scholarly journals Roles of Impregnation Ratio of K2CO3 and NaOH in Chemical Activation of Palm Kernel Shell

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norulaina Aliasa ◽  
Muhammad Abbas Ahmad Zaini ◽  
Mohd. Johari Kamaruddin
Keyword(s):  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Solid Mass ◽  
Surface Functional Groups ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Activating Agent ◽  
Better Than

The present work was aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of two activating agents, namely potassium carbonate (K2CO3) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in the chemical activation of palm kernel shell (PKS). The adsorbents were prepared by dried impregnation at different solid mass ratios of activating agent to precursor, followed by thermal treatment at 500°C for 2 h. The adsorbents were characterized for specific surface area, carbon content, ash content and surface functional groups. Results show that the specific surface of K2CO3-activated samples are in the range of 5.3 to 53 m2/g, while that of NaOH-activated samples are between 145 and 458 m2/g. The removal of methylene blue is in accordance with the development of surface area of adsorbents, with the maximum capacity between 7.8 and 69 mg/g, and fitted well with the Langmuir isotherm. The findings conclude that, under the thermal conditions studied, NaOH is better than K2CO3 in the chemical activation of PKS.

POTASSIUM CARBONATE-TREATED PALM KERNEL SHELL ADSORBENT FOR CONGO RED REMOVAL FROM WATER

2015 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee Lin Zhi ◽  
Muhammad Abbas Ahmad Zaini
Keyword(s):  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Potassium Carbonate ◽  
Congo Red ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Surface Functional Groups ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Pseudo Second Order ◽  
Kinetics Of

This work was aimed to evaluate the adsorptive characteristics of potassium carbonate-treated palm kernel shell adsorbent for the removal of congo red from water. The adsorbent was characterized according to the specific surface area, surface morphology and surface functional groups. The bottle-point technique was employed to investigate the equilibrium uptake and the adsorption kinetics of congo red, and the removal mechanisms were proposed from the widely used isotherm and kinetics models. Results show that the specific surface area of adsorbent increased after the treatment rendering the maximum congo red uptake of 8.0 mg/g. The removal of congo red obeyed Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetics model suggesting the chemically-attributed homogeneous adsorption. Regeneration of congo red-loaded adsorbent by irradiated water showed a better regeneration efficiency of 82%. Palm kernel shell is a promising adsorbent candidate for congo red removal from water.

scholarly journals Microporosity Development of Herringbone Carbon Nanofibers by RbOH Chemical Activation

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vicente Jiménez ◽  
Paula Sánchez ◽  
Fernando Dorado ◽  
José Luís Valverde ◽  
Amaya Romero
Keyword(s):  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Carbon Nanofibers ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Micropore Volume ◽  
Structure Development ◽  
Activation Temperature ◽  
Activating Agent ◽  
Activation Conditions

The influence of different activation conditions, including activating agent/CNFs ratio, activation temperature, and He flow rate, on the pore structure development of herringbone carbon nanofibers (CNFs) was studied. The best results of activated CNFs with larger specific surface area can be achieved using the following optimized factors: RbOH/CNFs ratio = 4/1, activation temperature = ,and a He flow rate = 850 ml/min. The optimization of these three factors leads to high CNFs micropore volume, being the surface area increased by a factor of 3 compared to the raw CNFs. It is important to note that only the creation of micropores (ultramicropores principally) took place, and mesopores were not generated if compared with raw CNFs.

scholarly journals APPLICATION OF RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY FOR OPTIMIZATION OF PALM KERNEL SHELL ACTIVATED CARBON PREPARATION FACTORS FOR REMOVAL OF H2S FROM INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER

2017 ◽  
Vol 79 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Omar Abed Habeeb ◽  
Ramesh Kanthasamy ◽  
Gomaa A. M. Ali ◽  
Rosli Mohd. Yunus
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Industrial Wastewater ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Synthetic Wastewater ◽  
Activation Temperature ◽  
Batch Mode ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Activating Agent ◽  
Quadratic Models

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) present in the industrial wastewater can be removed using activated carbon produced from palm kernel shell. In this study, three factors namely activation temperature, impregnation ratio of potassium hydroxide to precursor and activation contact time were investigated for the preparation of activated carbon from palm kernel shell (ACPKS) as an adsorbent toward removal of H2S from synthetic wastewater using central composite design (CCD). Chemical activation method was used to activate the adsorbent with different conditions using KOH as an activating agent. The batch mode was utilized for studying adsorption process. Two responses (removal efficiency (RE, %) and yield of adsorbent (Y, %) are tested by means of two quadratic models. The results shown that the optimum conditions for ACPKS preparation are activation temperature of 829.4 ̊C, KOH to precursor ratio of 3.01 w% and activation time of 85 min with responses of 94.41% RE and 39.4% of ACPKS yield. The study recommended that, ACPKS is the promising adsorbent for removing H2S from wastewater and other aqueous solutions.

scholarly journals Oxidised Biochar from Palm Kernel Shell for Eco-friendly Pollution Management

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Sylbialin Amin ◽  
Robert Thomas Bachmann ◽  
Soon Kong Yong
Keyword(s):  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Surface Characteristics ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Low Rank ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell

Oil palm plantations produce palm kernel shell (PKS) that can be converted into biochar for environment-friendly soil remediation and water treatment. Oxidation with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) may enhance surface characteristics and the quality of low-rank PKS biochar as a sorbent for environmental decontamination. This study aims to determine the effect of oxidation on the surface characteristics (i.e., specific surface area, surface charge, and chemical properties) of PKS biochar, and compared with that of PKS activated carbon. The surface area for the oxidised PKS biochar was similar to that of PKS biochar, indicating that oxidation did not remove the pore blocking material from the surface area of the PKS biochar. However, oxidation has increased the amount of negatively charged oxygen functional groups in PKS biochar, as indicated by the analyses of the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and cation exchange capacity (CEC). The CEC value of raw and activated PKS biochar were similar and 4.6 and 2.6 times lower for PKS biochar and oxidised PKS biochar, respectively. Oxidation caused enlargement of pores on PKS biochar and caused a reduction of specific surface area. More research is required to establish the process conditions to create a greater surface area and sorption capacity.

scholarly journals Development and Characterization of Composite Carbon Adsorbents with Photocatalytic Regeneration Ability: Application to Diclofenac Removal from Water

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 173
Author(s):  
Velma Beri Kimbi Yaah ◽  
Satu Ojala ◽  
Hamza Khallok ◽  
Tiina Laitinen ◽  
Marcin Selent ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Hydrothermal Carbonization ◽  
Carbon Composite ◽  
Carbon Adsorbents ◽  
Regeneration Ability ◽  
Activation Temperature

This paper presents results related to the development of a carbon composite intended for water purification. The aim was to develop an adsorbent that could be regenerated using light leading to complete degradation of pollutants and avoiding the secondary pollution caused by regeneration. The composites were prepared by hydrothermal carbonization of palm kernel shells, TiO2, and W followed by activation at 400 °C under N2 flow. To evaluate the regeneration using light, photocatalytic experiments were carried out under UV-A, UV-B, and visible lights. The materials were thoroughly characterized, and their performance was evaluated for diclofenac removal. A maximum of 74% removal was observed with the composite containing TiO2, carbon, and W (HCP25W) under UV-B irradiation and non-adjusted pH (~5). Almost similar results were observed for the material that did not contain tungsten. The best results using visible light were achieved with HCP25W providing 24% removal of diclofenac, demonstrating the effect of W in the composite. Both the composites had significant amounts of oxygen-containing functional groups. The specific surface area of HCP25W was about 3 m2g−1, while for HCP25, it was 160 m2g−1. Increasing the specific surface area using a higher activation temperature (600 °C) adversely affected diclofenac removal due to the loss of the surface functional groups. Regeneration of the composite under UV-B light led to a complete recovery of the adsorption capacity. These results show that TiO2- and W-containing carbon composites are interesting materials for water treatment and they could be regenerated using photocatalysis.

Study of the Porous Structure and High Adsorption Capacity of Biomass-Based Activated Carbon Prepared from Aspen Wood by Ferric Nitrate III Activation

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-144
Author(s):  
Chunjiang Jin ◽  
Huimin Chen ◽  
Luyuan Wang ◽  
Xingxing Cheng ◽  
Donghai An ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Adsorption Capacity ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Pore Volume ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Aspen Wood ◽  
Surface Functional Groups ◽  
Wood Sawdust

In this study, aspen wood sawdust was used as the raw material, and Fe(NO3)3 and CO2 were used as activators. Activated carbon powder (ACP) was produced by the one-step physicochemical activation method in an open vacuum tube furnace. The effects of different mass ratios of Fe(NO3)3 and aspen wood sawdust on the pore structure of ACP were examined under single-variable experimental conditions. The mass ratio was 0–0.4. The detailed characteristics of ACP were examined by nitrogen adsorption, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The adsorption capacity of ACP was established by simulating volatile organic compounds (VOCs) using ethyl acetate. The results showed that ACP has a good nanostructure with a large pore volume, specific surface area, and surface functional groups. The pore volume and specific surface area of Fe-AC-0.3 were 0.26 cm3/g and 455.36 m2/g, respectively. The activator played an important role in the formation of the pore structure and morphology of ACP. When the mass ratio was 0–0.3, the porosity increased linearly, but when it was higher than 0.3, the porosity decreased. For example, the pore volume and specific surface area of Fe-AC-0.4 reached 0.24 cm3/g and 430.87 m2/g, respectively. ACP presented good VOC adsorption performance. The Fe-AC-0.3 sample, which contained the most micropore structures, presented the best adsorption capacity for ethyl acetate at 712.58 mg/g. Under the action of the specific reaction products nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and oxygen, the surface of modified ACP samples showed different rich C/O/N surface functional groups, including C-H, C=C, C=O, C-O-C, and C-N.

scholarly journals Effects of microwave modification on the desulfurization and denitrification of activated coke

BioResources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 729-746
Author(s):  
Junhong Zhang ◽  
Zhi-jun He ◽  
Qing Guo ◽  
De-chao Xiao ◽  
Wen-long Zhan
Keyword(s):  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Pore Volume ◽  
Surface Functional Groups ◽  
Characteristic Peak ◽  
Theoretical Support ◽  
O2 Concentration ◽  
Activated Coke ◽  
Oh Content

Microwave modification of activated coke is reported as a green and simple route to improve its synergistic desulfurization and denitrification. The results showed that microwave irradiation improved the specific surface area and pore volume, decreased the pore size, and activated the surface functional groups of the activated coke. Under the conditions of a microwave power of 500 W and a modification time of 30 min, the specific surface area was increased from 185.9 m2/g to 351.7 m2/g, the pore volume increased from 0.042 m3/g to 0.111 m3/g, and the characteristic peak strengths of C=C and -OH drastically increased. When the reaction temperature was 140 °C and the O2 concentration was 10% (by volume), the desulfurization and denitrification efficiency were maintained at levels greater than 90% and 80% for 30 min and 15 min, respectively. The C-O content increased, and the C=C and -OH content decreased after undergoing desulfurization and denitrification. The desulfurization and denitrification products were primarily sulfate and nitrate. This provides theoretical support for the application of microwave modified active coke in low temperature desulfurization and denitrification.

scholarly journals Innovative Activated Carbon Based on Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) and H3PO4

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aloysius Akaangee Pam
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Pyrolysis Temperature ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Choline Chloride ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Total Pore Volume ◽  
Activated Carbon Adsorption ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Activating Agent

In this present work, a novel method for synthesis of palm kernel shell activated carbon was established using DES (choline chloride/urea)/H3PO4 as the activating agent. The pore characterization, morphology, and adsorption properties of the activated carbons were investigated. The activated carbon samples made from the same feedstock at two pyrolysis temperatures (500 and 600 °C) were compared for their ability to adsorb Pb(II) in aqueous solution. The results demonstrated that the production of the activated carbon and adsorptive properties were significantly influenced by the pyrolysis temperature and the ratio of precursor to activating agent. DES/H3PO4 activated carbon (having surface area 1413 m2/g and total pore volume 0.6181 cm3/g) demonstrated good Pb(II) removal. Although all the tested activated carbon samples adsorbed Pb(II) from aqueous solution, they demonstrated different adsorption capabilities according to their various properties. The pyrolysis temperature, however, showed little influence on the activated carbon adsorption of Pb(II) when compared to the impregnation ratio. Their good desorption performance perhaps resulted from the porous structure.

scholarly journals Regeneration of Activated Carbons Spent by Waste Water Treatment Using KOH Chemical Activation

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (23) ◽  
pp. 5132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jung Eun Park ◽  
Gi Bbum Lee ◽  
Bum Ui Hong ◽  
Sang Youp Hwang
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
Waste Water Treatment Plant ◽  
X Ray

In this study, spent activated carbons (ACs) were collected from a waste water treatment plant (WWTP) in Incheon, South Korea, and regenerated by heat treatment and KOH chemical activation. The specific surface area of spent AC was 680 m2/g, and increased up to 710 m2/g through heat treatment. When the spent AC was activated by the chemical agent potassium hydroxide (KOH), the surface area increased to 1380 m2/g. The chemically activated ACs were also washed with acetic acid (CH3COOH) to compare the effect of ash removal during KOH activation. The low temperature N2 adsorption was utilized to measure the specific surface areas and pore size distributions of regenerated ACs by heat treatment and chemical activation. The functional groups and adsorbed materials on ACs were also analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence. The generated ash was confirmed by proximate analysis and elementary analysis. The regenerated ACs were tested for toluene adsorption, and their capacities were compared with commercial ACs. The toluene adsorption capacity of regenerated ACs was higher than commercial ACs. Therefore, it is a research to create high value-added products using the waste.

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