scholarly journals Vehicle Identity Recovery for Automatic Number Plate Recognition Data via Heterogeneous Network Embedding

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 3074
Author(s):  
Yixian Chen ◽  
Zhaocheng He
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Transportation ◽  
Vehicle Group ◽  
Graph Structure ◽  
Traffic Planning ◽  
Camera Network ◽  
Heterogeneous Information ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Alignment Task ◽  
The Common ◽  
Embedding Methods

Automatic number plate recognition (ANPR) systems, which have been widely equipped in many cities, produce numerous travel data for intelligent and sustainable transportation. ANPR data operate at an individual level and carry the unique identities of vehicles, which can support personalized traffic planning. However, these systems also suffer from the common problem of missing data. Different from the traditional missing cases, we focus on the problem of the loss of vehicle identities in ANPR records due to recognition failure or other environmental factors. To address the issue, we propose a heterogeneous graph embedding framework that constructs a travel heterogeneous information network (THIN) and learns the embeddings of the entities to find the best matched vehicles for the unknown records. As a result, the recovery of vehicle identities is cast as an entity alignment task on a THIN. The proposed method integrates the vehicle group entities and context relations into the THIN for capturing the spatiotemporal relationships in vehicle travel and adopts a holographic embeddings model for better fitting the network structure. Empirically, we test it with a real ANPR dataset collected from Xuancheng, China, which has a densely-distributed camera network. The experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed graph structure under different missing rates. Further, we compare it with other embedding methods and the results support the superiority of holographic embeddings.

The Common Application and Student Choice

2021 ◽  
Vol 111 ◽  
pp. 460-464
Author(s):  
Brian Knight ◽  
Nathan Schiff
Keyword(s):  
Student Choice ◽  
Single Application ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
First Choice ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Application ◽  
Over Time

We study the effects of the Common Application (CA) platform, which allows students to submit a single application to multiple institutions, on student choice. Using individual-level data from freshman surveys over the period 1982-2014, we develop two proxies for student choice, one based upon the number of applications submitted and another based upon students attending non-first-choice institutions. Using these proxies, we first document sharp increases in student choice over time. Linking these outcomes to the timing of CA membership, we provide evidence of a link between CA entry and increased student choice.

Paternalism, Autonomy, and the Common Good

2021 ◽  
pp. 89-109
Author(s):  
James Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Public Policy ◽  
Health Policy ◽  
Public Health Policy ◽  
Common Good ◽  
Health Policies ◽  
Public Health Policies ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Common Good ◽  
The Common

Public health policies are often accused of being paternalistic, or to show the ‘Nanny State’ in action. This chapter argues that complaints about paternalism in public health policy are, for a variety of reasons, much less convincing than is often thought. First, for conceptual reasons, it is difficult to specify what it would be for a policy to be paternalistic. Second, two of the elements that make paternalism problematic at an individual level—interference with liberty and lack of individual consent—are endemic to public policy contexts in general and so cannot be used to support the claim that paternalism in particular is wrong. The chapter concludes that instead of debating whether a given policy is paternalistic, it would be better to ask whether the infringements of liberty it contains are justifiable, without placing any weight on whether or not those infringements of liberty are paternalistic.

scholarly journals Relation Structure-Aware Heterogeneous Information Network Embedding

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 4456-4463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuanfu Lu ◽  
Chuan Shi ◽  
Linmei Hu ◽  
Zhiyuan Liu
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Information Network ◽  
Network Embedding ◽  
Heterogeneous Information Network ◽  
Heterogeneous Information ◽  
Real World Datasets ◽  
Low Dimensional ◽  
Embedding Methods

Heterogeneous information network (HIN) embedding aims to embed multiple types of nodes into a low-dimensional space. Although most existing HIN embedding methods consider heterogeneous relations in HINs, they usually employ one single model for all relations without distinction, which inevitably restricts the capability of network embedding. In this paper, we take the structural characteristics of heterogeneous relations into consideration and propose a novel Relation structure-aware Heterogeneous Information Network Embedding model (RHINE). By exploring the real-world networks with thorough mathematical analysis, we present two structure-related measures which can consistently distinguish heterogeneous relations into two categories: Affiliation Relations (ARs) and Interaction Relations (IRs). To respect the distinctive characteristics of relations, in our RHINE, we propose different models specifically tailored to handle ARs and IRs, which can better capture the structures and semantics of the networks. At last, we combine and optimize these models in a unified and elegant manner. Extensive experiments on three real-world datasets demonstrate that our model significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art methods in various tasks, including node clustering, link prediction, and node classification.

Behavioral Economics and the Law

2014 ◽  
pp. 598-622
Author(s):  
Edward J. McCaffery
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
Recent Trend ◽  
Law And Economics ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Traditional Markets ◽  
Institutional Settings ◽  
The Common ◽  
Behavioral Law And Economics ◽  
Real Costs

This chapter argues that a behavioral law and economics approach to tax is deeply needed for a wider normative analysis of the impacts of law on social welfare. The absence of traditional markets to serve as arbitrage mechanisms in public finance means that suboptimal tax and fiscal systems can arise and persist for long periods of time. Most of the current scholarly applications of behavioral approaches to tax, however, fail to take into account the institutional settings in which tax laws exist. For example, the common recommendation for tax-favored savings plans to counteract a persistent individual-level myopia that leads to undersavings for many suffers from the possibility of being undercut on account of the ability to borrow tax-free under the current income tax system, combined with individual-level myopia itself. Similarly, a recent trend of scholarship that argues for “low salient” taxes to help ameliorate persistent fiscal crises (themselves exacerbated by pervasive behavioral biases playing out in a setting absent effective arbitrage mechanisms) ignores or underplays the real costs of even hidden taxes, both allocatively and distributionally. The chapter concludes that the most critical work for a behavioral law and economics approach to tax lies ahead.

scholarly journals Subjective Importance of a Common Feature Decides Its Consideration in Multi-attribute Decision-making

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ziyi Wang ◽  
Guibing He
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Common Features ◽  
Shared Information ◽  
Multi Attribute Decision Making ◽  
The Common ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Subjective Importance

One of the interesting research questions in multi-attribute decision-making is what affects the consideration of shared information (i.e., common features) between two alternatives. Previous studies have suggested two approaches (bottom-up and top-down) in finding what characteristics of common features affect their consideration. Two bottom-up factors (salience and interdependence) were found, but no top-down factors were discovered. In the current study, we followed the top-down approach and investigated how subjective importance (SI) of a common feature affects its consideration. In two studies, we consistently found that, on both the general and individual level, the level of consideration increased with the SI of the common feature. This result provided a new explanation for the effect of common feature consideration and its individual difference; it also provided insights in explaining the underlying process of multi-attribute decision making.

scholarly journals Collaboration between the Conscious and the Unconscious: A Jungian Analysis of the Negotiation Process

2021 ◽  
Vol 04 (08) ◽  
Author(s):  
Prof. Dr. Kasia Jagodzinska ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Negotiation Process ◽  
Business Professionals ◽  
Transcendent Function ◽  
The Unconscious ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Jungian Analysis ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Secondary Result ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Individual

The common approach to the negotiation process focuses on the external manifestation of the interaction between two parties who are trying to reach a satisfactory agreement. This view does not take into account the internal drivers of behavior of the involved parties. The externalized dynamic between the negotiators is only the secondary result of the interplay between the conscious and unconscious elements in the psyche of both parties. The condition of a long-lasting agreement is therefore a collaboration between the conscious and unconscious representation on the individual level. This article examines the transcendent function as a union between the conscious and the unconscious, specifically the ego and the self. It focuses on the tendencies of these two factors that can either hinder or make the transition of energy possible in view of reaching a successful manifested agreement. The study provides a straightforward reference that can be used by analysts and business professionals to help them understand what are the psychological aspects that affect the negotiation process, both on the individual and on the collective level.

scholarly journals Enriching Meta-Analytic Models of Summary Data: A Thought Experiment and Case Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blakeley B. McShane ◽  
Ulf Böckenholt
Keyword(s):  
Thought Experiment ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Analytic Models ◽  
Summary Data

Meta-analysis typically involves the analysis of summary data (e.g., means, standard deviations, and sample sizes) from a set of studies via a statistical model that is a special case of a hierarchical (or multilevel) model. Unfortunately, the common summary-data approach to meta-analysis used in psychological research is often employed in settings where the complexity of the data warrants alternative approaches. In this article, we propose a thought experiment that can lead meta-analysts to move away from the common summary-data approach to meta-analysis and toward richer and more appropriate summary-data approaches when the complexity of the data warrants it. Specifically, we propose that it can be extremely fruitful for meta-analysts to act as if they possess the individual-level data from the studies and consider what model specifications they might fit even when they possess only summary data. This thought experiment is justified because (a) the analysis of the individual-level data from the studies via a hierarchical model is considered the “gold standard” for meta-analysis and (b) for a wide variety of cases common in meta-analysis, the summary-data and individual-level-data approaches are, by a principle known as statistical sufficiency, equivalent when the underlying models are appropriately specified. We illustrate the value of our thought experiment via a case study that evolves across five parts that cover a wide variety of data settings common in meta-analysis.

Walkability in Metropolitan Area

2019 ◽  
pp. 45-66
Keyword(s):  
Land Use Planning ◽  
Statistical Modelling ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Sustainable Transportation ◽  
Transport Modelling ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Walkability Index ◽  
Mode Of Transportation ◽  
The Common ◽  
Planning Concepts

Promoting active trips has been considered as a key element towards achieving more sustainable transportation. Walking as a mode of transportation can contribute to more sustainable and healthy travel habits. This chapter presents a new approach for measuring walkability within Melbourne region, Australia. An integrated approach combining transport and land-use planning concepts was employed to construct the walking access index (WAI), which is a location-based measure for accessibility. The WAI along with a common existing walkability index were employed in regression models to examine how the new index performs in transport modelling. Key findings indicate that residents are more likely to have walking trips when living in a more walkable environment. Furthermore, it was found using statistical modelling that the WAI produces better results than one of the common approaches.

scholarly journals Visual Lateralization in the Cephalopod Mollusk Octopus vulgaris

Symmetry ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frasnelli ◽  
Ponte ◽  
Vallortigara ◽  
Fiorito
Keyword(s):  
Octopus Vulgaris ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Plastic Ball ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Octopus ◽  
Context Dependent

Behavioral asymmetries exhibited by the common octopus, Octopus vulgaris, a cephalopod mollusk, during predatory and exploratory responses were investigated. Animals were tested for eye preferences while attacking a natural (live crab) or an artificial (plastic ball) stimulus, and for side preferences while exploring a T-maze in the absence of any specific intra- or extra-maze cues. We found individual-level asymmetry in some animals when faced with either natural or artificial stimuli, but not when exploring the maze. Our findings suggest that visual lateralization in O. vulgaris is context-dependent.

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