scholarly journals Measurements of the Emissions of a “Golden” Vehicle at Seven Laboratories with Portable Emission Measurement Systems (PEMS)

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 8762
Author(s):  
Barouch Giechaskiel ◽  
Simone Casadei ◽  
Tommaso Rossi ◽  
Fabrizio Forloni ◽  
Andrea Di Domenico
Keyword(s):  
Particle Number ◽  
Emission Measurement ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Measurement Systems ◽  
The Road ◽  
Significant Bias ◽  
Reference Vehicle ◽  
Second Year ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

In the last years, the in-use emissions of vehicles are measured on the road with portable emissions measurement systems (PEMS). PEMS cannot measure as accurately as the laboratory grade equipment, and studies on their measurement uncertainty have continued since their appearance in the market. In this study we compared PEMS to laboratory grade equipment in Italian laboratories testing a diesel “Golden” (i.e., reference) vehicle for two consecutive years. The results showed equal means of PEMS and laboratory grade equipment for carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and particle number (PN), with a variability of ±5 g/km for CO2, ±10 mg/km for NOx, and ±1 × 1011 p/km for PN, which further decreased in the second year. For carbon monoxide (CO), the PEMS were on average 5–20 mg/km higher than the bags (variability ±40 mg/km). The main conclusion of this study is that PEMS are accurate under controlled laboratory ambient conditions, without any indications of significant bias.

scholarly journals Vehicle Emission Factors of Solid Nanoparticles in the Laboratory and on the Road Using Portable Emission Measurement Systems (PEMS)

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barouch Giechaskiel ◽  
Francesco Riccobono ◽  
Theodoros Vlachos ◽  
Pablo Mendoza-Villafuerte ◽  
Ricardo Suarez-Bertoa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emission Factors ◽  
Vehicle Emission ◽  
Emission Measurement ◽  
Measurement Systems ◽  
The Road ◽  
On The Road

scholarly journals Assessment of 10-nm Particle Number (PN) Portable Emissions Measurement Systems (PEMS) for Future Regulations

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. 3878 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barouch Giechaskiel ◽  
Tero Lähde ◽  
Sawan Gandi ◽  
Stefan Keller ◽  
Philipp Kreutziger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ultrafine Particles ◽  
Particle Number ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
Emission Measurement ◽  
Reference Systems ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Particulate Filters ◽  
Measurement Systems ◽  
Technical Specifications

The particle number (PN) emissions of vehicles equipped with particulate filters are low. However, there are technologies that can have high PN levels, especially below the currently lower regulated particle size of 23 nm. Sub-23-nm particles are also considered at least as dangerous as the larger ultrafine particles. For this reason, the European Union (EU) is planning to regulate particles down to 10 nm. In this study we compared prototype portable emission measurement systems (PEMS) and reference laboratory systems measuring from 10 nm. The tests included cycles and constant speeds, using vehicles fuelled with diesel, gasoline or liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). The results showed that the PEMS were within ±40% of the reference systems connected to the tailpipe and the dilution tunnel. Based on the positive findings and the detection efficiencies of the prototype instruments, a proposal for the technical specifications for the future regulation was drafted.

Theory into practice

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 459-459
Author(s):  
Samuel Parry
Keyword(s):  
First Year ◽  
The Road ◽  
Second Year ◽  
On The Road

After an unconventional first year as a student paramedic during COVID-19, Samuel Parry has now started his second year. In this month's column, he shares his experiences of applying what he has learned out on the road and as a foundation for the year ahead

scholarly journals Competence-based multiple learning paths: on the road of implementation

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 107
Author(s):  
María Dolores De Prada ◽  
Julia González
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Teachers ◽  
Research Implementation ◽  
Math Teachers ◽  
The Road ◽  
Competence Evaluation ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Learning Paths ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Initial Results

<p>This article presents the results of an action-research implementation project based on a system that weaves together five different routes to facilitate the development of competences through the use of multiple learning paths for primary and secondary teachers. The first and initial results that the article deals with relate to the experience of math teachers for ages 11 to 14. Other levels and other fields are in the process of being developed. The article deals briefly with the justification, the background and the fundamental principles that underpin the research methodology and introduces a number of elements such as the method followed by the research, the resources and the materials used as well as the results obtained at the end of the second year of this experience. It also justifies the model chosen and the criteria and strategies selected for its reliability and verification. In addition, it provides significant elements of reflection about a number of burning issues: The development of a new profile of the “teacher” in a studentcentred system and the implementation system to be followed, the importance of multiple but integrated learning paths and the relevance as well as the reflection on real cases of competence evaluation.</p>

A Method for Measuring Particle Number Emissions from Vehicles Driving on the Road

2002 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Shi ◽  
R. M. Harrison ◽  
D. E. Evans ◽  
A. Alam ◽  
C. Barnes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Number ◽  
The Road ◽  
On The Road

scholarly journals Particle Number Emissions of a Diesel Vehicle during and between Regeneration Events

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barouch Giechaskiel
Keyword(s):  
Particle Number ◽  
Catalytic Reduction ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Diesel Particulate ◽  
Particulate Filters ◽  
The Road ◽  
Diesel Vehicles ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Cold Starts ◽  
Diesel Vehicle

All modern diesel vehicles in Europe are equipped with diesel particulate filters (DPFs) and their particle number (PN) emissions at the tailpipe are close to ambient air levels. After the Dieselgate scandal for high NOx emissions of diesel vehicles on the road, the high PN emissions during regeneration events are on the focus. The PN emissions of a diesel vehicle on the road and in the laboratory with or without regeneration events were measured using systems with evaporation tubes and catalytic strippers and counters with lower sizes of 23, 10 and 4 nm. The tests showed significant PN levels only during engine cold starts with a big fraction of sub-23 nm particles during the first minute. After the first seconds the sub-23 nm fraction was negligible. Urea injection at the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) for NOx system did not affect the PN levels and the sub-23 nm fraction. The emissions during regeneration events were higher than the PN limit, but rapidly decreased 2-3 orders of magnitude below the limit after the regeneration. Artificially high sub-10 nm levels were seen during the regeneration (volatile artifact) at the system with the evaporation tube. The regenerations were forced every 100–350 km and the overall emissions including the regeneration events were two to four times lower than the current laboratory PN limit. The results of this study confirmed the efficiency of DPFs under laboratory and on-road driving conditions.

scholarly journals Emission Factors of a Euro VI Heavy-duty Diesel Refuse Collection Vehicle

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1067 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barouch Giechaskiel ◽  
Roberto Gioria ◽  
Massimo Carriero ◽  
Tero Lähde ◽  
Fabrizio Forloni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Number ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Gas Temperature ◽  
Heavy Duty ◽  
Refuse Collection ◽  
The Road ◽  
Heavy Duty Vehicle ◽  
Heavy Duty Diesel ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Exhaust Gas Temperature

Modern (Euro VI) heavy-duty vehicles have significantly lower pollutant emissions than older vehicles. However, there are still concerns regarding the emissions of refuse collection vehicles in cities, because in some cases they may use engines designed for long haulage trucks. For this reason, we tested a diesel Euro VI (step C) refuse collection heavy-duty vehicle, both in the laboratory on a chassis dynamometer and on the road, similar to the regulated in-service conformity cycle, but also with actual refuse collection cycles. Particle number (PN) and gaseous pollutants (NOx, CO, HC) were measured using a Portable Emissions Measurement System (PEMS). Additionally, in the laboratory we used laboratory grade gaseous, particle number, and FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy) systems to assess the PEMS. For short periods, where the exhaust gas temperature was low for the aftertreatment devices (cold start, some city conditions), the NOx emissions reached 2000 mg/km. Nevertheless, all pollutants were well below the applicable emissions limits expressed in mg/kWh for all cycles examined (in brackets the ratio to the laboratory limit): NOx < 400 mg/kWh (0.87), CO < 850 mg/kWh (0.21), HC < 12 mg/kWh (0.08), PN < 2.4×1010 p/kWh (0.04). To make sure that this will always be the case, future heavy-duty type approval emissions regulations should specifically consider the urban conditions for municipality vehicles, such as refuse trucks.

scholarly journals Particle Number Emissions of a Euro 6d-Temp Gasoline Vehicle under Extreme Temperatures and Driving Conditions

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 607
Author(s):  
Barouch Giechaskiel ◽  
Victor Valverde ◽  
Anastasios Kontses ◽  
Anastasios Melas ◽  
Giorgio Martini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Number ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Urban Traffic ◽  
Gasoline Direct Injection ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
The Road ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
European Regulatory ◽  
Driving Conditions ◽  
On The Road

With the introduction of gasoline particulate filters (GPFs), the particle number (PN) emissions of gasoline direct-injection (GDI) vehicles are below the European regulatory limit of 6 × 1011 p/km under certification conditions. Nevertheless, concerns have been raised regarding emission levels at the boundaries of ambient and driving conditions of the real-driving emissions (RDE) regulation. A Euro 6d-Temp GDI vehicle with a GPF was tested on the road and in the laboratory with cycles simulating congested urban traffic, dynamic driving, and towing a trailer uphill at 85% of maximum payload. The ambient temperatures covered a range from −30 to 50 °C. The solid PN emissions were 10 times lower than the PN limit under most conditions and temperatures. Only dynamic driving that regenerated the filter passively, and for the next cycle resulted in relatively high emissions although they were still below the limit. The results of this study confirmed the effectiveness of GPFs in controlling PN emissions under a wide range of conditions.

Community Colleges: Vital Partners on the Road to Diversity

ASHA Leader ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 14-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shelly S. Chabon ◽  
Ruth E. Cain
Keyword(s):  
Community Colleges ◽  
The Road ◽  
On The Road
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