scholarly journals Digitalization and AI in European Agriculture: A Strategy for Achieving Climate and Biodiversity Targets?

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 4652
Author(s):  
Beatrice Garske ◽  
Antonia Bau ◽  
Felix Ekardt
Keyword(s):  
Data Privacy ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Product Liability ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
Data Access ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Convention On Biological Diversity ◽  
Eu Governance ◽  
Sustainability Challenges

This article analyzes the environmental opportunities and limitations of digitalization in the agricultural sector by applying qualitative governance analysis. Agriculture is recognized as a key application area for digital technologies, including artificial intelligence. This is not least because it faces major sustainability challenges, especially with regard to meeting the climate and biodiversity targets set out in the Paris Agreement and the Convention on Biological Diversity, as well as the water-related objectives of EU environmental legislation. Based on an overview of the possible applications of digital technologies in agriculture, the article offers a status quo analysis of legal acts with relevance to digitalization in the EU agricultural sector. It is found that a reliable legal framework with regard to product liability and product safety, as well as data privacy, data access, and data security is important in this context. In addition, the European Common Agricultural Policy, as the most important funding instrument for digital innovations in the agricultural sector, should be designed in such a way that it links digitalization-related objectives more closely with sustainability targets. So far, the existing EU governance does not fully exploit the potentials of digitalization for environmental protection, and sight is lost of possible negative side effects such as rebound and shifting effects. Therefore, the article also offers proposals for the optimization of EU governance.

Student Privacy and the Law in the Internet Age

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leah Plunkett ◽  
Urs Gasser ◽  
Sandra Cortesi
Keyword(s):  
Learning Environments ◽  
School Environment ◽  
Privacy Protection ◽  
Data Privacy ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
The United States ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Privacy Law ◽  
Student Privacy ◽  
High Level

New types of digital technologies and new ways of using them are heavily impacting young people’s learning environments and creating intense pressure points on the “pre-digital” framework of student privacy. This chapter offers a high-level mapping of the federal legal landscape in the United States created by the “big three” federal privacy statutes—the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA), the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA), and the Protection of Pupil Rights Amendment (PPRA)—in the context of student privacy and the ongoing digital transformation of formal learning environments (“schools”). Fissures are emerging around key student privacy issues such as: what are the key data privacy risk factors as digital technologies are adopted in learning environments; which decision makers are best positioned to determine whether, when, why, and with whom students’ data should be shared outside the school environment; what types of data may be unregulated by privacy law and what additional safeguards might be required; and what role privacy law and ethics serve as we seek to bolster related values, such as equity, agency, and autonomy, to support youth and their pathways. These and similar intersections at which the current federal legal framework is ambiguous or inadequate pose challenges for key stakeholders. This chapter proposes that a “blended” governance approach, which draws from technology-based, market-based, and human-centered privacy protection and empowerment mechanisms and seeks to bolster legal safeguards that need to be strengthen in parallel, offers an essential toolkit to find creative, nimble, and effective multistakeholder solutions.

scholarly journals PROTECTION OF THE AFRICAN LION: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT INTERNATIONAL LEGAL REGIME

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha Watts
Keyword(s):  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Population Decline ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Convention On Biological Diversity ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
African Lion ◽  
State Boundaries ◽  
African Lions

This article looks at the current international regime that pertains to the African lion, a species that needs adequate protection across its range (a range that does not adhere to state boundaries). This analysis comes at a time when threats such as habitat and prey loss, retaliatory killing, trophy hunting and trade, are all impacting the remaining populations of African lions. The species is in danger of rapid population decline and possible extinction in the near future. Two decades ago there was an abundance of African lions, roughly 100 000, on the continent. But at present there are less than 32 000, while some believe there to be as little as 15 000 left. This decline is mainly due to the threats noted above. African lions are currently listed as "vulnerable" on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened Species. This listing is being contested by commentators who believe that the species now requires an "endangered" status. African lion populations, and the threats to the species, extend across state boundaries. Therefore, international law is of particular importance in providing conservation and protection measures to the species. Creating conservation obligations at a global level allows for more uniform action, implementation and enforcement of legislation at regional and local levels. Therefore this article looks at each threat to African lion populations in detail and then assesses the international legal regime pertaining to each of these threats, and whether that regime is adequate. The Convention on Biological Diversity, Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species, Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora and the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance are but some of the international instruments that are analysed. This article outlines the arguments that the international legal framework is not acceptable for the protection of the species, and addresses both the positive and negative aspects of this regime. It is found that the international legal regime for the African lion is in fact not effective in achieving the protection and survival of the species. Some changes are recommended, and the best way forward through an international legal lens is outlined. The security and viability of the African lion is uncertain, and legal protection of the species needs to be clear to start ensuring their survival in the future. With the increase in threats to the species and African lions already regionally endangered in some parts of Africa, it is obvious that some legal changes need to be made to ensure greater protection of the African lion at an international level.

scholarly journals Konflikte um das "grüne Gold der Gene"

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (129) ◽  
pp. 631-652
Author(s):  
Christoph Görg ◽  
Ulrich Brand
Keyword(s):  
Critical State ◽  
International Institutions ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
State Theory ◽  
Benefit Sharing ◽  
Convention On Biological Diversity ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Political Processes

In the last years an international legal framework evolved m the field of biodiversity, its protection and use. Accesses to genetic resources and mtellectual property nghts for developed commodities are fundamental for dominant actors and therefore these two aspects are central in political processes. Other aspects as nghts of mdlgenous peoples or benefit sharing have much less importance. Central institutions to regulate the highly contested issues are the Convention on Biological Diversity, the TRIPS agreement m the wro as well as the FAO which are not at all coherent in their policies. Agamst the background of regulation and critical state theory the article examines the contradictory role of the nation-state and international institutions in international biodiversity politics and examines central conflicts lines. Weaker actors try to politicise the struggle under the concept of "biopiracy" accusing dominant actors of an illegitimate appropriation of biodiversity. Fmally, some preconditions of "democratic biodiversity politics" are outlined.

scholarly journals The biodiversity crisis in Canada: failures and challenges of federal and sub-national strategic and legal frameworks

FACETS ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 1044-1068
Author(s):  
Justina C. Ray ◽  
Jaime Grimm ◽  
Andrea Olive
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Biodiversity Conservation ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Convention On Biological Diversity ◽  
Governance Capacity ◽  
Financial Investment ◽  
Economic Wealth ◽  
Biodiversity Crisis

Negative biodiversity trends are evident in Canada, in spite of its ecological and economic wealth and high governance capacity. We examined the current implementation of Canada’s national biodiversity strategy—the planning instrument to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity—through its existing legal framework. We did this by evaluating biodiversity-related strategies and plans and 201 federal, provincial, and territorial laws. We found that while most jurisdictions claim dedicated attention to biodiversity, there is little evidence of an integrated approach within provinces and territories and across the federation. Biodiversity conservation led by governments underscores the need for considerations of species and ecosystem services to be mainstreamed into economic and development decision-making. Key challenges to this include Canada’s unusual degree of decentralized constitutionally ascribed authority over natural assets and its historical and continued economic emphasis on extraction of natural resources—a conflict of interest for jurisdictions. Transitioning to scale-appropriate planning and integrated decision-making that can address the pressures and causes of biodiversity conservation in Canada will require transformative change. Law reform, while necessary, will not succeed unless accompanied by a whole-of-government approach, a shift to a bio-centric mindset, innovative governance (particularly Indigenous-led conservation), and federal leadership with strong levels of financial investment.

scholarly journals Assessing the progress and pitfalls of the Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change in achieving SDGs in Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-158
Author(s):  
Md. Mizanur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Climate Adaptation ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Convention On Biological Diversity ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Responsible Consumption ◽  
Aichi Biodiversity Targets

The study strived to assess the performance of the Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change in achieving environmental sustainability in Bangladesh. The overarching pitfalls, shortcomings, and associated challenges were critically examined. The research used both primary and secondary data, which was collected following several research approaches. It was found that the Ministry is actively working to achieve 25 targets of SDGs. Nothing is mentioned about climate change in its mandates though it is nodal Ministry in climate adaptation and mitigation. Due to its ambiguous and viscous mandates, jurisdictional overlapping followed by the conflict of interests has been created in many other ministries and divisions. In SDGs mapping, this Ministry's role in achieving food security and responsible consumption have been downplayed. According to key informants' perception, it could not garner the community’s support in conservation initiatives. On the other hand, due to drawbacks in the legal framework, environmental justice could be ensured on an equal basis. No noticeable activities were observed that can achieve the targets 2020, agreed under the UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), as part of the set of Aichi Biodiversity Targets. The Ministry could not establish any reliable database through which ecological, carbon, and green footprints can be measured. Correspondingly, Bangladesh Forest Research Institute cannot carry out need-based and world standard research activities. Institutional and legal reform is advocated to expedite the actions to achieve environmental sustainability. The study recommends enhancing the capacity of the Ministry.

scholarly journals Global large herbivore conservation and international law

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (14) ◽  
pp. 3891-3914 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arie Trouwborst
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Convention On Biological Diversity ◽  
Migratory Species ◽  
Large Herbivore ◽  
Large Herbivores ◽  
Herbivore Species ◽  
The Many ◽  
Bilateral Treaties

Abstract Large wild herbivore species are important to ecosystems and human societies, but many of them are threatened and in decline. International wildlife treaties have a role to play in arresting and reversing these declines. This paper provides a global overview and analysis of relevant legal instruments and their roles regarding the conservation of the 73 largest terrestrial herbivores, i.e., those with a body mass of ≥ 100 kg. Outcomes reveal both significant positive contributions and shortcomings of the Ramsar Wetlands Convention, the World Heritage Convention, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species, the Convention on Migratory Species and its subsidiary instruments, the Convention on Biological Diversity, and a range of regional and bilateral treaties. Maximizing the potential of these treaties, and attaining their objectives regarding the conservation and restoration of large herbivores, requires substantial increases in funding and political will. Even before such game-changing increases occur, however, it remains worthwhile to seek and use the many opportunities that exist within the current international legal framework for enhancing the conservation of the world’s largest herbivores.

Biodiversity and Climate Change

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 230-240
Author(s):  
Malgosia Fitzmaurice
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Convention On Biological Diversity ◽  
Ramsar Convention ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Change System ◽  
Impacts Of Climate Change

Abstract This article analyses the question of a relationship between biodiversity and climate change. The legal framework for the protection of biodiversity from climate change is contained in the climate change system of treaties, i.e. the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change; the 1997 Kyoto Protocol; the 2015 Paris Agreement, on one hand; and the 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity on the other. There are also important global Conventions which contribute to combating of impacts of climate change on biodiversity, such as the Desertification Convention and the Ramsar Convention. The article discusses the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities within the context of climate change and biodiversity. The case study is the Arctic, which illustrates the impact of climate change on biodiversity.

scholarly journals JURIDICAL FRAMEWORK OF IMPLEMENTATION OF UN CONVENTIONS ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY (CBD) IN AZERBAIJAN REPUBLIC

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 99-104
Author(s):  
Тургай Имамгулу оглы Гусейнов ◽  
Turgay Imamgulu ogly Guseynov
Keyword(s):  
Biodiversity Conservation ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Convention On Biological Diversity ◽  
National Strategy ◽  
National Plan ◽  
The Public ◽  
Criminal Sanctions ◽  
Preventive Actions ◽  
The Republic

The article deals with the study of the issues over the implementation of the provisions of the Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992 in the Azerbaijan Republic. National regulations and legal acts, aimed at realization of the mentioned Convention hereupon, are analyzed. The gaps existed in the legislation of the republic are identified. The intended measures on the provision of biological diversity to be fulfilled within the National strategy plans asserted by the Decree of the President of the Azerbaijan Republic are analyzed as well. Biodiversity conservation is not to be limited to the territory of individual states. It is necessary to proceed from the protected area, which sometimes may cover the territory of several states. These elements should be taken into account when forming the national legal framework and the implementation of the provisions of international agreements in the field of biodiversity conservation. The importance of active participation of each State in the preservation of biodiversity and, thus, protection of the environment as a whole. Naturally invaluable role here, and the public, and each one of us. All this requires improved national legal framework and institutional arrangements in this area. The fight for the preservation of biodiversity is achieved not only by the struggle with the consequences, by the application of administrative and criminal sanctions, but preventive actions to prevent them. An important role will be played by the National Plan, providing for comprehensive measures for the conservation of biodiversity.

Control Cloud Data Access Privilge Anonymity with Attributed Based Encryption

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 279
Author(s):  
P. Sudheer ◽  
T. Lakshmi Surekha
Keyword(s):  
Data Privacy ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Data Access ◽  
Privacy Concerns ◽  
Cloud Data ◽  
Computing Paradigm ◽  
Attribute Based Encryption ◽  
Data Content ◽  
Identity Privacy ◽  
Cloud Servers

Cloud computing is a revolutionary computing paradigm, which enables flexible, on-demand, and low-cost usage of computing resources, but the data is outsourced to some cloud servers, and various privacy concerns emerge from it. Various schemes based on the attribute-based encryption have been to secure the cloud storage. Data content privacy. A semi anonymous privilege control scheme AnonyControl to address not only the data privacy. But also the user identity privacy. AnonyControl decentralizes the central authority to limit the identity leakage and thus achieves semi anonymity. The  Anonymity –F which fully prevent the identity leakage and achieve the full anonymity.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document