scholarly journals A Practical Overview of Methodologies for Sampling and Analysis of Microplastics in Riverine Environments

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (17) ◽  
pp. 6755 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Campanale ◽  
Ilaria Savino ◽  
Iulian Pojar ◽  
Carmine Massarelli ◽  
Vito Felice Uricchio
Keyword(s):  
Solid Phase ◽  
Critical Issue ◽  
Environmental Matrices ◽  
Complete Collection ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Practical Support ◽  
Other Information ◽  
Riverine Systems ◽  
Aquatic Compartment

Microplastics have recently been stated as being remarkable contaminants of all environmental matrices. The lack of consistent and standardised methods and protocols used to evaluate and quantify microplastics present in riverine systems made a comparison among different studies a critical issue. Based on literature research and the practical expertise of the authors, this work presents a complete collection and analysis of procedures concerning the monitoring of microplastics in riverine environments, focusing on their sampling and analytical protocols to identify, quantify, and characterise them. Further details regarding the advantages and disadvantages of each analytical technique described, such as general recommendations and suggestions, are provided to give practical support for analytical procedures. In particular, microplastics studies consist firstly of their sampling from the aquatic compartment (aqueous and solid phase). Based on the goal of the research, specific devices can be used to collect particles from different matrices. It follows their quantification after extraction from the environmental matrix, adopting different protocols to isolate microplastics from a large amount of organic matter present in a riverine system. In the end, additional qualitative analyses (e.g., RAMAN and FTIR spectroscopy, GC-MS) are required to identify the chemical composition of particles for a better image regarding the abundance of polymer types, their origin, or other information related to manufacturing processes.

Factorial Design Optimisation of Solid Phase Extraction for Preconcentration of Parabens in Wastewater Using Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 436-446
Author(s):  
Vallerie A. Muckoya ◽  
Philiswa N. Nomngongo ◽  
Jane C. Ngila
Keyword(s):  
Solid Phase Extraction ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Factorial Design ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Phase Extraction ◽  
Limit Of Quantification ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Simulated Wastewater

Background: Parabens are synthetic esters used extensively as preservatives and/or bactericides in personal care personal products. Objective: Development and validation of a novel robust chemometric assisted analytical technique with superior analytical performances for the determination of ethylparaben, methylparaben and propylparaben, using simulated wastewater matrix. Methods: An automated Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) method coupled with liquid chromatographymass spectrometry was applied in this study. A gradient elution programme comprising of 0.1% formic acid in deionised water (A) and 0.1% formic acid in Methanol (B) was employed on a 100 x 2.1 mm, 3.0 μm a particle size biphenyl column. Two-level (2k) full factorial design coupled with response surface methodology was used for optimisation and investigation of SPE experimental variables that had the most significant outcome of the analytical response. Results: According to the analysis of variance (ANOVA), sample pH and eluent volume were statistically the most significant parameters. The method developed was validated for accuracy, precision, Limits of Detection (LOD) and Limit of Quantification (LOQ) and linearity. The LOD and LOQ established under those optimised conditions varied between 0.04-0.12 μgL−1 and 0.14-0.40 μgL−1 respectively. The use of matrix-matched external calibration provided extraction recoveries between 78-128% with relative standard deviations at 2-11% for two spike levels (10 and 100 μgL-1) in three different water matrices (simulated wastewater, influent and effluent water). Conclusion: The newly developed method was applied successfully to the analyses of parabens in wastewater samples at different sampling points of a wastewater treatment plant, revealing concentrations of up to 3 μgL−1.

scholarly journals Extraction and Analysis of Tetrahydrocannabinol, A Cannabis Compound in Oral Fluid

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Jun Wang ◽  
Zhiyuan Mi ◽  
Jiangtao Su ◽  
Xiangyu You ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Testing ◽  
Oral Fluid ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Liquid Extraction ◽  
Phase Extraction ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Liquid Liquid Extraction ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Target

Although misuse and abuse of Cannabis is well known, the health benefits have been proved by various biomedical studies. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the major active substance in leaves of Cannabis, which is the common target for drug testing. In field drug testing, oral fluid (OF) has its unique advantages over other specimens such as blood, urine, and hair. Thus the study of THC in OF is gaining popularity in Cannabis research. In this review, extraction methods are introduced in three categories, which are Liquid-Liquid Extraction (LLE), Solid Phase Extraction (SPE), and Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE). Examples of application with each method will be covered. Advantages and disadvantages of these methods will be compared. In addition, methods in analysis following extraction will be briefly discussed.

scholarly journals THE METHOD OF PREPARING SOIL SAMPLES FOR SOIL – WATER CONTACT ANGLE MEASUREMENT USING SESSILE-DROP TECHNIQUE

2019 ◽  
pp. 91-112
Author(s):  
N. V. Matveeva ◽  
E. Yu. Milanovsky ◽  
O. B. Rogova
Keyword(s):  
Contact Angle ◽  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Sessile Drop ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Chestnut Soil ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Adhesive Tape ◽  
Membrane Filters ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Significant Difference

The method of soil samples preparation for measuring the (wetting) contact angle (CA) of the soil solid phase surface using membrane filters is proposed. The samples of kaolinite, a standard sample of chernozem and samples of agro-chestnut soil were taken for the experiment. The results of the CA measurements using two types of sample preparation for the analysis were compared. The first method of sample preparation was to apply a sample to a double-sided adhesive tape; the second method involved the deposition of suspensions of the studied samples of certain concentrations on membrane filters. The advantages and disadvantages of each sample preparation method are described. The significant difference in the obtained CA values depending on the sample preparation for measurement was revealed. The method of sample preparation with the use of membrane filters developed by the authors made it possible to reduce the CA measurement error by more than 2 times. Reducing the variation of the CA value of a single sample will allow comparing similar soil samples, including soils of the same type, but involved in different land use systems.

scholarly journals Determination of S-Adenosylmethionine and S-Adenosylhomocysteine in Plasma and Cerebrospinal Fluid by Stable-Isotope Dilution Tandem Mass Spectrometry

2000 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. 1650-1656 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduard A Struys ◽  
Erwin E W Jansen ◽  
Kees de Meer ◽  
Cornelis Jakobs
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Tandem Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
Internal Standard ◽  
Tandem Mass ◽  
Analytical Technique

Abstract Background: Available methods for the determination of nanomolar concentrations of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) and S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are time-consuming. We wished to develop a method for their rapid and simultaneous measurement. Methods: We used tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) for the simultaneous determination of SAM and SAH, with stable-isotope-labeled internal standards. The 13C5-SAH internal standard was enzymatically prepared using SAH-hydrolase and [13C5]adenosine. The method comprises a weak anion-exchange solid-phase extraction procedure serving as clean-up step for the deproteinized plasma and CSF samples. After clean-up, samples were injected on a C18 HPLC column, which was connected directly to the tandem mass spectrometer, operating in MS/MS mode. Results: In plasma samples, the intraassay CVs for SAM and SAH were 4.2% and 4.0%, respectively, and the interassay CVs were 7.6% and 5.9%, respectively. In CSF, the intraassay CVs for SAM and SAH were 6.8% and 6.9%, respectively, and the interassay CVs were 4.2% and 5.5%, respectively. Mean recovery of SAM and SAH for both matrices at two concentrations was 93%. Detection limits for SAM and SAH in samples were 7.5 and 2.5 nmol/L, respectively. Concentrations of SAM and SAH in plasma from healthy subjects were within the previously reported ranges. In 10 CSF samples, the mean concentrations (range) were 248 (137–385) nmol/L for SAM and 11.3 (8.9–14.1) nmol/L for SAH. Conclusions: SAM and SAH can be analyzed by MS/MS, taking optimal advantage of the speed and high sensitivity and specificity of this relatively new analytical technique.

scholarly journals Respiratory bioaccessibility and solid phase partitioning of potentially harmful elements in urban environmental matrices

2020 ◽  
pp. 142791
Author(s):  
Alexys Giorgia Friol Boim ◽  
Carla Patinha ◽  
Joanna Wragg ◽  
Mark Cave ◽  
Luís Reynaldo Ferracciú Alleoni
Keyword(s):  
Solid Phase ◽  
Environmental Matrices ◽  
Phase Partitioning ◽  
Potentially Harmful Elements

scholarly journals Sample Preparation to Determine Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products in an All-Water Matrix: Solid Phase Extraction

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (21) ◽  
pp. 5204
Author(s):  
Daniele Sadutto ◽  
Yolanda Picó
Keyword(s):  
Solid Phase Extraction ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Personal Care Products ◽  
Phase Extraction ◽  
Personal Care ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
Water Matrix ◽  
Emerging Trends ◽  
Dispersive Liquid Liquid Microextraction ◽  
Almost All

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are abundantly used by people, and some of them are excreted unaltered or as metabolites through urine, with the sewage being the most important source to their release to the environment. These compounds are in almost all types of water (wastewater, surface water, groundwater, etc.) at concentrations ranging from ng/L to µg/L. The isolation and concentration of the PPCPs from water achieves the appropriate sensitivity. This step is mostly based on solid-phase extraction (SPE) but also includes other approaches (dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME), buckypaper, SPE using multicartridges, etc.). In this review article, we aim to discuss the procedures employed to extract PPCPs from any type of water sample prior to their determination via an instrumental analytical technique. Furthermore, we put forward not only the merits of the different methods available but also a number of inconsistencies, divergences, weaknesses and disadvantages of the procedures found in literature, as well as the systems proposed to overcome them and to improve the methodology. Environmental applications of the developed techniques are also discussed. The pressing need for new analytical innovations, emerging trends and future prospects was also considered.

Progress in Pre-Treatment Techniques and Chromatography Detection Methods of Microcystins in Environmental Water

2011 ◽  
Vol 356-360 ◽  
pp. 955-958
Author(s):  
Ji Ping Ma ◽  
Cui Jie Rui ◽  
Yu Hua Liu ◽  
Jian Hua Ge ◽  
Zhi Wen Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solid Phase Microextraction ◽  
Cloud Point Extraction ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Environmental Water ◽  
Cyanobacterial Blooms ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Chromatography Analysis ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Treatment Techniques ◽  
Pre Treatment

The microcystins (MCs) were released by alge cells rupture when cyanobacterial blooms occur in eutrophic freshwater body. MCs are toxic, which have been considered as potential tumor promoters. MCs usually exist in water by the level of ng/L - μg/L. In this paper, the pre-treatment techniques for determinating the trace MCs, including solid-phase extraction (SPE), solid-phase microextraction (SPME), immune affinity chromatography (IAC), cloud point extraction (CPE) are summarized. The advantages and disadvantages of each technique are presented. Chromatography analysis methods are also reviewed.

scholarly journals Considerations on the application of miniaturized sample preparation approaches for the analysis of organic compounds in environmental matrices

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 433-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Pena-Pereira ◽  
Regina Duarte ◽  
Armando Duarte
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Organic Pollutants ◽  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Environmental Research ◽  
Environmental Matrices ◽  
Selective Enrichment ◽  
Target Analytes

AbstractThe miniaturization and improvement of sample preparation is a challenge that has been fulfilled up to a point in many fields of analytical chemistry. Particularly, the hyphenation of microextraction with advanced analytical techniques has allowed the monitoring of target analytes in a vast variety of environmental samples. Several benefits can be obtained when miniaturized techniques such as solid-phase microextraction (SPME) or liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) are applied, specifically, their easiness, rapidity and capability to separate and pre-concentrate target analytes with a negligible consumption of organic solvents. In spite of the great acceptance that these green sample preparation techniques have in environmental research, their full implementation has not been achieved or even attempted in some relevant environmental matrices. In this work, a critical review of the applications of LPME and SPME techniques to isolate and pre-concentrate traces of organic pollutants is provided. In addition, the influence of the environmental matrix on the effectiveness of LPME and SPME for isolating the target organic pollutants is addressed. Finally, unsolved issues that may hinder the application of these techniques for the extraction of dissolved organic matter from environmental samples and some suggestions for developing novel and less selective enrichment and isolation procedures for natural organic matter on the basis of SPME and LPME are included.

Optimization of solid-phase extraction using developed modern sorbent for trace determination of ametryn in environmental matrices

2009 ◽  
Vol 170 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 1247-1255 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.R. Koohpaei ◽  
S.J. Shahtaheri ◽  
M.R. Ganjali ◽  
A. Rahimi Forushani ◽  
F. Golbabaei
Keyword(s):  
Solid Phase Extraction ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Trace Determination ◽  
Phase Extraction ◽  
Environmental Matrices
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