scholarly journals Effects of Organic Solvents on the Organosolv Pretreatment of Degraded Empty Fruit Bunch for Fractionation and Lignin Removal

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 6757
Author(s):  
Danny Wei Kit Chin ◽  
Steven Lim ◽  
Yean Ling Pang ◽  
Chun Hsion Lim ◽  
Siew Hoong Shuit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Glycol ◽  
Organic Solvents ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch ◽  
Organosolv Pretreatment ◽  
Alkaline Catalyst ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Mild Temperature

Empty fruit bunch (EFB), which is one of the primary agricultural wastes generated from the palm oil plantation, is generally discharged into the open environment or ends up in landfills. The utilization of this EFB waste for other value-added applications such as activated carbon and biofuels remain low, despite extensive research efforts. One of the reasons is that the EFB is highly vulnerable to microbial and fungi degradation under natural environment owning to its inherent characteristic of high organic matter and moisture content. This can rapidly deteriorate its quality and results in poor performance when processed into other products. However, the lignocellulosic components in degraded EFB (DEFB) still largely remain intact. Consequently, it could become a promising feedstock for production of bio-products after suitable pretreatment with organic solvents. In this study, DEFB was subjected to five different types of organic solvents for the pretreatment, including ethanol, ethylene glycol, 2-propanol, acetic acid and acetone. The effects of temperature and residence time were also investigated during the pretreatment. Organosolv pretreatment in ethylene glycol (50 v/v%) with the addition of NaOH (3 v/v%) as an alkaline catalyst successfully detached 81.5 wt.% hemicellulose and 75.1 wt.% lignin. As high as 90.4 wt.% cellulose was also successfully retrieved at mild temperature (80 °C) and short duration (45 min), while the purity of cellulose in treated DEFB was recorded at 84.3%. High-purity lignin was successfully recovered from the pretreatment liquor by using sulfuric acid for precipitation. The amount of recovered lignin from alkaline ethylene glycol liquor was 74.6% at pH 2.0. The high recovery of cellulose and lignin in DEFB by using organosolv pretreatment rendered it as one of the suitable feedstocks to be applied in downstream biorefinery processes. This can be further investigated in more detailed studies in the future.

scholarly journals Organosolv pretreatment of plant biomass for enhanced enzymatic saccharification

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 360-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhanying Zhang ◽  
Mark D. Harrison ◽  
Darryn W. Rackemann ◽  
William O. S. Doherty ◽  
Ian M. O'Hara
Keyword(s):  
Lignocellulosic Biomass ◽  
Organic Solvents ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Enzymatic Saccharification ◽  
Organosolv Pretreatment ◽  
Different Types

Pretreatments of lignocellulosic biomass for enhanced enzymatic saccharification with different types of organic solvents are compared and reviewed.

scholarly journals Does Every Calculation Formula Fit for All Types of Intraocular Lenses? Optimization of Constants for Tecnis ZA9003 and ZCB00 Is Necessary

Medicina ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 319
Author(s):  
Ivajlo Popov ◽  
Veronika Popova ◽  
Juraj Sekac ◽  
Vladimir Krasnik
Keyword(s):  
Prediction Error ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Intraocular Lenses ◽  
Power Calculation ◽  
Universal Formula ◽  
Aspheric Iol ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Clinically Significant ◽  
Mean Prediction Error

Background and Objectives: To evaluate the performance of intraocular lenses (IOLs) using power calculation formulas on different types of IOL. Materials and Methods: 120 eyes and four IOL types (BioLine Yellow Accurate Aspheric IOL (i-Medical), TECNIS ZCB00, TECNIS ZA9003 (Johnson & Johnson) (3-piece IOL) and Softec HD (Lenstec)) were analyzed. The performance of Haigis, Barret Universal II and SKR-II formulas were compared between IOL types. The mean prediction error (ME) and mean absolute prediction error (MAE) were analyzed. Results: The overall percentage of eyes predicted within ±0.25 diopters (D) was 40.8% for Barret; 39.2% Haigis and 31.7% for SRK-II. Barret and Haigis had a significantly lower MAE than SRK-II (p < 0.05). The results differed among IOL types. The largest portion of eyes predicted within ±0.25 D was with the Barret formula in ZCB00 (33.3%) and ZA9003 (43.3%). Haigis was the most accurate in Softec HD (50%) and SRK-II in Biolline Yellow IOL (50%). ZCB00 showed a clinically significant hypermetropic ME compared to other IOLs. Conclusions: In general, Barret formulas had the best performance as a universal formula. However, the formula should be chosen according to the type of IOL in order to obtain the best results. Constant optimizations are necessary for the Tecnis IOL ZCB00 and ZA9003, as all of the analyzed formulas achieved a clinically significant poor performance in this type of IOL. ZCB00 also showed a hypermetropic shift in ME in all the formulas.

How switching the substituent of a pyrene derivative from a methyl to a butyl affects the fluorescence response of polystyrene randomly labeled with pyrene

2010 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 217-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Ingratta ◽  
Manoj Mathew ◽  
Jean Duhamel
Keyword(s):  
Organic Solvents ◽  
Excellent Agreement ◽  
Fluorescence Spectra ◽  
Series Solutions ◽  
Specific Nature ◽  
Polymer Backbone ◽  
Excimer Fluorescence ◽  
Fluorescence Response ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Blob Model

A series of polystyrenes randomly labeled with 1-pyrenebutanol were prepared by copolymerizing styrene and 1-pyrenebutylacrylate yielding the CoBuE–PS series. Solutions of CoBuE–PS were prepared in nine organic solvents having viscosities ranging from 0.36 to 5.5 mPa·s and the fluorescence spectra and pyrene monomer and excimer fluorescence decays were acquired. Analysis of the fluorescence spectra yielded the IE/IM ratio, whereas analysis of the fluorescence decays with the fluorescence blob model (FBM) yielded the parameters N blobo , <kblob × Nblob> , and k blobo . These parameters were compared to those obtained with two other series of pyrene-labeled polystyrenes, which had been studied earlier, namely CoA–PS and CoE–PS where pyrene was attached to the polymer backbone via a methylamide and benzyl methylether linker, respectively. Although the parameters IE/IM, N blobo , <kblob × Nblob>, and k blobo took different values according to the specific nature of the linker connecting pyrene to the polystyrene backbone, they exhibited trends that were quite similar for all the pyrene-labeled polystyrene constructs. The excellent agreement between the parameters retrieved for the three different types of pyrene-labeled polystyrenes suggests that the FBM accounts satisfyingly for differences in the nature of the label used, while still retrieving information pertinent to the polymer of interest.

Unsymmetrical phthalocyanines with cyclopalladated azo functions

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (02) ◽  
pp. 192-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Yasemin Yenilmez Akkurt ◽  
Ali ihsan Okur ◽  
Ahmet Gül
Keyword(s):  
Organic Solvents ◽  
Column Chromatography ◽  
Spectroscopic Analysis ◽  
Palladium Complex ◽  
Palladium Complexes ◽  
High Solubility ◽  
Synthetic Procedure ◽  
Different Types ◽  
New Compounds ◽  
Very High

In this study, a synthetic procedure for unsymmetrical metallophthalocyanines of the form M[Pc(AB3)], where A and B refer to two different types of peripheral functionality, has been developed and the new compounds have been converted to monomeric and dimeric palladium complexes. Asymmetrically substituted phthalocyanines were synthesized with the well-known statistical condensation method, by using two differently substituted precursors, namely 4-(2-ethoxyethoxy)-1-2-dicyanobenzene (1) and 4-{4-[Z/E]-phenylazo]-1-naphthyl}oxy-1,2-dicyanobenzene (2). Consequently, electron-donating 2-ethoxyethoxy groups and electron-withdrawing palladium complex are present in the same structure. Cyclopalladation was performed with [Pd(PhCN)2Cl2] to yield the bis-μ-chloro-bridged dimers and subsequently, the corresponding monomers were obtained by refluxing with three equivalents of potassium acetylacetonate. The resulting products were purified by column chromatography and characterized by several chemical and spectroscopic analysis methods. All compounds have very high solubility in organic solvents due to the presence of 2-ethoxyethoxy moiety.

scholarly journals The Investigation of Effects of Temperature and Nanoparticles Volume Fraction on the Viscosity of Copper Oxide-ethylene Glycol Nanofluids

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Hemmat Esfe
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Glycol ◽  
Copper Oxide ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Relative Viscosity ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Nanoparticles Volume Fraction ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Nanofluid Viscosity ◽  
Experimental Values

In the present article, the effects of temperature and nanoparticles volume fraction on the viscosity of copper oxide-ethylene glycol nanofluid have been investigated experimentally. The experiments have been conducted in volume fractions of 0 to 1.5 % and temperatures from 27.5 to 50 °C. The shear stress computed by experimental values of viscosity and shear rate for volume fraction of 1% and in different temperatures show that this nanofluid has Newtonian behaviour. The experimental results reveal that in a given volume fraction when temperature increases, viscosity decreases, but relative viscosity varies. Also, in a specific temperature, nanofluid viscosity and relative viscosity increase when volume fraction increases. The maximum amount of increase in relative viscosity is 82.46% that occurs in volume fraction of 1.5% and temperature of 50 °C. Some models of computing nanofluid viscosity have been suggested. The greatest difference between the results obtained from these models and experimental results was down of 4 percent that shows that there is a very good agreement between experimental results and the results obtained from these models.

Promotion effects of Pd on tungsten carbide catalysts: physiochemical properties and cellulose conversion performance

RSC Advances ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (90) ◽  
pp. 87756-87766 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glauco F. Leal ◽  
Silvia F. Moya ◽  
Debora M. Meira ◽  
Dean H. Barrett ◽  
Erico Teixeira-Neto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Glycol ◽  
Tungsten Carbide ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Aldol Reactions ◽  
One Pot ◽  
Cellulose Conversion ◽  
Physiochemical Properties ◽  
Conversion Performance

A multi-functional catalyst, which is able to perform both retro-aldol reactions followed by hydrogenation, is required to convert cellulose into value-added chemicals such as ethylene glycol (EG) in a one-pot reaction.

scholarly journals Energy Prices, Real Estate Sales and Industrial Output in China

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1847 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Chau ◽  
Gaolu Zou
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Data Series ◽  
Energy Prices ◽  
Industrial Output ◽  
Energy Efficient Buildings ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Short Run

A majority of energy is consumed to control the indoor environment for human activities and industrial production. The demand for energies for these two uses are reflected in demand for different types of real estate and the volume of industrial outputs. The purpose of this study is to examine the long-run equilibrium and short-run dynamics between real energy prices and demand for different types of real estate and industrial output in China. Energy prices are measured in the real price of fuels and power. Demand for different types of real estate is measured in their sales volume in the first hand market, that is, floor areas of new real estate sold by developers. Industrial output is measured by the net output (value added) of the industrial sector. All data series were tested for stationarity (i.e., the existence of a unit root) before testing for a co-integration relationship. We found no long-term equilibrium relationship between energy prices and the demand for real estate and industrial output as predicted by theory, probably due to increased supply of energy efficient buildings. There is also no short-run relationship between energy prices and demand for housing due to the increase in vacancy rate resulting from speculative demand for housing. However, demand for commercial properties appeared to lead energy prices. Finally, there is strong evidence suggesting that an increase in energy prices will significantly reduce industrial output but not vice versa.

Differential Multipliers for Tourism in Victoria

1997 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy R. West ◽  
Ari Gamage
Keyword(s):  
Economic Impacts ◽  
Value Added ◽  
The State ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
State Economy ◽  
Different Types

This study assesses the significance of different types of tourists to Victoria, Australia, by their relative contribution to the economy. Differential impacts are calculated using an input–output model incorporating marginal household coefficients. The analysis demonstrates that the conventional input–output model can overestimate the flow-on effects to value added, income and employment by a significant amount. It finds that domestic tourists are the largest contributor to the State economy, with day-trippers spending the greatest amount. International tourists rank last in terms of economic impacts on the state.

scholarly journals Iodination of insulin in aqueous and organic solvents

1969 ◽  
Vol 115 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Massaglia ◽  
U. Rosa ◽  
G. Rialdi ◽  
C. A. Rossi
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Glycol ◽  
Organic Solvents ◽  
Molecular Conformation ◽  
Aqueous Media ◽  
Native Structure ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Polar Environment ◽  
Polar Area ◽  
The Difference ◽  
A Chain

1. The iodination of insulin was studied under various experimental conditions in aqueous media and in some organic solvents, by measuring separately the uptake of iodine by the four tyrosyl groups and the relative amounts of monoiodotyrosine and di-iodotyrosine that are formed. In aqueous media from pH1 to pH9 the iodination occurs predominantly on the tyrosyl groups of the A chain. Some organic solvents increase the iodine uptake of the B-chain tyrosyl groups. Their efficacy in promoting iodination of Tyr-B-16 and Tyr-B-26 is in the order: ethylene glycol and propylene glycol≃methanol and ethanol>dioxan>8m-urea. 2. It is suggested that each of the four tyrosyl groups in insulin has a different environment: Tyr-A-14 is fully exposed to the solvent; Tyr-A-19 is sterically influenced by the environmental structure, possibly by the vicinity of a disulphide interchain bond; Tyr-B-16 is embedded into a non-polar area whose stability is virtually independent of the molecular conformation; Tyr-B-26 is probably in a situation similar to Tyr-B-16 with the difference that its non-polar environment depends on the preservation of the native structure.

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