scholarly journals Application of Waste Lemon Extract to Toxic Metal Removal through Gravitational Soil Flushing and Composting Stabilization

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (14) ◽  
pp. 5751
Author(s):  
Pei-Wen Zhang ◽  
Ya-Zhen Huang ◽  
Chihhao Fan ◽  
Tsun-Kuo Chang
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Toxic Metals ◽  
Copper Concentration ◽  
Metal Removal ◽  
Toxic Metal ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Exchange Reactions ◽  
Citric Acid Concentration ◽  
Soil Flushing

The present study aims to investigate the treatment efficiency of soil flushing using waste lemon extract for samples collected from contaminated farmland, in which the copper concentration was measured as 2487 ± 139 mg/kg. The flushing solution, containing 9.9 g/L citric acid, was prepared from the waste lemon extraction process. The soil-flushing treatment using a solution containing commercial citric acids of 10 g/L was also conducted for comparison. Additionally, the collected soil was mixed with crushed waste lemons and the mixture was subjected to a composting process for subsequent stabilization study. After 120-min batch experiments, the desorbed copper concentration for waste lemon-extract experiment was 36.9 mg/L, which was higher than that (28.6 mg/L) for commercial citric solution experiment. The reduction in soil copper concentration (1504 mg/kg) treated by waste lemon-extract flushing was more than that treated by commercial citric solution (1256 mg/kg) at the comparable citric acid concentration. More metals were removed by waste lemon-extract flushing. This is because the waste lemon-extract solution contains additional co-dissolved organic substances with a longer flushing time, which allows more exchange reactions between adsorbed metals and flushing solution. For the treatment with waste lemon extract, the soil pH values were 4.56, 5.70 and 6.29 before, after flushing and after compost treatment, respectively. The observed variation in soil pH also showed that waste lemon extract might be a better flushing agent, while flushing with commercial citric solution decreased the pH in the soil environment. The plant copper availability dropped from 677 mg/kg to 156 mg/kg after waste lemon-extract flushing and stabilization with composted waste lemon. Therefore, the use of waste lemon extract for soil flushing not only removed toxic metals from the soil but also prevented the occurrence of soil acidification, an often-observed phenomenon using an acidic solution in conventional soil flushing. After soil flushing, the application of composted waste lemon could stabilize the toxic metals and increase the pH to a range suitable for plant growth.

Application of waste lemon extract to rehabilitate the copper-contaminated farmland through gravitational soil flushing and stabilization

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chihhao Fan ◽  
Pei-Wen Chang ◽  
Ya-Zhen Huang
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Copper Concentration ◽  
Metal Removal ◽  
Heavy Metal Removal ◽  
Soil Environment ◽  
Citric Acid Concentration ◽  
Soil Flushing ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Copper Contaminated ◽  
Compost Treatment

<p>The present study aimed to investigate the effect of the waste lemon extract on the flushing treatment of the copper-contaminated soil collected from contaminated farmland, in which the copper concentration was measured as high as 2487 mg/kg. The soil flushing solution was prepared using the extract from collected waste lemons. The soil flushing treatment using the solution containing commercial citric acids was also conducted for comparison. Additionally, the waste lemon was used for soil rehabilitation after composting treatment.</p><p>The soil copper concentration treated with the solution containing waste lemon extract decreased more than that treated by the commercial citric acid solution at the comparable citric acid concentration. This is because the waste lemon extract solution contains additional co-dissolved organic substances other than citric acid and the flushing treatment had a higher retention time. For the treatment with lemon extract, the soil pH values were 4.56, 5.70 and 6.29 before, after lemon extract flushing and after compost treatment. The copper plant availability dropped from 677 mg/kg for the soil before flushing to 156 mg/kg after stabilization with composted waste lemon. Therefore, the citric acid flushing combined with stabilization was found effective for heavy metal removal in the soil environment.</p>

scholarly journals Optimization of Betalain Pigments Extraction Using Beetroot by-Products as a Valuable Source

Inventions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 50
Author(s):  
Silvia Lazăr (Mistrianu) ◽  
Oana Emilia Constantin ◽  
Nicoleta Stănciuc ◽  
Iuliana Aprodu ◽  
Constantin Croitoru ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Acid Concentration ◽  
Ethanol Concentration ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Extraction Time ◽  
Quadratic Model ◽  
Citric Acid Concentration ◽  
Operating Variables ◽  
Conventional Solvent Extraction ◽  
Optimized Conditions

(1) Background: This study is designed to extract the bioactive compounds from beetroot peel for future use in the food industry. (2) Methods: Spectrophotometry techniques analyzed the effect of conventional solvent extraction on betalains and polyphenolic compounds from beetroot peels. Several treatments by varying for factors (ethanol and citric acid concentration, temperature, and time) were applied to the beetroot peel samples. A Central Composite Design (CCD) has been used to investigate the effect of the extraction parameters on the extraction steps and optimize the betalains and total polyphenols extraction from beetroot. A quadratic model was suggested for all the parameters analyzed and used. (3) Results: The maximum and minimum variables investigated in the experimental plan in the coded form are citric acid concentration (0.10–1.5%), ethanol concentration (10–50%), operating temperature (20–60 °C), and extraction time (15–50 min). The experimental design revealed variation in betalain content ranging from 0.29 to 1.44 mg/g DW, and the yield of polyphenolic varied from 1.64 to 2.74 mg/g DW. The optimized conditions for the maximum recovery of betalains and phenols were citric acid concentration 1.5%, ethanol concentration 50%, temperature 52.52 °C, and extraction time 49.9 min. (4) Conclusions: Overall, it can be noted that the extraction process can be improved by adjusting operating variables in order to maximize the model responses.

scholarly journals Assessment of heavy metal removal efficiencies by naturally fermented and a. niger fermented pineapple wastes from contaminated sewage sludge

2007 ◽  
pp. 429-438
Author(s):  
Dominica del Mundo Dacera ◽  
Sandhya Babel
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Metal Removal ◽  
Heavy Metal Removal ◽  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Chemical Extraction ◽  
Sequential Chemical Extraction ◽  
Removal Efficiencies

Heavy metals in sewage sludge can pose a long term environmental risk due to their toxicity,non-biodegradability and consequent persistence, This study assessed the efficiencies ofvarious organic extractants such as naturally fermented and A�pergillus niger (A. niger)fermented raw liquid from pineapple wastes, in the chemical extraction process, to extract Cr,Cu, Pb, Ni and Zn, from anaerobically digested sewage sludge in Thailand. Pineapple wastesare a good source of sugar and protein and have been utilized experimentally in theproduction of citric acid by fennentation with the fungus A. niger. Comparison of theextraction efficiencies of these extractants with commercial citric acid was also investigated attwo hours leaching time and pH 3 and greater. Results of the study revealed that at pHapproaching 4, A. niger fermented liquid seemed to exhibit the best removal efficiency forpractically all metals studied, attaining as much as 72% removal for Zn, 70% for Ni, 50% forCr and 37% for Cu, although effectivity of removal seemed to be less apparent for Pb. Themost readily solubilized metal seemed to be Zn with the most removal of 92% attained bynaturally fermented raw liquid, The effectivity of removal by A. niger fem1ented liquid maybe due to the presence of citric acid and other carboxylic acids as confirmed by the HPLC andIR studies of the fem1ented liquid, Moreover, variation in metal removal efficiencies may beattributed to the fonns of metals in the sludge, as evidenced by chemical speciation studiesusing sequential chemical extraction procedure, with metals predominantly in theexchangeable and oxidizable phases showing ease of leachability,

scholarly journals PENGARUH SUHU EKSTRAKSI DAN KONSENTRASI ASAM SITRAT TERHADAP PIGMEN BETACYANIN DAUN KREMAH MERAH (Alternanthera dentata) DAN APLIKASINYA PADA PANGAN

Pro Food ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 178
Author(s):  
Lisa Yusmita ◽  
Anwar Kasim ◽  
Hazli Nurdin
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Acid Concentration ◽  
Concentration Factor ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Extraction Temperature ◽  
Total Acid ◽  
Citric Acid Concentration ◽  
Tukey Test ◽  
Powder Extract

The aim of this research was to determine the best extraction temperature and concentration of citric acid in the extraction of betacyanin powder from Dentata Ruby leaves (Alternanthera dentata) and to know organoleptic panelist reception in the application of betacyanin pigment as a natural colourant to several food types. The design used in this research is Factorial Random Design (RAL) with 2 factors and 3 replications. The data obtained were analyzed statistically by F test, then if significant effect was continued with HSD-Tukey test at 5% real level. The extraction temperature factor consisting of 2 levels ie cold temperature (8oC) and room temperature (25oC), and the citric acid concentration factor consisting of 4 levels ie 0%, 1%, 3% and 5%. The results showed that the interaction between extraction temperature and citric acid concentration in the extraction process gave significantly different effect on betacyanin concentration, acidity degree (pH), total acid and powder yield. The extract of betacyanin pigment powder extracted at room temperature (25oC) with the addition of 0% citric acid was the best treatment with betacyanin concentration of 214.47 mg / 100 g of material, pH 5.85 and total acid of 1.272% and powder yield of 56.43 %. The application of betacyanin powder extract on jelly, syrup and ice cream can be accepted organoleptically by the best treatment that is the addition at 1.5%concentration. Key words: antioxidants, betacyanin, dentata ruby, colourant   ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan suhu ekstraksi dan konsentrasi asam sitrat terbaik pada ekstraksi pigmen betacyanin daun kremah merah (Alternanthera dentata) dan mengetahui penerimaan panelis secara organoleptik terhadap aplikasi pigmen betacyanin sebagai pewarna alami terhadap beberapa jenis pangan. Rancangan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) faktorial dengan 2 faktor dan 3 kali ulangan. Data yang diperoleh dianalisa secara statistik dengan uji F, kemudian bila berpengaruh nyata dilanjutkan dengan uji HSD-Tukey pada taraf nyata 5%. Faktor suhu ekstraksi yang terdiri dari 2 taraf yaitu suhu dingin ( 8oC) dan suhu kamar (25oC), sedangkan faktor konsentrasi asam sitrat yang terdiri dari 4 taraf yaitu 0 %, 1%, 3% dan 5%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan interaksi antara suhu ekstraksi dan konsentrasi asam sitrat pada proses ekstraksi memberikan pengaruh yang berbeda nyata terhadap konsentrasi betacyanin, derajat keasaman (pH) dan total asam serta rendemen bubuk. Ekstrak bubuk pigmen betacyanin yang diekstraksi pada suhu kamar (25oC) dengan penambahan asam sitrat 0 % merupakan perlakuan terbaik dengan karakteristik konsentrasi betacyanin sebesar 214,47 mg/100 g bahan, pH 5,85 dan total asam 1,272 % serta rendemen bubuk 56,43 %. Aplikasi penambahan ekstrak bubuk pigmen betacyanin pada jelly, sirup dan es krim dapat diterima secara organoleptik dengan perlakuan terbaik yaitu penambahan pada konsentrasi 1,5 %. Kata kunci: antioksidan, betacyanin, kremah merah, pewarna.

Desorption of Cadmium from Soils Enchanced by Citric Acid

2012 ◽  
Vol 610-613 ◽  
pp. 235-238
Author(s):  
Yu Shuang Li ◽  
Xiao Jun Hu ◽  
Xue Ying Song
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Toxic Metals ◽  
Contaminated Soil ◽  
Environmental Problem ◽  
Soil Washing ◽  
Cadmium Contamination ◽  
Cadmium Removal ◽  
Citric Acid Concentration ◽  
Initial Ph

Cadmium contamination of soil has become a major environmental problem in the whole world. Soil washing is a possible remediation method for extracting contaminants from the contaminated soil. Natural organic acids seem to be promising environmentally friendly for removing toxic metals from soils. Batch soil-washing experiments were conducted to investigate the behavior of cadmium desorption from soils by citric acid. Results showed that cadmium removal by citric acid was highly dependent on the initial pH and the concentration of citric acid. The removal of cadmium declined sharply with the rise of pH. Contrarily, cadmium desorption increased with increasing citric acid concentration. More than 90% cadmium was extracted from soil by 80 mmol L-1 citric acid.

scholarly journals Juice Room Environmental Control Through Misting

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cássio Zapaterra
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Acid Concentration ◽  
Orange Juice ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Environmental Control ◽  
Main Idea ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Common Language ◽  
Citric Acid Concentration ◽  
Humidity Index

Waste from an orange juice manufacturing operation generally contains significant quantities of citric acid from the extraction process. Not considering environmental factors and the kind of process fruit, sometimes the citric acid concentration in the air can reach unacceptable conditions. The purpose of this work is to define some methods of environmental control in order to avoid high citric acid concentrations in the air. The main idea is to explain in “common language” how to keep an appropriate room temperature and humidity index in order to reduce the citric acid concentration in the air by evaporative cooling. Paper published with permission.

scholarly journals Unveiling Fabrication and Environmental Remediation of MXene-Based Nanoarchitectures in Toxic Metals Removal from Wastewater: Strategy and Mechanism

Nanomaterials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 885 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yassmin Ibrahim ◽  
Amal Kassab ◽  
Kamel Eid ◽  
Aboubakr M. Abdullah ◽  
Kenneth I. Ozoemena ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Toxic Metals ◽  
Environmental Remediation ◽  
Rational Design ◽  
Metal Removal ◽  
High Surface ◽  
High Surface Area ◽  
Toxic Metal ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Research Perspectives

Efficient approaches for toxic metal removal from wastewater have had transformative impacts to mitigating freshwater scarcity. Adsorption is among the most promising purification techniques due to its simplicity, low cost, and high removal efficiency at ambient conditions. MXene-based nanoarchitectures emerged as promising adsorbents in a plethora of toxic metal removal applications. This was due to the unique hydrophilicity, high surface area, activated metallic hydroxide sites, electron-richness, and massive adsorption capacity of MXene. Given the continual progress in the rational design of MXene nanostructures for water treatment, timely updates on this field are required that deeply emphasize toxic metal removal, including fabrication routes and characterization strategies of the merits, advantages, and limitations of MXenes for the adsorption of toxic metals (i.e., Pb, Cu, Zn, and Cr). This is in addition to the fundamentals and the adsorption mechanism tailored by the shape and composition of MXene based on some representative paradigms. Finally, the limitations of MXenes and their potential future research perspectives for wastewater treatment are also discussed. This review may trigger scientists to develop novel MXene-based nanoarchitectures with well-defined shapes, compositions, and physiochemical merits for efficient, practical removal of toxic metals from wastewater.

scholarly journals Structural Identification of Metalloproteomes in Marine Diatoms, an Efficient Algae Model in Toxic Metals Bioremediation

Molecules ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 378
Author(s):  
Christos T. Chasapis ◽  
Massimiliano Peana ◽  
Vlasoula Bekiari
Keyword(s):  
Toxic Metals ◽  
Metal Removal ◽  
Metal Tolerance ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Toxic Metal ◽  
Biological Indicators ◽  
Thalassiosira Pseudonana ◽  
Essential Metals ◽  
Dominant Group ◽  
Marine Diatoms

The biosorption of pollutants using microbial organisms has received growing interest in the last decades. Diatoms, the most dominant group of phytoplankton in oceans, are (i) pollution tolerant species, (ii) excellent biological indicators of water quality, and (iii) efficient models in assimilation and detoxification of toxic metal ions. Published research articles connecting proteomics with the capacity of diatoms for toxic metal removal are very limited. In this work, we employed a structural based systematic approach to predict and analyze the metalloproteome of six species of marine diatoms: Thalassiosira pseudonana, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Fragilariopsis cylindrus, Thalassiosira oceanica, Fistulifera solaris, and Pseudo-nitzschia multistriata. The results indicate that the metalloproteome constitutes a significant proportion (~13%) of the total diatom proteome for all species investigated, and the proteins binding non-essential metals (Cd, Hg, Pb, Cr, As, and Ba) are significantly more than those identified for essential metals (Zn, Cu, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Co, and Ni). These findings are most likely related to the well-known toxic metal tolerance of diatoms. In this study, metalloproteomes that may be involved in metabolic processes and in the mechanisms of bioaccumulation and detoxification of toxic metals of diatoms after exposure to toxic metals were identified and described.

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