration: 9.7 mmol / l). The average distance between the centre of the ball and the centre of the rim in the plane of the rim ranges between 13.5 and 16.6 cm, however, it does not increase with fatigue.Keywords: jump shot, kinematic analysis, accuracy, jump height, fatigue.

scholarly journals Quantifying the Resilience of the U.S. Domestic Aviation Network During the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandar Bauranov ◽  
Steven Parks ◽  
Xuan Jiang ◽  
Jasenka Rakas ◽  
Marta C. González
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Transportation Network ◽  
Air Transportation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Network Robustness ◽  
Network Efficiency ◽  
Epidemiological Factors ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
Aviation Network ◽  
The U.S

This paper analyzes the impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on the United States air transportation network between March and August 2020. Despite dramatic reductions in flight and passenger volumes, the network remained robust and resilient against perturbation. Although 24% of airports closed, the reduction in network efficiency was only 5.1%, which means airlines continued to serve most destinations. A deeper analysis of airport closures reveals that 1) small peripheral airports were the most likely to be closed; 2) socio-economic and epidemiological factors characterizing the airport’s region such as income, income inequality, political leaning, and the number of observed COVID cases were not predictive of airport closure. Finally, we show that high network robustness has a downside: although emissions from United States air traffic in 2020 fell by 37.4% compared to 2019, mostly due to the drop in the number of flights, emissions per passenger doubled in the period April to August 2020 and increased eightfold in the week of April 5–11. This rise indicates inefficient use of resources by airlines.

scholarly journals A Data-Driven Air Transportation Delay Propagation Model Using Epidemic Process Models

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Baspinar ◽  
E. Koyuncu
Keyword(s):  
Epidemic Model ◽  
Transportation Network ◽  
Air Transportation ◽  
Propagation Model ◽  
Process Models ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Delay Propagation ◽  
Sis Epidemic Model ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual

In air transport network management, in addition to defining the performance behavior of the system’s components, identification of their interaction dynamics is a delicate issue in both strategic and tactical decision-making process so as to decide which elements of the system are “controlled” and how. This paper introduces a novel delay propagation model utilizing epidemic spreading process, which enables the definition of novel performance indicators and interaction rates of the elements of the air transportation network. In order to understand the behavior of the delay propagation over the network at different levels, we have constructed two different data-driven epidemic models approximating the dynamics of the system: (a) flight-based epidemic model and (b) airport-based epidemic model. The flight-based epidemic model utilizing SIS epidemic model focuses on the individual flights where each flight can be in susceptible or infected states. The airport-centric epidemic model, in addition to the flight-to-flight interactions, allows us to define the collective behavior of the airports, which are modeled as metapopulations. In network model construction, we have utilized historical flight-track data of Europe and performed analysis for certain days involving certain disturbances. Through this effort, we have validated the proposed delay propagation models under disruptive events.

Accent Policy and Accent Modification Enterprises as Potential Indicators of Intercultural Power Relations: A Call for an Updated Research Agenda

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brynne D. Ovalle ◽  
Rahul Chakraborty
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Identity Construction ◽  
Social Theory ◽  
Power Relations ◽  
Linguistic Diversity ◽  
Cultural Organization ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

This article has two purposes: (a) to examine the relationship between intercultural power relations and the widespread practice of accent discrimination and (b) to underscore the ramifications of accent discrimination both for the individual and for global society as a whole. First, authors review social theory regarding language and group identity construction, and then go on to integrate more current studies linking accent bias to sociocultural variables. Authors discuss three examples of intercultural accent discrimination in order to illustrate how this link manifests itself in the broader context of international relations (i.e., how accent discrimination is generated in situations of unequal power) and, using a review of current research, assess the consequences of accent discrimination for the individual. Finally, the article highlights the impact that linguistic discrimination is having on linguistic diversity globally, partially using data from the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and partially by offering a potential context for interpreting the emergence of practices that seek to reduce or modify speaker accents.

Investigating the Relationship Between Self-Esteem and Stigma Among Young Adults With History of Suicide Attempts

Crisis ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 265-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meshan Lehmann ◽  
Matthew R. Hilimire ◽  
Lawrence H. Yang ◽  
Bruce G. Link ◽  
Jordan E. DeVylder
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
High Risk Population ◽  
High Functioning ◽  
People With Mental Illness ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. Background: Self-esteem is a major contributor to risk for repeated suicide attempts. Prior research has shown that awareness of stigma is associated with reduced self-esteem among people with mental illness. No prior studies have examined the association between self-esteem and stereotype awareness among individuals with past suicide attempts. Aims: To understand the relationship between stereotype awareness and self-esteem among young adults who have and have not attempted suicide. Method: Computerized surveys were administered to college students (N = 637). Linear regression analyses were used to test associations between self-esteem and stereotype awareness, attempt history, and their interaction. Results: There was a significant stereotype awareness by attempt interaction (β = –.74, p = .006) in the regression analysis. The interaction was explained by a stronger negative association between stereotype awareness and self-esteem among individuals with past suicide attempts (β = –.50, p = .013) compared with those without attempts (β = –.09, p = .037). Conclusion: Stigma is associated with lower self-esteem within this high-functioning sample of young adults with histories of suicide attempts. Alleviating the impact of stigma at the individual (clinical) or community (public health) levels may improve self-esteem among this high-risk population, which could potentially influence subsequent suicide risk.

The Role of Threat and Economic Uncertainty in Support for Scottish Independence

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Kopasker
Keyword(s):  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Perceived Threat ◽  
Constitutional Change ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Economic Expectations ◽  
Scottish Independence ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Levels Of Support

Existing research has consistently shown that perceptions of the potential economic consequences of Scottish independence are vital to levels of support for constitutional change. This paper attempts to investigate the mechanism by which expectations of the economic consequences of independence are formed. A hypothesised causal micro-level mechanism is tested that relates constitutional preferences to the existing skill investments of the individual. Evidence is presented that larger skill investments are associated with a greater likelihood of perceiving economic threats from independence. Additionally, greater perceived threat results in lower support for independence. The impact of uncertainty on both positive and negative economic expectations is also examined. While uncertainty has little effect on negative expectations, it significantly reduces the likelihood of those with positive expectations supporting independence. Overall, it appears that a general economy-wide threat is most significant, and it is conjectured that this stems a lack of information on macroeconomic governance credentials.

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