scholarly journals The Effect of Untreated and Acidified Biochar on NH3-N Emissions from Slurry Digestate

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 837
Author(s):  
Pavel Covali ◽  
Henn Raave ◽  
Jordi Escuer-Gatius ◽  
Allan Kaasik ◽  
Tõnu Tõnutare ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Pure Acid ◽  
Surface Functional Groups ◽  
Hydrophobic Property ◽  
Total N ◽  
Manure Storage ◽  
N Volatilization

The development of new options to reduce ammonia (NH3) emissions during slurry manure storage is still required due to the shortcomings of the current technologies. This study aimed to identify to what extent untreated and acid-treated biochar (BC) and pure acids could reduce ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) volatilization and increase nitrogen retention in slurry digestate. The NH3-N emissions were effectively reduced by H2SO4 and H3PO4 acids, untreated BC when applied mixed into the digestate and acidified BC treatments applied on the surface of the digestate. Acidification increased the specific surface area and number of O-containing surface functional groups of the BC and decreased the pH, alkalinity and the hydrophobic property. Compared to untreated BC, the ability of BC to reduce NH3-N emissions was greater when it was acidified with H2SO4 and applied to the digestate surface. The effect on digestate pH of acidified BC when applied mixed into the digestate was not different, except for H2O2, from that of the addition of the respective pure acid to digestate. The total N concentration in digestate was not significantly correlated with NH3-N emissions. These findings indicate that acidified BC could be an effective conditioner to reduce NH3-N emissions from slurry digestate storage.

Study of the Porous Structure and High Adsorption Capacity of Biomass-Based Activated Carbon Prepared from Aspen Wood by Ferric Nitrate III Activation

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-144
Author(s):  
Chunjiang Jin ◽  
Huimin Chen ◽  
Luyuan Wang ◽  
Xingxing Cheng ◽  
Donghai An ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Adsorption Capacity ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Pore Volume ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Aspen Wood ◽  
Surface Functional Groups ◽  
Wood Sawdust

In this study, aspen wood sawdust was used as the raw material, and Fe(NO3)3 and CO2 were used as activators. Activated carbon powder (ACP) was produced by the one-step physicochemical activation method in an open vacuum tube furnace. The effects of different mass ratios of Fe(NO3)3 and aspen wood sawdust on the pore structure of ACP were examined under single-variable experimental conditions. The mass ratio was 0–0.4. The detailed characteristics of ACP were examined by nitrogen adsorption, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The adsorption capacity of ACP was established by simulating volatile organic compounds (VOCs) using ethyl acetate. The results showed that ACP has a good nanostructure with a large pore volume, specific surface area, and surface functional groups. The pore volume and specific surface area of Fe-AC-0.3 were 0.26 cm3/g and 455.36 m2/g, respectively. The activator played an important role in the formation of the pore structure and morphology of ACP. When the mass ratio was 0–0.3, the porosity increased linearly, but when it was higher than 0.3, the porosity decreased. For example, the pore volume and specific surface area of Fe-AC-0.4 reached 0.24 cm3/g and 430.87 m2/g, respectively. ACP presented good VOC adsorption performance. The Fe-AC-0.3 sample, which contained the most micropore structures, presented the best adsorption capacity for ethyl acetate at 712.58 mg/g. Under the action of the specific reaction products nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and oxygen, the surface of modified ACP samples showed different rich C/O/N surface functional groups, including C-H, C=C, C=O, C-O-C, and C-N.

scholarly journals Effects of microwave modification on the desulfurization and denitrification of activated coke

BioResources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 729-746
Author(s):  
Junhong Zhang ◽  
Zhi-jun He ◽  
Qing Guo ◽  
De-chao Xiao ◽  
Wen-long Zhan
Keyword(s):  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Pore Volume ◽  
Surface Functional Groups ◽  
Characteristic Peak ◽  
Theoretical Support ◽  
O2 Concentration ◽  
Activated Coke ◽  
Oh Content

Microwave modification of activated coke is reported as a green and simple route to improve its synergistic desulfurization and denitrification. The results showed that microwave irradiation improved the specific surface area and pore volume, decreased the pore size, and activated the surface functional groups of the activated coke. Under the conditions of a microwave power of 500 W and a modification time of 30 min, the specific surface area was increased from 185.9 m2/g to 351.7 m2/g, the pore volume increased from 0.042 m3/g to 0.111 m3/g, and the characteristic peak strengths of C=C and -OH drastically increased. When the reaction temperature was 140 °C and the O2 concentration was 10% (by volume), the desulfurization and denitrification efficiency were maintained at levels greater than 90% and 80% for 30 min and 15 min, respectively. The C-O content increased, and the C=C and -OH content decreased after undergoing desulfurization and denitrification. The desulfurization and denitrification products were primarily sulfate and nitrate. This provides theoretical support for the application of microwave modified active coke in low temperature desulfurization and denitrification.

Preparation of Adsorbent from Blue Coke Powder and its Application in Coking Wastewater

2011 ◽  
Vol 695 ◽  
pp. 553-556
Author(s):  
Yu Hong Tian ◽  
Xin Zhe Lan ◽  
Qiu Li Zhang ◽  
Juan Qin Xue ◽  
Yong Hui Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Coking Wastewater ◽  
Adsorption Time ◽  
Coke Powder

The low-cost blue coke industrial by-product, blue coke powder was used as raw material for the production of porous carbons adsorbent by steam activating at temperature of 800°C under the atmosphere of N2 for 60 minutes. The specific surface area and pore properties of the adsorbent were characterized by using N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms. Furthermore, the adsorption effects of the adsorbent for ammonia nitrogen in coking wastewater were investigated in terms of particle size, dosage of absorbent and adsorption time. The results show that the specific surface area is 620.94m2/g, the total pore volume is 0.4442cm3/g and the average mesopore size is 4.5808nm, the adsorbent possesses predominant mesoporous structures. In aeration, the removal rate of ammonia nitrogen can reach to 39.5% under the conditions of the ammonia nitrogen concentration of 625mg/L, the dosage of adsorbent 10g/L at the adsorption time of 60 minutes.

scholarly journals Bio-polishing sludge adsorbents for dye removal

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 15-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Abbas Ahmad Zaini ◽  
Norulaina Alias ◽  
Mohd. Azizi Che Yunus
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Blue Dye ◽  
Surface Functional Groups ◽  
Adsorption Capacities ◽  
Maximum Removal

Abstract The objective of this work is to evaluate the removal of methylene blue dye by bio-polishing sludge-based adsorbents. The adsorbents were characterized according to the specific surface area, pH upon the treatment and surface functional groups. The adsorption of dye was carried out at room temperature, and the adsorption data were analyzed using the isotherm and kinetics models. The bio-polishing sludge is rich in ash content, and the presence of surface functional groups varied with the treatment strategies. The specific surface area of adsorbents is between 7.25 and 20.8 m2/g. Results show that the maximum removal of methylene blue by sludge adsorbents was observed to have the following order: untreated sludge (SR) > zinc chloride-treated (SZ) > microwave-dried (SW) = potassium carbonate-treated (SK) > acid-washed (SH). The maximum adsorption capacities for SR and SZ as predicted by the Langmuir model are 170 and 135 mg/g, respectively. Although SR demonstrates a higher maximum removal than SZ, the latter exhibits greater removal intensity and rate constant even at high dye concentration. The bio-polishing sludge is a promising adsorbent for dye wastewater treatment.

scholarly journals Metal-Chloride-Activated Empty Fruit-Bunch Carbons for Rhodamine B Removal

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-133
Author(s):  
Muhammad Abbas Ahmad Zaini ◽  
Mohd Shafiq Mohd Shaid
Keyword(s):  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Rhodamine B ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Metal Chloride ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch ◽  
Surface Functional Groups ◽  
Colour Removal ◽  
Rhodamine B Dye

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the adsorptive ability of activated carbons derived from empty boil palm fruitbunch carbons through metal-chloride activation. The derived activated carbons were characterized in terms of yield, pH, surface functional groups, and specific surface area. Rhodamine B dye was used as a pollutant probe to evaluate the performance of activated carbons. Results show that empty, ZnCl2-activated fruit-bunch carbon exhibits a higher surface area of 866 m2 g-1 and a Rhodamine B removal yield of 105 mg g-1. Activation at the same temperature of 600 °C using the recovered FeCl2 yields an activated carbon with nearly twice the surface area compared to the fresh one. A direct correlation was obtained between the roles of the specific surface area and removal of Rhodamine B. Empty fruit-bunch carbon is a promising adsorbent precursor for colour removal from water.

scholarly journals Roles of Impregnation Ratio of K2CO3 and NaOH in Chemical Activation of Palm Kernel Shell

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norulaina Aliasa ◽  
Muhammad Abbas Ahmad Zaini ◽  
Mohd. Johari Kamaruddin
Keyword(s):  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Solid Mass ◽  
Surface Functional Groups ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Activating Agent ◽  
Better Than

The present work was aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of two activating agents, namely potassium carbonate (K2CO3) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in the chemical activation of palm kernel shell (PKS). The adsorbents were prepared by dried impregnation at different solid mass ratios of activating agent to precursor, followed by thermal treatment at 500°C for 2 h. The adsorbents were characterized for specific surface area, carbon content, ash content and surface functional groups. Results show that the specific surface of K2CO3-activated samples are in the range of 5.3 to 53 m2/g, while that of NaOH-activated samples are between 145 and 458 m2/g. The removal of methylene blue is in accordance with the development of surface area of adsorbents, with the maximum capacity between 7.8 and 69 mg/g, and fitted well with the Langmuir isotherm. The findings conclude that, under the thermal conditions studied, NaOH is better than K2CO3 in the chemical activation of PKS.

Removal efficiency of subsurface vertical flow constructed wetlands for different organic loads

2007 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 75-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Langergraber ◽  
C. Prandtstetten ◽  
A. Pressl ◽  
R. Rohrhofer ◽  
R. Haberl
Keyword(s):  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Constructed Wetlands ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Specific Area ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Vertical Flow ◽  
Design Standards ◽  
Vertical Flow Constructed Wetlands

Using subsurface vertical flow constructed wetlands (SSVFCWs) with intermittent loading it is possible to fulfil the stringent Austrian effluent standards regarding nitrification. For small plants (less than 500 persons) standards for ammonia nitrogen concentration have to be met at water temperatures higher than 12 °C, effluent concentrations and treatment efficiencies for organic matter have to be met the whole year around. According to the Austrian design standards the required surface area for SSVFCWs treating wastewater was 5 m2 per person. Within the first part of an Austrian research project the goal was to optimise, i.e. minimise the surface area requirement of vertical flow beds. Therefore, three SSVFCWs with a surface area of 20 m2 each have been operated in parallel. The organic loads applied were 20, 27 and 40 g COD/m2/d, which corresponds to a specific surface area requirement of 4, 3 and 2 m2 per PE, respectively. The paper compares the effluent concentrations and elimination efficiencies of the three parallel operated beds. It could be shown that a specific area demand of 4 m2 per person is suitable to be included in the revision of the Austrian design standard. Additionally it could be shown that during the warmer seasons (May–October) when the temperature of the effluent is higher than 12 °C the specific surface area might be further reduced; even 2 m2 per person has been proven to be adequate.

Surface functional groups and defects on carbon nanotubes affect adsorption–desorption hysteresis of metal cations and oxoanions in water

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
pp. 488-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Li ◽  
Changlun Chen ◽  
Shouwei Zhang ◽  
Xiangke Wang
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
Metal Ion ◽  
Ion Adsorption ◽  
Surface Functional Groups ◽  
Metal Ion Adsorption ◽  
Desorption Hysteresis ◽  
Adsorption Desorption

This study probed the effects of functional groups, specific surface area and defects on metal ion adsorption and desorption.

scholarly journals Green Synthesis Method and Application of NaP Zeolite Prepared by Coal Gasification Coarse Slag from Ningdong, China

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 2694 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenxin Ji ◽  
Shiyue Zhang ◽  
Pengde Zhao ◽  
Shasha Zhang ◽  
Ning Feng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Surface ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Coal Gasification ◽  
Synthesis Method ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Crystallization Time

In view of the current and urgent environmental protection needs, the use of industrial solid waste in China’s Ningdong is becoming more and more important. In this paper, NaP zeolite with good physical properties is synthesized by using coal gasification coarse slag (CGCS) as the raw material, without the addition of a silicon and aluminum source, without the addition of a template agent, and without high-temperature calcination. Add a small amount of NaOH and deionized water to the CGCS to adjust the molar ratio to SiO2:Al2O3:Na2O:H2O = 5.2:1.0:5.0:100. The effects of aging time, crystallization temperature, and crystallization time parameters on synthetic zeolite were studied. The raw materials and the obtained zeolite were tested by XRF, XRD, SEM, FT-IR, TG-DSC, BET, and other technologies. The results show that the specific surface area of the synthesized NaP zeolite can reach 161.06 m2/g, which has the characteristics of large specific surface area, regular morphology, and high crystallinity. We obtained NaP zeolite through a simple and low-cost synthesis method. The synthesized NaP zeolite was used to simulate the removal of ammonia nitrogen in wastewater, and the optimal removal rate was 92.67%. Among them, Na+ plays an important role in the synthesis of NaP zeolite and ion exchange with NH4+. Our research provides new ideas for solving the large-scale accumulation of CGCS and treating ammonia nitrogen in industrial wastewater. Thus, it is a promising green environmental protection and “treating waste by waste” route.

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