scholarly journals Resilience of Urban Economic Structures Following the Great Recession

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 2374
Author(s):  
Shade T. Shutters ◽  
Srinivasa S. Kandala ◽  
Fangwu Wei ◽  
Ann P. Kinzig
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Economic Structure ◽  
Urban Systems ◽  
Urban Resilience ◽  
Economic Resilience ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
Global Recession ◽  
Measured Change ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Over Time

The future sustainability of cities is contingent on economic resilience. Yet, urban resilience is still not well understood, as cities are frequently disrupted by shocks, such as natural disasters, economic recessions, or changes in government policies. These shocks can significantly alter a city’s economic structure. Yet the term economic structure is often used metaphorically and is often not understood sufficiently by those having to implement policies. Here, we operationalized the concept of economic structure as a weighted network of interdependent industry sectors. For 938 U.S. urban areas, we then quantified the magnitude of change in the areas’ economic structures over time, focusing on changes associated with the 2007–2009 global recession. The result is a novel method of analyzing urban change over time as well as a typology of U.S. urban systems based on how their economic structures responded to the recession. We further compared those urban types to changes in economic performance during the recession to explore each structural type’s adaptive capacity. Results suggest cities that undergo constant but measured change are better positioned to weather the impacts of economic shocks.

Predicting Delay of Commuting Activities Following Frequently Occurring Disasters Using Location Data from Smartphones

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takahiro Yabe ◽  
◽  
Yoshihide Sekimoto ◽  
Akihito Sudo ◽  
Kota Tsubouchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Movement Patterns ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Urban Systems ◽  
Road Density ◽  
Geospatial Information ◽  
Location Data ◽  
Disaster Intensity ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Main Factors

Natural disasters that frequently occur, such as typhoons and earthquakes, heavily affect human activities in urban areas by causing severe congestion and economic loss. Predicting the delay in usual commuting activities of individuals following such disasters is crucial for managing urban systems. We propose a novel method that predicts such delay of individuals’ movements in several frequently occurring disasters using various types of features including the commuters’ usual movement patterns, disaster information, and geospatial information of commuters’ locations. Our method predicts the irregularity of commuting activities in metropolitan Tokyo during several typhoons, and earthquakes, using Yahoo Japan’s GPS dataset of 1 million users. The results show that the irregularity of individuals’ movements are significantly more predictable than with previous models. Also, we are able to understand that commuters’ usual movement patterns, disaster intensity, and geospatial features including road density and population density are main factors that cause commuting delay following disasters.

scholarly journals Regional Resilience in Ireland and the Existence of a Two-Tier Recovery

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 99-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barraí Hennebry
Keyword(s):  
Great Recession ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Regional Disparities ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Economic Resilience ◽  
Regional Resilience ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Per Capita

Abstract This paper focuses on the increasing regional disparities in Ireland, especially since the great recession and assesses the degree to which the recovery has been concentrated in urban areas. Ireland was initially affected by the recession to a greater extent than other countries but has recovered strongly. However, this recovery has not been evenly distributed, with some regions showing greater economic resilience. Using descriptive statistics of GDP per capita (PPP), GVA and employment, this paper examines the extent to which the recovery has been a two-tier recovery. The paper finds evidence to suggest that the recovery has been heavily concentrated in Dublin, and to a lesser extent in Cork and Galway, resulting in an urban-rural divide.

scholarly journals Urban water resilience in Hindu Kush Himalaya: issues, challenges and way forward

Water Policy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (S1) ◽  
pp. 33-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vishal Singh ◽  
Anvita Pandey
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Water Governance ◽  
Blind Spot ◽  
Urban Systems ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Urban Water ◽  
Urban Resilience ◽  
Hindu Kush ◽  
Key Issues

Abstract The urban population is expected to rise up to 68% by 2050, adding 2.5 billion people to the urban areas of the world. The majority of the rise is expected to be in the low-income countries of Asia and Africa. Several cities/towns in the Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH) region are expanding at a rapid pace, putting additional pressure on water services and basic amenities for urban dwellers. Selected case studies undertaken by the authors suggest that the demand for water far exceeds municipal supply. Water governance in the HKH region remains a blind spot and challenges pertaining to urban water resilience are poorly understood. The paper is divided into three parts: the first outlines the development of towns and their water infrastructure through selected cases in the HKH, followed by key issues and challenges faced by urban systems and suggested measures to build urban resilience in order to deal with the projected rise in population, governance issues and anticipated changes in climate.

scholarly journals Considering hazard estimation uncertain in urban resilience strategies

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 4235-4261
Author(s):  
B. Barroca ◽  
P. Bernardara ◽  
S. Girard ◽  
G. Mazo
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Extreme Values ◽  
Evaluation Model ◽  
Urban Systems ◽  
Hazard Evaluation ◽  
Urban Resilience ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Scales ◽  
Strategic Orientations ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Town

Abstract. Urbanization has led to a concentration of both persons and property, which increases the potential degree of damage liable to occur in crisis situations. Urban areas have become increasingly complex socio-technical systems where the inextricable tangle of activities, networks and territories enables disruptions propagate rather than being disseminated. In risk anticipation, measures of prevention and anticipation are generally defined by using hazard modelling. The relevance of this approach may be subject to discussion (Zevenbergen et al., 2011) particularly in view of the large number of uncertainties that make hazard evaluation so difficult. For this reason, uncertainty analysis is initially called upon in a theoretical approach before any applied approach. Generally, the uncertainty under study is not assessed in hydrological studies. This uncertainty is related to the choice of evaluation model used for extreme values. This application has been used on the territory of the town of Besançon in eastern France. Strategic orientations for territorial resilience are presented taking account of the high levels of uncertainty concerning estimates for possible flow-rates. Adapting urban systems is becoming a~priority for urban resilience; this adaptation must take several spatial and temporal scales into consideration. This concerns both increasing the existing city's resilience in the face of risks, but also guiding actions wherever new urban developments are created.

Immigration and economic resilience in the Great Recession

Urban Studies ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 004209802092540
Author(s):  
Xi Huang
Keyword(s):  
Great Recession ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Economic Resilience ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
The Us ◽  
Capita Income Growth ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Us Cities

The 2007–2009 financial crisis has caused economic disruption in many US cities and has drawn considerable academic attention. Despite abundant evidence of immigrants’ economic and social value to urban areas, little research has examined the relationship between immigration and resilience. This article investigates whether immigration enhanced economic resilience to the Great Recession for metropolitan areas in the US. It uses ordinary least squares and instrumental variable regressions to test the immigration effects between 2007 and 2014. The findings indicate that immigration leads to employment and income resilience. On average, metropolitan areas with a larger immigrant population tended to better preserve their growth paths during the Great Recession and to experience greater levels of employment and per capita income growth following the recession.

scholarly journals From the “smart city” to the “smart metropolis”? Building resilience in the urban periphery

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano de Falco ◽  
Margarita Angelidou ◽  
Jean-Paul D Addie
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Smart City ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Social Innovation ◽  
Qualitative Content Analysis ◽  
Urban Systems ◽  
Hard Material ◽  
Urban Resilience ◽  
Urban Core ◽  
Policy Interventions

The “smart city” has risen to global prominence over the past two decades as an urban planning and development strategy. As a broad but contested toolkit of technological services and policy interventions aimed at improving the efficacy and efficiency of urban systems, the “smart city” is subject to several pressing critiques. This paper acknowledges these concerns, but recognizes the potential of “urban intelligence” to enhance the resiliency of metropolitan areas. As such, we focus on an under-researched dimension of smart city urbanism: its application in peripheral urban areas. The paper introduces a threefold typology of: (a) geographic (spatial); (b) hard (material); and (c) soft (social) urban peripherality. Second, it reviews the concept of urban resilience and considers how its central characteristics can inform the objectives and implementation of “smart city” infrastructures and planning. Six European smart city plans are assessed via a qualitative content analysis, to identify the target of smart city actions; the characteristics of urban resilience mobilized; and the spatial focus of planned interventions. The comparative analysis reveals a variegated set of smart-city approaches. Notably, “smart” actions aimed at enhancing social innovation are the most common type of intervention, while overall there remains a strong tendency for smart urbanism to focus on the urban core. We conclude by calling for a research agenda addressing smartness in, of, and for, peripheral urban spaces and communities.

Engineering in the time of cholera: overcoming institutional and political challenges to rebuild Zimbabwe's water and sanitation infrastructure in the aftermath of the 2008 cholera epidemic

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 222-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clarissa Brocklehurst ◽  
Murtaza Malik ◽  
Kiwe Sebunya ◽  
Peter Salama
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Humanitarian Aid ◽  
Urban Systems ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
Rapid Improvement ◽  
Cholera Epidemic ◽  
Rapid Action ◽  
Water And Sanitation Infrastructure ◽  
Urban Rehabilitation

A devastating cholera epidemic swept Zimbabwe in 2008, causing over 90,000 cases, and leaving more than 4,000 dead. The epidemic raged predominantly in urban areas, and the cause could be traced to the slow deterioration of Zimbabwe's water and sewerage utilities during the economic and political crisis that had gripped the country since the late 1990s. Rapid improvement was needed if the country was to avoid another cholera outbreak. In this context, donors, development agencies and government departments joined forces to work in a unique partnership, and to implement a programme of swift improvements that went beyond emergency humanitarian aid but did not require the time or massive investment associated with full-scale urban rehabilitation. The interventions ranged from supply of water treatment chemicals and sewer rods to advocacy and policy advice. The authors analyse the factors that made the programme effective and the challenges that partners faced. The case of Zimbabwe offers valuable lessons for other countries transitioning from emergency to development, and particularly those that need to take rapid action to upgrade failing urban systems. It illustrates that there is a ‘middle path’ between short-term humanitarian aid delivered in urban areas and large-scale urban rehabilitation, which can provide timely and highly effective results.

scholarly journals Landscape Design toward Urban Resilience: Bridging Science and Physical Design Coupling Sociohydrological Modeling and Design Process

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 4666
Author(s):  
Yoonshin Kwak ◽  
Brian Deal ◽  
Grant Mosey
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Landscape Design ◽  
Urban Systems ◽  
Urban Resilience ◽  
Planning Support Systems ◽  
Creative Solutions ◽  
Resilient Communities ◽  
Study Support ◽  
Key Variables ◽  
Resilient Design

Given that evolving urban systems require ever more sophisticated and creative solutions to deal with uncertainty, designing for resilience in contemporary landscape architecture represents a cross-disciplinary endeavor. While there is a breadth of research on landscape resilience within the academy, the findings of this research are seldom making their way into physical practice. There are existent gaps between the objective, scientific method of scientists and the more intuitive qualitative language of designers and practitioners. The purpose of this paper is to help bridge these gaps and ultimately support an endemic process for more resilient landscape design creation. This paper proposes a framework that integrates analytic research (i.e., modeling and examination) and design creation (i.e., place-making) using processes that incorporate feedback to help adaptively achieve resilient design solutions. Concepts of Geodesign and Planning Support Systems (PSSs) are adapted as part of the framework to emphasize the importance of modeling, assessment, and quantification as part of processes for generating information useful to designers. This paper tests the suggested framework by conducting a pilot study using a coupled sociohydrological model. The relationships between runoff and associated design factors are examined. Questions on how analytic outcomes can be translated into information for landscape design are addressed along with some ideas on how key variables in the model can be translated into useful design information. The framework and pilot study support the notion that the creation of resilient communities would be greatly enhanced by having a navigable bridge between science and practice.

scholarly journals A Study on the Integration of Resilience and Smart City Concepts in Urban Systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Anastasia Tzioutziou ◽  
Yiannis Xenidis
Keyword(s):  
Smart City ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Urban Systems ◽  
City Management ◽  
Urban Resilience ◽  
Continuous Growth ◽  
Management And Development ◽  
The Many ◽  
Development And Management

The continuous growth of cities brings out various concerns for improved development and management of the multifaceted urban systems, including those of resilience and smartness. Despite the many significant efforts in the research field, both notions remain changeable, thus retaining the lack of commonly accepted conceptual and terminological frameworks. The paper’s research goals are to designate the current direct and indirect links in the conceptualizations and research trends of the resilience and smart city frameworks and to prove the potential of the conceptual convergence between them in the context of urban systems. The application of a semi-systematic literature review, including bibliometric evidence and followed by content analysis, has led to the observation that as the resilience discourse opens up to embrace other dimensions, including technology, the smart city research turns its interest to the perspective of urban protection. Therefore, both concepts share the goal for urban sustainability realized through specific capacities and processes and operationalized with the deployment of technology. The paper’s findings suggest that the conceptual and operational foundations of these two concepts could support the emergence of an integrated framework. Such a prospect acknowledges the instrumental role of the smart city approach in the pursuit of urban resilience and unfolds a new model for sustainable city management and development.

scholarly journals Community Preferences for Urban Systems Transformation in Australia

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 4749
Author(s):  
Milo Costanza-van den Belt ◽  
Tayanah O’Donnell ◽  
Robert Webb ◽  
Eleanor Robson ◽  
Robert Costanza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Shared Vision ◽  
Urban Systems ◽  
Urban Structure ◽  
Sustainable Cities ◽  
Community Needs ◽  
National Workshop ◽  
Systems Transformation

Civil society engagement is important for enabling urban systems transformations that meet community needs. The development of Future Earth Australia’s Sustainable Cities and Regions: A 10-Year Strategy for Urban Systems was underpinned by cross-sectoral workshops in 7 Australian urban areas and interviews with key stakeholders to create a shared vision of both current and desired future urban structure and policy. We then created an online survey to gauge broader community feedback on the vision which emerged from these workshops and interviews, to compare their outcomes with the views of community members who could be directly impacted by urban decision-making. The survey consisted of 35 questions, which were shaped by the issues emerging from the workshops and interviews. The sample was self-selected, and the 641 respondents represented a cross-section of individuals interested in sustainable cities. Our survey results supported and expanded on the major conclusions of FEA’s National workshop and interview processes, including the need to develop transparent and responsive decision-making processes, limit waste and pollution and develop effective housing and transport alternatives with mixed-use neighborhoods and adequate green space.

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