scholarly journals Income Redistribution Effect of Raising the Overall Planning Level of Basic Endowment Insurance for Urban Employees in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 709
Author(s):  
Wenguang Yu ◽  
Bing Li ◽  
Xianghan Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Income Redistribution ◽  
Income Group ◽  
High Income Group ◽  
Endowment Insurance ◽  
Economic Unit ◽  
Income Gap ◽  
Insured Person ◽  
Basic Endowment Insurance ◽  
Redistribution Effect ◽  
Wage Income

It is the focus of social security system reform at this stage in China to promote the transition of basic endowment insurance for urban employees from provincial overall planning level to national overall planning level, which is of great significance to the realization of fair and efficient of economic development. Based on the micro data of China Household Finance Survey 2017 (CHFS2017), this paper first establishes a personal wage prediction model to estimate the distribution of personal lifetime wage income, then designs two pension collection and payment plans of “direct national overall planning” and “indirect national overall planning”, and establishes an actuarial model of pension to calculate the present value of personal lifetime contribution, lifetime claim and lifetime real wage income after pension adjustment under different overall planning levels. Finally, the income gap index and net benefit rate index are used to measure the change of the whole income gap and the transfer of pension benefits. The results show that on the whole, the basic endowment insurance for urban employees does have a significant income redistribution effect, and its income adjustment effect is positively related to the overall planning level and intensity of the system. Under the current provincial overall planning level, the income redistribution effects of the system are as follows: the high-income group transfers to the low-income group, the young generation to the elderly generation, the female insured person to the male insured person, and the non-state-owned economic unit to the state-owned economic unit. With the improvement of the overall planning level and strengthening of intensity, there are differences in the changes of benefits among different groups.

scholarly journals The Impact of Urban Recreation Environment on Residents’ Happiness—Based on a Case Study in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 5549
Author(s):  
Lei Kang ◽  
Zhaoping Yang ◽  
Fang Han
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Subjective Evaluation ◽  
Objective Evaluation ◽  
Income Group ◽  
High Income Group ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Indirect Impact ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Urban Recreation

Rapid urbanization promotes the expansion of urban tourism and recreation functions, but it also brings many problems, which affect residents’ happiness. Previous studies have emphasized the direct impact of urban recreation environment on happiness, and few have explored the indirect impact of urban recreation environment on happiness through subjective evaluation. Based on the survey data of nearly 10,000 permanent residents in 40 key tourism cities in China, this paper establishes a theoretical framework of the direct and indirect impact of urban recreation environment on happiness. The objective evaluation of natural recreation environment and sociocultural recreation environment has an important influence on happiness, but the influence of natural recreation environment is greater than that of sociocultural recreation environment. Individual subjective satisfaction with urban recreation environment mediates the relationship between urban objective environment and happiness. Urban parks have a positive effect on happiness, while tourist attractions have a negative effect. The influence of urban location on happiness is nonlinear. The high-income group is more sensitive to the recreation environment, while the low-income group is less sensitive to the recreation environment. These findings provide insights for further improving citizens’ quality of life and designing urban construction in developing countries under the conditions of rapid urbanization.

scholarly journals An Analysis of Environmental Efficiency and Environmental Pollution Treatment Efficiency in China’s Industrial Sector

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Ning Li ◽  
Ying Feng ◽  
Pei-Ying Wu ◽  
Yung-Ho Chiu
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Environmental Governance ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
High Income ◽  
Environmental Efficiency ◽  
Technical Level ◽  
High Income Group ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Income Groups

This research adopts the meta Dynamic Directional Distance Functions (DDF) model in order to calculate the environmental efficiency and environmental governance efficiency of China’s industrial sector from 2010 to 2017 from the overall, sub-regional, and sub-provincial perspectives and discusses the technical gaps in regional environmental pollution control and the reasons for ineffective environmental governance. The research results show that the overall level of environmental governance efficiency in China’s industrial sector is relatively high over this time period, and the group frontier calculation results have improved compared to the meta frontier. The actual technical level of the high-income group is closest to the potential technical level, and the upper-middle income group is still far from the potential technical level. The main reason for the ineffective environmental governance of the provinces in the high-income group is ineffective management, while the main reason for ineffective environmental governance of the provinces in the upper-middle-income groups is technical inefficiency. Regardless of high-income groups or upper-middle-income groups, each province’s inefficiency of environmental governance is caused by inefficiency of the input factors.

scholarly journals Willingness to Pay for Maintenance of a Nature Conservation Area: A Case of Mount Wilhelm, Papua New Guinea

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene Ezebilo
Keyword(s):  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Land Use Planning ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Income Group ◽  
High Income Group ◽  
Conservation Area ◽  
Planning And Design ◽  
Logit Regression Model

<p>Ecosystem services that are not traded on markets contribute to human wellbeing however their economic value is not well known and research is required to reveal it. This paper reports on a study of willingness to pay (WTP) for the maintenance of Mount Wilhelm by urban residents and socio-economic factors influencing it. The possibility of developing an ecotourism strategy that could generate benefits for local are discussed. The data were obtained from questionnaire and personal interviews of residents of Kundiawa, which is the capital of Simbu Province, Papua New Guinea. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics and binary logit regression model. The results showed that 92% of the respondents were willing to pay for maintenance of Mount Wilhelm and they would pay an average of 7.4 Papua New Guinea Kina (US$ 2.5) each year. The respondents who belonged to high income group had the highest WTP, followed by those who were willing to give out part of their land for conservation. Approximately 62% of the respondents would pay ≥10 Papua New Guinea Kina (PGK), which is equivalent to the amount charged as access fee to Mount Wilhelm by the locals living around it. The willingness to pay ≥10 PGK was influenced by income, education, importance of forests and willingness to give up land for conservation. The findings will contribute to land use planning and design of nature-based recreation that meets societal demands.</p>

scholarly journals SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS AFFECTING PATIENT COMPLIANCE TO LONG-TERM THERAPIES

2021 ◽  
pp. 59-62
Author(s):  
SHAKEEL AHMAD MIR
Keyword(s):  
Patient Compliance ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
High Income Group ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Validated Questionnaire ◽  
Adherence Scale ◽  
Study Population

Objective: The aim is to study the effect of various sociodemographic factors on patient compliance in long-term therapies. Methods: This is a questionnaire-based study of 195 adult outdoor patients suffering from chronic illnesses and receiving long-term drug therapy. Various sociodemographic factors were noted in a validated questionnaire. Questions about drugs being taken were asked. The compliance was measured by General Medication Adherence Scale. Results: The study population consists of 51.3% of males and 48.7% of females. About 39.0% of participants were literate and 61.0% were illiterate. About 72.3% belonged to the rural area, 13.3% urban, and 14.4% to the main city. About 33.3% were self-employed or unemployed, 17.4% government employees, and 49.3% were private employees. About 20.0% belonged to high-income group, and 40.0% to middle- and 40.0% to low-income group. Statistically significant correlation was found between compliance and age, gender, area of residence, education, and marital status (p<0.05). Better compliance was observed in men, unmarried,middle-aged, literate, and urban populations. Conclusions: We conclude that some sociodemographic factors correlate with compliance to long-term therapies.

Consumer Purchasing Behaviour towards Organic Products in Thailand

2014 ◽  
pp. 411-433
Author(s):  
Yaowarat Sriwaranun ◽  
Christopher Gan ◽  
Minsoo Lee ◽  
David A. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Income Group ◽  
High Income Group ◽  
Health Food ◽  
Food Stores ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Female Consumers ◽  
Organic Products ◽  
Purchasing Behaviour ◽  
Self Administered Questionnaire

This study investigates the factors affecting consumers’ decisions to purchase organic products. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect the data from consumers who are primary shoppers for their households at five retail stores in the Bangkok metropolitan area. Using psychological and socio-demographics variables, exploratory factor analysis and logistic regression was used to examine consumers’ decisions to purchase organic products. Results suggest that consumers who are knowledgeable about organic products often purchase groceries at natural/health food stores, are concerned about health and food safety, and are more likely to purchase organic products. In addition, middle-aged female consumers who are highly educated and in the high income group are more likely to be organic consumers. In contrast, households who often dine out or consume takeaway food are less likely to purchase organic products.

International perspectives on inpatient mental health care

2019 ◽  
pp. 23-32
Author(s):  
Andrew Molodynski
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Mental Health Care ◽  
Inpatient Care ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
Income Group ◽  
High Income ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
High Income Group ◽  
International Perspectives

Inpatient care varies enormously, both between countries and regions and within them. These variations are most stark when based on economic factors, but stigma, prevailing societal attitudes, and the role of the family also play a significant part in the amount and quality of mental health care overall. This chapter begins by outlining global economic factors and their impact on provision. It then focuses on the concept of a whole systems approach, looking briefly at the evidence base for different components of services generally seen in high-income group countries. Alternative suggestions to ‘high-income group’ models are discussed as the evidence internationally emanates almost exclusively from a small number of wealthy westernized countries. The chapter ends with a section looking at several internationally important themes in inpatient care and outlining examples of differences between countries in challenges and in solutions to what is one of the longest standing issues in mental health care: how to provide humane, effective inpatient care to those who need it (and not to those who do not).

scholarly journals Healthy living practices in families and child health: 5-year follow-up of Taiwan Birth Cohort Study

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. e033613
Author(s):  
Yi-Ching Lin ◽  
Yi-Fan Li ◽  
Tung-liang Chiang
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Birth Cohort Study ◽  
High Income Group ◽  
School Age ◽  
Healthy Living ◽  
High Level ◽  
Taiwan Birth Cohort Study

ObjectivesWe have previously developed the Child Healthy Living Practices in Family (CHLPF) Index and found that the CHLPF Index was concurrently associated with the health of children at age 3. In this follow-up study, we aimed to examine whether healthy living practices in family at age 3 predicted health of children at school age.Design and settingData came from the Taiwan Birth Cohort Study designed to assess the development and health of 24 200 children born in 2005.ParticipantsA total of 18 553 cohort members whose mothers or primary caregivers had completed 6-month, 3-year, 5-year and 8-year surveys were included for analysis, representing a response rate of 87.3%.Outcome measuresA multiple logistic regression model was used to test the relationship between mother-rated children’s health at age 8 and the CHLPF Index level, after controlling for sex, birth outcomes, family structure, parental education, residential area, family income and mother-rated child’s health at age 3.ResultsThe percentage of mother-rated good health at age 8 was 79.7%. Compared with the low CHLPF level, the adjusted OR of mother-rated good health was 1.38 (95% CI 1.19 to 1.60), 1.21 (95% CI 1.10 to 1.35) and 1.17 (95% CI 1.07 to 1.29), respectively, for high, high–low and mid-low CHLPF levels. Moreover, the prevalence of mother-rated good health at age 8 with high-level CHLPF Index in the low-income group was similar to that of the high-income group (83.72% vs 84.18%); the prevalence with low-level CHLPF Index in the low-income group was much lower than that of the high-income group (70.21% vs 78.98%).ConclusionsOur study underscores that high level of healthy living practices in early childhood is positively associated with good health at school age, particularly for children from disadvantaged families.

scholarly journals Can income-based co-payment rates improve disparity? The case of the choice between brand-name and generic drugs

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuki Ito ◽  
Konan Hara ◽  
Byung-Kwang Yoo ◽  
Jun Tomio ◽  
Yasuki Kobayashi
Keyword(s):  
Generic Drugs ◽  
Income Group ◽  
High Income ◽  
Medical Expenditure ◽  
High Income Group ◽  
Brand Name ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Additional Payment ◽  
Brand Name Drugs ◽  
Payment Rate

Abstract Background Higher income population tend to prefer brand-name to generic drugs, which may cause disparity in access to brand-name drugs among income groups. A potential policy that can resolve such disparity is imposing a greater co-payment rate on high-income enrollees. However, the effects of such policy are unknown. We examined how patients’ choice between brand-name and generic drugs are affected by the unique income-based co-payment rates in Japan; 10% for general enrollees and 30% for those with high income among the elderly aged 75 and over. Methods We drew on cross-sectional price variation among commonly prescribed 311 drugs using health insurance claims data from a large prefecture in Japan between October 2013 and September 2014 to identify between-income-group differences in responses to differentiated payments. Results Running 311 multivariate logistic regression models controlling individual demographics, the median estimate indicated that high-income group was 3% (odds ratio = 0.97) less likely to choose a generic drug than the general-income group and the interquartile estimates ranged 0.92–1.02. The multivariate feasible generalized least squares model indicated high-income group’s higher likelihood to choose brand-name drugs than the general-income group without co-payment rate differentiation (p < 0.001). Such gap in the likelihood was attenuated by 0.4% (p = 0.027) with an US$1 increase in the difference in additional payment/month for brand-name drugs between income groups — no gap with US$10 additional payment/month. This attenuation was observed in drugs for chronic diseases only, not for acute diseases. Conclusions Income-based co-payment rates appeared to reduce disparity in access to brand-name drugs across income groups, in addition to reducing total medical expenditure among high-income group who shifted from brand-name drugs to generic ones due to larger drug price differences.

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