scholarly journals Transformation of Corn Stalk Residue to Humus-Like Substances during Solid-State Fermentation

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (23) ◽  
pp. 6771 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yinan Yang ◽  
Lili Wang ◽  
Yifeng Zhang ◽  
Libo Li ◽  
Xuyang Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Humic Acid ◽  
Solid State ◽  
Solid State Fermentation ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Corn Stalk ◽  
Humus Acid ◽  
Carboxyl Content ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Fermentation Tank

Lignocellulase production from straw fermentation has been widely investigated but the research has neglected to quantify fermentation-derived residue transformation to the humus-like substance (HULIS). To investigate the conversion efficacy of corn stalk residue to HULIS, the amount of HULIS associated with chemical composition and structural changes of humic acid-like substances (HAL) was investigated in a 30 L solid-state fermentation tank during a short period of eight days. The results show that the highest decomposition rate of corn stalk and the highest activity of cellulase, xylanase, and β-glucosidase appeared at the fourth day. At the end of fermenting process, the amount of humic acid-like substances (HAL) and the percentage of HAL in humus acid (PQ value) increased 17.5% and 8.9%, respectively, indicating Trichoderma reesei facilitates the transformation of corn stalk residue to HAL. Fatty acids decreased while aromatic carbon and carboxyl content significantly increased during the ongoing fermentation, which had a positive impact on the HAL thermal stability. The FTIR spectral and thermal analysis revealed an improvement in HAL degrees of condensation, oxidation, and aromatization. The present study suggests that the residue of corn stalks fermented with T. reesei might be a good fertilizer to improve soil characteristics.

Photodimerization of the α′-polymorph of ortho-ethoxy-trans-cinnamic acid in the solid state. I. Monitoring the reaction at 293 K

2004 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Fernandes ◽  
D. C. Levendis
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Single Crystal ◽  
Cinnamic Acid ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Asymmetric Unit ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cell Parameters ◽  
Short Period

Structural changes that occur during the [2 + 2] photodimerization of the metastable α′-polymorph of ortho-ethoxy-trans-cinnamic acid at 293 K are presented here. Crystals of the α′-polymorph were first stabilized by exposing the α-polymorph to UV light for a short period of time at 343 K. The photodimerization reaction was then carried out at 293 K and observed in situ by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The α′-polymorph contains three molecules in the asymmetric unit, labelled A, B and C, which are arranged to form two potential reaction sites. The intermolecular distance between the C=C bonds of molecules A and B (making up the AB site) is 3.6 Å, and these were observed to undergo photodimerization at 293 K. The corresponding distance between centrosymmetrically related C=C bonds in the CC site (made up of C molecules) is 4.6 Å, and these remain unreacted even after 60 h irradiation at 293 K. The crystal of the final product, which corresponds to a 66.7% conversion (only two out of three molecules in the asymmetric unit take part in the photodimerization reaction at 293 K), contains an ordered arrangement of the photodimer and unreacted monomer. The crystal retains many structural features of the original monomer crystal, including carboxylic acid hydrogen bonds and C—H...O interactions. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was used to monitor changes in the unit-cell parameters, reacting molecules and molecular conformations as the reaction progressed. The conformation of the photodimer obtained from the solid-state reaction differs from that of the photodimer obtained by recrystallization from solution.

scholarly journals Structural evolution mechanisms of biochar from solid state fermentation residues in a novel V-shaped down-tube reactor during fast pyrolysis

BioResources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 6600-6616
Author(s):  
Xiajin Ren ◽  
Juanjuan Wu ◽  
Donghong Zhang ◽  
Hang Xu ◽  
Hongzhen Cai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Solid State Fermentation ◽  
Sweet Sorghum ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Pyrolysis Temperature ◽  
Fast Pyrolysis ◽  
Structural Evolution ◽  
Sweet Sorghum Bagasse ◽  
Mineral Salts ◽  
Sorghum Bagasse

The structural changes of biochar prepared from sweet sorghum bagasse during fast pyrolysis of 200 to 700 °C in a novel V-shaped down-tube reaction device was investigated by ultimate analysis, bomb calorimeter, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and N2/CO2 adsorption methods. The results showed that the pyrolysis temperature had an important effect on the composition and physicochemical properties of sweet sorghum bagasse biochar. With the increase of pyrolysis temperature, the yield of biochar and the polar functional groups decreased, but the higher heating values and mineral salts increased. However, the surface area, pore volume, and adsorption (N2, CO2) increased first and then decreased. The biochar obtained at 500 °C had the most developed pore structures. The experimental results shed light on the high-quality utilization of sweet sorghum bagasse obtained from advanced solid-state fermentation.

Solid state fermentation of the winter savory (Satureja montana L) plant: changes of chemical composition and antimicrobial activity

Planta Medica ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 79 (13) ◽  
Author(s):  
G Juodeikiene ◽  
D Cizeikiene ◽  
A Maruška ◽  
E Bartkiene ◽  
L Basinskiene ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Solid State ◽  
Solid State Fermentation ◽  
Satureja Montana

Human potential in the system of social and economic development: problems and prospects of Vinnytsia region

2020 ◽  
pp. 71-80
Author(s):  
Olesya Tomchuk
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Human Potential ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Social And Economic Development

The article highlights the problems and prospects of human development, which is the basis for the long-term strategies of social and economic growth of different countries and regions at the present stage. Submitting strategies of this type provides an opportunity to focus on individual empowerment and to build a favorable environment for effective management decisions in the field of forming, maintaining, and restoring human potential. The analysis of the Vinnytsia region human potential dynamics in the regional system of social and economic development factors was carried out. Application of generalized assessment of the regional human development index components allowed the identification of the main trends that characterize the formation of human potential of the territory, including the reproduction of the population, social environment, comfort and quality of life, well-being, decent work, and education. The article emphasizes that despite some positive changes in the social and economic situation of the region and in assessing the parameters of its human development level relative to other regions of Ukraine, Vinnytsia region is now losing its human potential due to negative demographic situation and migration to other regions and countries. The main reason for such dynamics is proven to be related to the outdated structure of the region's economy, the predominance of the agricultural sector, the lack of progressive transformations in the development of high-tech fields of the economy. An important factor is the low level of urbanization of the region, which leads to the spread of less attractive working conditions and less comfortable living conditions. The key factors that cause the growth of urbanization in the region have been identified, including the significant positive impact of the transport and social infrastructure expansion, the lack of which in rural areas leads to a decrease in the level and comfort of life. Without progressive structural changes in the economy and the resettlement system, the loss of human potential will continue.

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