scholarly journals Measuring the Urban Forms of Shanghai’s City Center and Its New Districts: A Neighborhood-Level Comparative Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 8481
Author(s):  
Lin Lin ◽  
Xueming (Jimmy) Chen ◽  
Anne Vernez Moudon
Keyword(s):  
Built Environment ◽  
Urban Expansion ◽  
Daily Routine ◽  
City Center ◽  
Urban Forms ◽  
Application Programming ◽  
Large Center ◽  
Center City ◽  
The City ◽  
Neighborhood Level

Rapid urban expansion has radically transformed the city centers and the new districts of Chinese cities. Both areas have undergone unique redevelopment and development over the past decades, generating unique urban forms worthy of study. To date, few studies have investigated development patterns and land use intensities at the neighborhood level. The present study aims to fill the gap and compare the densities of different types of developments and the spatial compositions of different commercial uses at the neighborhood level. We captured the attributes of their built environment that support instrumental activities of daily living of 710 neighborhoods centered on the public elementary schools of the entire Shanghai municipality using application programming interfaces provided in Baidu Map services. The 200 m neighborhood provided the best fit to capture the variations of the built environment. Overall, city center neighborhoods had significantly higher residential densities and housed more daily routine destinations than their counterparts in the new districts. Unexpectedly, however, the total length of streets was considerably smaller in city-center neighborhoods, likely reflecting the prominence of the wide multilane vehicular roads surrounding large center city redevelopment projects. The findings point to convergence between the city center’s urban forms and that of the new districts.

scholarly journals Simulating the effects of redesigned street-scale built environments on access/egress pedestrian flows to metro stations

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanan Liu ◽  
Dujuan Yang ◽  
Harry J. P. Timmermans ◽  
Bauke de Vries
Keyword(s):  
Built Environment ◽  
Route Choice ◽  
Local Area ◽  
Destination Choice ◽  
Built Environments ◽  
Renewal Processes ◽  
City Center ◽  
Metro Station ◽  
Route Choice Behavior ◽  
The City

AbstractIn urban renewal processes, metro line systems are widely used to accommodate the massive traffic needs and stimulate the redevelopment of the local area. The route choice of pedestrians, emanating from or going to the metro stations, is influenced by the street-scale built environment. Many renewal processes involve the improvement of the street-level built environment and thus influence pedestrian flows. To assess the effects of urban design on pedestrian flows, this article presents the results of a simulation model of pedestrian route choice behavior around Yingkoudao metro station in the city center of Tianjin, China. Simulated pedestrian flows based on 4 scenarios of changes in street-scale built environment characteristics are compared. Results indicate that the main streets are disproportionally more affected than smaller streets. The promotion of an intensified land use mix does not lead to a high increase in the number of pedestrians who choose the involved route when traveling from/to the metro station, assuming fixed destination choice.

The Astu of Athens

2020 ◽  
pp. 127-174
Author(s):  
Jessica Paga
Keyword(s):  
Built Environment ◽  
Lived Experience ◽  
City Center ◽  
Architectural Form ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Ritual Landscape ◽  
And Function ◽  
The City

This chapter evaluates buildings in the astu (city center) of Athens, excluding the Akropolis and Agora. Buildings and monuments within distinct areas are treated together in order to consider the broader impact of discrete sectors of the city. The chapter concludes with an examination of the sight lines and viewing axes that crisscross the city, connected to and independent of the roadways and paths. These sight lines, axes, and roads link various parts of the city together via the built environment, thereby underscoring relationships in both architectural form and function. The chapter emphasizes how the changes to the built environment in the late sixth and early fifth centuries also transformed the ritual landscape and lived experience of the astu.

scholarly journals Mapping the morphology of sprawl and blight: A note on entropy

GeoScape ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Reza Banai ◽  
Anzhelika Antipova ◽  
Ehsan Momeni
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Urban Expansion ◽  
Entropy Change ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
List Type ◽  
Block Group ◽  
City Region ◽  
City Center ◽  
The City

Abstract The urban expansion from the city center to the suburb and beyond is indicated by Shannon entropy, a robust and versatile measure of sprawl. However, the metropolitan regionwide entropy masks the morphology of land cover and land use consequential to urban expansion within the city-region. To surmount the limitation, we focus on the block-group, which is a US census defined socio-spatial unit that identifies the metropolitan region’s development pattern structurally, forming tracts that comprise neighborhoods. The concentration and dispersion of land use and land cover by block-group reveals a North American metropolitan region’s commonly known but rarely measured spatial structure of its urban and suburban sprawl. We use parcel data from county assessor of property (GIS) and land cover pixel data from the National Land Cover Data (NLCD) to compute block-group land-use and land-cover entropy. The change in block group entropy over a decade indicates whether the city- region’s land use and land cover transition to a concentrated or dispersed pattern. Furthermore, we test a hypothesis that blight correlates with sprawl. Blight and sprawl are among the key factors that plague the metropolitan region. We determine the correlations with household income as well as (block group) distance from the city center. It turns out, blight is among the universally held distance-decay phenomena. The share of the block group’s blighted properties decays (nonlinearly) with distance from the city center. Highlights for public administration, management and planning: • The metropolitan region’s outward growth is highlighted by mapping the changing morphology of the block group within the city-region. • The block group entropy is computed with land use (parcel) and land cover (pixel) data. • The block group entropy change indicates the pattern of the land use and land cover transition with concentration or dispersion. • We test the hypothesis that blight correlates with sprawl with statistical models. • The block group’s blighted properties decrease (nonlinearly) with distance from the city center.

Comprehensive Analysis of the Built Environment through the Introduction of Induced Impacts via Transportation

2015 ◽  
Vol 2500 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-74
Author(s):  
John E. Anderson ◽  
Gebhard Wulfhorst ◽  
Werner Lang
Keyword(s):  
Built Environment ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Impact Category ◽  
Urban Region ◽  
Urban Context ◽  
City Center ◽  
Significant Research ◽  
Environmental Goals ◽  
Center City ◽  
Operational Impacts

The built environment, accounting for the building and transportation sectors, is the dominant source of environmental impacts. While significant research has assessed environmental impacts in the built environment, existing research is strongly separated by the scale of analysis: individual buildings or the urban scale. However, assessing buildings as isolated objects ignores their urban context, while concentrating on urban-scale projects does not represent the actual scale of construction: growth within existing cities. As such, environmental impacts resulting from the interplay of individual buildings and their urban context, induced impacts, have yet to be determined. This paper presents a new methodology for capturing induced impacts in the built environment. The new methodology was applied to the urban region of Munich, Germany, at three geographical resolutions (traffic cell, city neighborhood, and district) to illustrate the significance of induced impacts. The research contributes to the literature through the integration of the assessment of the transportation infrastructure in addition to the traditional focus on operational impacts. Transportation embodied impacts were found to account for approximately 25% of greenhouse gas emissions. Furthermore, transportation impacts (embodied and operational) were summarized at three locations: city center, city periphery, and rural. Consequently, the work has identified a missing impact category, expanded the assessment methodology, and provided quantitative analysis for holistic evaluation of the built environment. The inclusion of induced impacts allows for innovative policies to achieve environmental goals within the built environment.

scholarly journals PENINGKATAN VISIBILITAS BANGUNAN LAMA, STUDI KASUS JALAN KREMBANGAN BARAT SURABAYA

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-179
Author(s):  
Setyo Nugroho
Keyword(s):  
Built Environment ◽  
Vegetation Type ◽  
City Center ◽  
The City ◽  
New Buildings ◽  
Vision Technique ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Main Factor ◽  
Technique Analysis

Title: The Improvement of Old Building Visibility, Krembangan Barat Street of Surabaya as of Case Study High development in the City center forces old building losing its existence. The main factor old buildings losing its existences are the lack of skyline guideline (new buildings obstruct the view toward old buildings), the changes of traffic direction, and the selection of vegetation type. This paper discusses a brief evaluation of old building visibility through visual experiences, and gives a schematic design as proposal for jalan Krembangan Barat. Serial vision technique analysis is addressed in order to gain the visual and spatial experiences of the built environment. Result shows that three spots of place should be improved in order to perceive the visibility by rehabilitating, adaptive re-using, and providing pedestrian ways to connect one potential spot to others in the corridor of Krembangan Barat.

scholarly journals Understanding the Implementation Challenges of Urban Resilience Policies: Investigating the Influence of Urban Geological Risk in Thessaloniki, Greece

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 3573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vangelis Pitidis ◽  
Deodato Tapete ◽  
Jon Coaffee ◽  
Leon Kapetas ◽  
João Porto de Albuquerque
Keyword(s):  
Built Environment ◽  
Urban Expansion ◽  
Urban Resilience ◽  
Building Stock ◽  
Implementation Challenges ◽  
Historic Centre ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The City ◽  
High Building

Urban Resilience has recently emerged as a systematic approach to urban sustainability. The malleable definition of resilience has rendered its operationalisation an intriguing task for contemporary cities trying to address their organisational problems and confront uncertainty in a holistic manner. In this article we investigate the implementation challenges emerging for Resilient Strategies by the inattention paid to urban geological risk. We conceptualise urban geological risk as the combination of urban geohazards, geological vulnerability and exposure of the built environment and focus on the case study of Thessaloniki, Greece, a city that joined the 100 Resilient Cities initiative in 2014 and published its “Resilience Strategy 2030” (RS) in 2017. After a review of the RS, historical records of natural hazard events and with evidence gathered through interviews with city officials, we emphasize on earthquakes and surface flooding as the most relevant geohazards for Thessaloniki to tackle in its journey towards urban resilience. First, we examine geological vulnerability to earthquakes in conjunction with exposure of the built environment, as an outcome of ageing building stock, high building densities and the urban configuration, in Acheiropoietos neighbourhood, within the historic centre of the city. Then, we explore geological risk to surface flooding in Perea, in Thermaikos Municipality, with a particular focus on flash floods, by demonstrating how limited consideration of local geomorphology as well as semi-regulated urban expansion and its limited connection with emergency planning increase exposure of the built environment to surface flooding. Finally, we come up with the major implementation challenges Thessaloniki’s RS faces with regard to urban geohazards.

scholarly journals Simulation and prediction of Shanghai urban spatial change based on random forest and CA-Markov model

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
Xuewei Dang ◽  
Liang Zhou ◽  
Xiaoen Li ◽  
Haowei Mu ◽  
Lei Che ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Urban Development ◽  
Urban Growth ◽  
Urban Expansion ◽  
Urban Land ◽  
Urban Land Use ◽  
City Center ◽  
Urban Simulation ◽  
The City ◽  
Red Line

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> In the context of rapid urbanization, accurate assessment of urban expansion has become increasingly important for urban sustainable development, and smart growth theory has been put forward to avoid urban sprawl. Previous studies about urban expansion simulation focused only on ecological constrain which prevent urban growth from developing in specific regions. However, government decision-making and urban planning greatly influence urban development and limit the disorderly expansion of the urban. In this paper, we consider planning policies into urban simulation and uses the ecological protection red line, farmland protection red line and cultural protection control line as limiting factors for future urban simulation. Choosing Shanghai as the study area, we integrated Random Forests Algorithm (RFA), Markov chain and Cellular Automata (CA) to simulate urban expansion in 2015, and further predict the urban expansion in 2020, 2025 and 2030. The results show that the overall accuracy of urban land use simulation in 2015 is 93.86%, and the kappa coefficient is 0.8577. The model has a good simulation effect. Furthermore, the predicted results in 2020, 2025 and 2030 show that the urban land area in Shanghai is still increasing, and the spatial distribution of urban land has obvious circle structure and regional differences. The urban areas within 10km from the city center are growing slowly, and the region within 30km from the city center is growing faster, and there are more new urban points from 2025 to 2030. But in the area 30km away from the city center, different administrative areas show different urban growth phenomena. Among them, there are a large number of new urban points in the junction area between Songjiang District and Jinshan District, which may be the focus of future urban development planning in Shanghai. The proposed model and the results can help planners study the evolution of urban patterns and develop further urban planning.</p>

scholarly journals Analyzing the Coordination Relationship between Urban Built Environment and Traffic Level

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Tian Li ◽  
Haobin Jiang ◽  
Peng Jing ◽  
Mengmeng Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Built Environment ◽  
Transport System ◽  
Data Envelopment ◽  
City Center ◽  
Point Of Interest ◽  
Quantitative Basis ◽  
Ownership Choice ◽  
Traffic Level ◽  
Travel Behaviors ◽  
The City

The coordination relationship between urban built environment and transport system is an indispensable field in the study of urban planning. Recent research efforts in built environment and transport system have focused on the effects of built environment on travel behaviors, such as car ownership, choice of travel mode, and travel frequency. These travel behaviors will affect the traffic level. However, research studies on direct assessments of links between built environment and traffic level are still limited. This paper aims to fill this gap by modeling with data envelopment analysis based on Point of Interest (POI) data and floating car data collected in Jinan, China. It is found that the coordination relationship between built environment and traffic level is poor in Jinan. With regard to the built environment input index, the distance from the city center has the greatest influence on the coordination relationship. And for the built environment output index, bus stop influences the coordination relationship most significantly. This research can support the provision of quantitative basis for the formulation of governance priorities for traffic governance policies.

scholarly journals Urban Crime Occurrences in Association with Built Environment Characteristics: An African Case with Implications for Urban Design

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 3056 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrik Silva ◽  
Lin Li
Keyword(s):  
Built Environment ◽  
Urban Design ◽  
Environmental Design ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
Urban Crime ◽  
Correlation And Regression Analysis ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The City ◽  
Neighborhood Level

Empirically, the physical spatial arrangement of places provides us with a clue about the likelihood for crime opportunities based on the principles of crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED). Although we know that the quality of the urban built environment influences people’s behavior, its measurement as a variable is not an easy task. In this study, we present and develop a set of urban built environment indicators (UBEIs) based on two datasets: building footprints and road networks at the neighborhood level in the city of Praia, Cape Verde. We selected the four most relevant UBEIs to create a single urban built environment indicator (CUBEI), and then, explored their relationships with five types of crime (i.e., burglary, robbery, mugging, residential robbery, and crimes involving weapons) using correlation and regression analysis. Our results showed a consistent and statistically significant relationship between different types of crimes with both the UBEIs and CUBEI, suggesting that a poor urban built environment is associated with an increase of all types of crimes investigated in this study. Thus, to minimize crime incidents, urban planners should rehabilitate or design neighborhoods from the earlier stage, considering the principles of CPTED and broken window theory (BWT).

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Fairness of Urban Lakes’ Distribution Based on Spatialization of Population Data: A Case Study of Wuhan Urban Development Zone

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (24) ◽  
pp. 4994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Wu ◽  
Shen Yang ◽  
Xu Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Urban Development ◽  
Spatial Data ◽  
Central City ◽  
Urban Expansion ◽  
Population Data ◽  
City Center ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Development Zone ◽  
Urban Lakes ◽  
The City

Lake reclamation for urban construction has caused serious damage to lakes in cities undergoing rapid urbanization. This process affects urban ecological environment and leads to inconsistent urban expansion, population surge, and uneven distribution of urban lakes. This study measured the fairness of urban lakes’ distribution and explored the spatial matching relationship between service supply and user group demand. The interpretation and analysis of Wuhan’s remote sensing images, population, administrative area, traffic network, and other data in 2018 were used as the basis. Specifically, the spatial distribution pattern and fairness of lakes’ distribution in Wuhan urban development zone were investigated. This study establishes a geographic weighted regression (GWR) model of land cover types and population data based on a spatialization method of population data based on land use, and uses population spatial data and network accessibility analysis results to evaluate lake service levels in the study area. Macroscopically, the correlation analysis of sequence variables and Gini coefficient analysis method are used to measure the fairness of the Wuhan lake distribution problem and equilibrium degree, and the location entropy analysis is used to quantitatively analyze the fairness of lakes and Wuhan streets from the perspective of supply and demand location entropy. Levels improve the accuracy of the research. Results showed that (1) the area covered by lakes in Wuhan urban development zone is 1007.96 km2 within 60-min of walking, accounting for 30.6% of the total area of the study area. This area can house 5,050,275 people, accounting for 60.8% of Wuhan’s total population. (2) The lakes in the central city area are less fair than the lakes outside the Third Ring Road. (3) The service level of North Lake is the highest among all the lakes in the study area, and that of Hou Lake is the lowest. (4) The spatial layout of the fairness of the lakes’ distribution is roughly distributed in circles. The fairness level collapses toward the city center, indicating that the closer to the city center, the lower the fairness level.

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