scholarly journals Fare Evasion in Public Transport: Grouping Transantiago Users’ Behavior

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (23) ◽  
pp. 6543 ◽  
Author(s):  
González ◽  
Busco ◽  
Codocedo
Keyword(s):  
Public Transport ◽  
Social Acceptability ◽  
Cluster Analyses ◽  
The Public ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
The Social ◽  
Fare Evasion ◽  
Bus System ◽  
Taking Care

A survey was conducted in July 2018 on the public bus system in Santiago, Chile, in which 457 users were asked to respond to a list of 42 statements expressing a range of attitudes on different aspects of the problem of fare evasion. The respondents were first categorized according to whether they had been observed paying or not paying the fare, and their responses were then subjected to separate cluster analyses that partitioned the respondents into groups according to their views on each survey statement. The analyses identified four distinguishable types or groups among those who did not pay the fare—radical, strategic, ambivalent, and accidental evaders—and three groups among those who did pay—proud, empathetic, and circumstantial evaders. The distinguishing factors motivating the decision to pay or not to pay the fare were found generally to reflect values and attitudes or ideologies but were also influenced by users’ perception of the social acceptability of evasion, the presence of anti-evasion measures, and how “organized” they were in taking care to have a farecard with them when planning to take a bus.

Archaeology of the Senses

Anthropology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jo Day
Keyword(s):  
Social Practice ◽  
Visual Analysis ◽  
Near Eastern ◽  
The Public ◽  
Archaeological Material ◽  
Sensory Experiences ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
The Social ◽  
Audio Recordings ◽  
The Senses

The influence of the “sensory turn” in the social sciences was first manifested in archaeology in the late 1990s and since then has permeated regional, chronological, and material specializations. Two interlinked themes underpin sensory archaeology: firstly, a recognition of a historically constructed ocularcentrism in how archaeological research has been planned, conducted, and presented; secondly, a realization that the senses are not just physiological but culturally created, and therefore every culture will have a different sensorium that establishes, reflects, and reinforces social practice (although this can be subverted by individuals or groups). Early efforts to counter the primacy of vision highlighted different sensory modalities, such as touch or hearing (less often olfaction and taste), and discussed more ephemeral aspects of visual analysis like shimmer and color symbolism. These studies explored a range of archaeological material, including monuments, artifacts, and significant elements in the landscape such as rock art. More recent work shies away from singling out any one sense and focuses on full-bodied, multisensory encounters—as happens in reality where the senses operate in tandem. This approach is a professed aim of phenomenological archaeology, adopted especially in studies of the landscapes of prehistoric northwestern Europe, although it has been much critiqued for being overly subjective and predominantly visual. Fully accessing the sensorium of any past culture is impossible, but if written sources can be used in tandem with archaeology, a more detailed picture can be painted—this has been the case with Roman, Mesoamerican, and Near Eastern archaeology in particular. Overall, the aim is to explore sensory relations for new insights into issues such as memory, feasting, social hierarchy, and ritual. To what extent this multisensory awareness can be practiced across the chain of archaeological knowledge production is much debated. Whether individual sensory experiences of excavation and finds analysis in the present are relevant for interpreting the past can be queried, but “doing” a more sensory archaeology must involve some element of reflection. Experiments with sensual narratives, audio recordings, collaborations with contemporary artists, and augmented reality (AR) explore dissemination beyond the traditional text and image. Museums have embedded multisensory elements within exhibitions and collections management, both to further engage the public and at a curatorial level to create more inclusive object biographies. Rather than requiring archaeologists to embrace a paradigm shift, as some have called for, sensory archaeology is one more element in the toolkit that enriches our understanding of past lives.

How upright a public bus transport system is desirable for sustainable mobility?

2020 ◽  
pp. 47-61
Author(s):  
Pragati Jain ◽  
Prerna Jain ◽  
Roopesh Kaushik
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Transport System ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Urban Transport ◽  
Sustainable Mobility ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Transport System ◽  
Bus Transport ◽  
Bus System

Sustainable mobility demands the inclusion of environment, social and economic sustainabil-ity. Public transport especially the bus system can be explored to fulfill these three sub goals. Globally the uses of personal vehicles have noticed an exponential growth owing to high per capita income and not up to the mark standards of public transport system. The emphasis on the requirement to probe significant questions while designing urban transport policies moti-vates this study to investigate what an ideal public bus system should be like, in the eyes of, those who either do not use or have shifted from public to private mode of travel. A survey on 1554 respondents is conducted to identify the various attributes that the public desire for, of a public bus system. These 12 items or attributes are clubbed into four categories using factor analysis. The logit regression run on the binary outcome "Shift" variable of opting or not opt-ing for public bus system with the four predicator variables (institutional, personnel, personal and qualitative) obtained using factor analysis shows positive association of improvement in these predicators to the outcome of opting for public transport.

Space—Time Budgets, Public Transport, and Spatial Choice

1981 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 497-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
P C Forer ◽  
Helen Kivell
Keyword(s):  
Public Transport ◽  
Social Impact ◽  
Time Budget ◽  
Policy Issue ◽  
Spatial Choice ◽  
The Public ◽  
Activity Spaces ◽  
Public Transport System ◽  
The Social ◽  
The City

This paper addresses the problem of access to urban facilities for housewives without cars, and the methodology of the Lund School is used to investigate the spatial constraints affecting access to and choice between a selected group of urban facilities in the city of Christchurch, New Zealand. To do this, the characteristics of the public transport system are investigated, and time-budget data used to specify typical windows of free time during a housespouse's day. From there the potential action and activity spaces of individuals in four suburbs are delimited, and these are used in assessing the variations in access to and choice between facilities in these suburbs. Finally, the social impact of the current bus provision in the context of the social structure of the city is raised as a policy issue.

scholarly journals Challenges faced by small-bus operators in participating in the formal public transport system

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jackie Walters ◽  
Lesiba Manamela
Keyword(s):  
Small Business ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Government Support ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Transport System ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
The Social ◽  
General Statistical ◽  
Structured Questionnaire ◽  
Made In

Background: Small-bus operators (SBOs) in South Africa operate on the periphery of the economic mainstream of scheduled subsidised commuter transport, and little progress has been made in getting these operators into the more formal subsidised industry. There is also a lack of information about the challenges these operators face in participating in the public transport industry.Objectives of the research: The main objective of the research was to conduct a survey among SBOs to obtain a better understanding of the challenges that they face in participating in the public transport industry.Method: A telephone survey of operators was undertaken to ensure an adequate response to a structured questionnaire. In analysing the data, we made use of Factor Analysis and the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) to undertake general statistical analysis.Results: The main results of the survey indicate that SBOs face significant financial and operational challenges. There is also a perceived lack of government support for SBOs. Major conclusions are that the Department of Transport (DoT) ought to address issues related to the complex governmental reporting and legal requirements for small business. In addition, government ought to be creating ‘space’ for SBOs in the design of contracts and actively encouraging the formation of consortia’s or partnerships, among the SBOs and/or between SBOs and established bus companies. Government, and especially the DoT, ought to more actively market the governments’ small-business support systems and procedures together with financial aid schemes to assist SBOs in acquiring or replacing buses.

scholarly journals Dobroczynność względem sierot na ziemiach polskich do 1918 roku

2019 ◽  
pp. 19-32
Author(s):  
Joanna Domańska
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Institutional Care ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Public Care ◽  
The Public ◽  
City Councils ◽  
The Social ◽  
The One ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Taking Care

Since the baptism of Poland up to 1918, the social care of orphans was diversified. Until the annexations, the care of parentless children in the Polish territories had been environmental and stemmed from voluntary and charitable actions taken up mostly by the Church. The creation of children wards in hospitals and shelters, and the establishment of children’s households in Warsaw as a result of father G. Baudounin’s initiative, might be considered as prototype actions in the complete institutional care of orphaned children. However, during the time of annexations, the situation of orphans became significantly diversified because it depended on the invaders’ policy and the citizens’ activity. Thus, on the one hand, it was created by the occupying country, on the other, it was shaped by tradition. In the territories of each of the conquerors there were periods of liberalization of law, which rendered it possible, at least to some degree, to follow Polish concepts. These were mostly based on philanthropy, charity religious groups, associations and individuals. It needs to be stated that at the beginning of the 21st century, in all of the partitioned territories, the orphanages were governed by obsolete regulations although tried out in other countries. In each of the annexed parts of Poland, the educational and caring actions stemmed from the acquired legislative system. Under the Austrian occupation it was the commune that had the duty of taking care of the parentless children as it was stated in the act passed on 3rd December 1863. In the Prussian part of Poland, the commune’s duty of taking care of the orphans was stated in the act passed in July 1870. It is worth mentioning that the legislative in Prussia was very similar to the Austrian one. The only difference between them was their effectiveness – it was far more efficient in the Prussian province. Under the Russian invasion the regulations concerning the orphanages were quite different. Since the resolution from 1817, the public care of orphans relied on the good will of the society. It was not until the ruling from 1870 that the city councils of public philanthropy, supervising such institutions, were brought to life. At the turn of the 19th century in Poland, especially among social and educational activists, the problem of children’s care became more popular. The necessity of providing care through social actions based on the law was discerned. During World War I, the problem of orphanhood achieved a new dimension, the so-called war orphanhood. It was not effectively taken care of until the end of the war.

scholarly journals What is a vested interest?

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Grant Duncan ◽  
Simon Chapple
Keyword(s):  
Social Interest ◽  
Public Debate ◽  
Vested Interest ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
The Public ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
The Social ◽  
Vested Interests ◽  
Negative Connotation

The term ‘vested interest’ is often used with a negative connotation, with regard to powerful and wealthy firms or groups who exploit their insider position or block policy changes that others believe would benefit the social interest, the latter potentially including future generations. But the term vested interests also covers members of the public who have rights to participate in public debate. So, how should we understand ‘vested interests’ for the purpose of improving and democratising policymaking processes?

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT: FUTURE CHALLENGES OF LIEPAJA` S TRAM (LATVIA)

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-28
Author(s):  
Diāna Līduma ◽  
Aija Kairēna ◽  
Inese Lūsēna-Ezera ◽  
Monta Šimkus
Keyword(s):  
Transport System ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Social Function ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Transport System ◽  
The Social ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
The Right ◽  
Selection Of

Transport has always had an important role in the lifestyle of population and development of economy, but the public transport performs mainly the social function – it works for the benefit of the society. Development and quality of services must be provided also for the public transport companies, however, we meet different problems related to infrastructure and traffic for this to happen. To successfully manage and develop a public transport company, it is essential to change the thinking of people in favour of the public transport, not for the personal transport. It is necessary to ensure the sustainability as the main value, which means selection of the right public transport system. The authors relied on the experience of formation of a unified transport system in the world and Latvia’s largest cities’ strategic vision for public transport development. Taking into account the fact that Liepaja is one the three cities in Latvia where the public transport service is provided by a tram, an empiric research was made. Its aim was to clarify the opinion of the inhabitants of Liepaja, regarding the services provided by Liepaja trams, regarding the possible improvements and necessity for development. 200 inhabitants of Liepaja were questioned within the framework of the research. The results of the research revealed that although the tram provides daily the inhabitants of Liepaja with the movement possibilities, unfortunately inhabitants are not ready yet to replace their personal transport with the public transport – tram to settle their daily problems. The results of the research allowed to conclude that future development possibilities and perspectives of the tram in Liepaja City can be related mainly with the creation of a new route, purchase of new carriages and unified public transport system in Liepaja City. Key words: availability and sustainability, Liepaja tram, public transport, social function of public transport.

scholarly journals Understanding Transantiago Users’ Motivations for Paying or Evading Payment of Bus Fares

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Busco ◽  
Felipe González ◽  
Yamil Jaqueih ◽  
Felipe Jiménez ◽  
Borja Alonso
Keyword(s):  
Transport System ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Social Acceptance ◽  
Research Question ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Transport System ◽  
Multidisciplinary Study ◽  
New Variables ◽  
Qualitative Methodologies ◽  
Fare Evasion

Transantiago, the public transport system implemented in Santiago, Chile, remains a controversial subject of public debate due to constantly increasing fare evasion rates throughout its decade-long existence. TheTransantiago, the public transport system implemented in Santiago, Chile, remains a controversial subject of public debate due to constantly increasing fare evasion rates throughout its decade-long existence. The research question under consideration in this paper is as follows: What motivates individuals to evade or pay bus fares? To answer this question, we developed a multidisciplinary study that combined relevant engineering expertise with a sociological perspective and combined quantitative analyses with qualitative methodologies to include new variables and categories that previous studies on the subject have omitted. We formulated a poll, which was administered to Transantiago, the public transport system implemented in Santiago, Chile, remains a controversial subject of public debate due to constantly increasing fare evasion rates throughout its decade-long existence. The research question under consideration in this paper is as follows: What motivates individuals to evade or pay bus fares? To answer this question, we developed a multidisciplinary study that combined relevant engineering expertise with a sociological perspective and combined quantitative analyses with qualitative methodologies to include new variables and categories that previous studies on the subject have omitted. We formulated a poll, which was administered to 503 public transport system users. The data we obtained were analyzed using a factor analysis. As a result, we identified 6 dimensions that explain motivations for fare evasion: i) behavior and social norms, ii) the public transport service’s image, iii) social acceptance of evasion, iv) trip planning, v) anti-evasion methods, and vi) fear of law enforcement. public transport system users. The data we obtained were analyzed using a factor analysis. As a result, we identified 6 dimensions that explain motivations for fare evasion: i) behavior and social norms, ii) the public transport service’s image, iii) social acceptance of evasion, iv) trip planning, v) anti-evasion methods, and vi) fear of law enforcement. research question under consideration in this paper is as follows: What motivates individuals to evade or pay bus fares? To answer this question, we developed a multidisciplinary study that combined relevant engineering expertise with a sociological perspective and combined quantitative analyses with qualitative methodologies to include new variables and categories that previous studies on the subject have omitted. We formulated a poll, which was administered to 503 public transport system users. The data we obtained were analyzed using a factor analysis. As a result, we identified 6 dimensions that explain motivations for fare evasion: i) behavior and social norms, ii) the public transport service’s image, iii) social acceptance of evasion, iv) trip planning, v) ineffective anti-evasion measures, and vi) fear of law enforcement.

scholarly journals SUPPORT OF DECISION-MAKING ON ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT

Transport ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Černý ◽  
Anna Černá ◽  
Bohdan Linda
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Economic Sustainability ◽  
Transport Service ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Accessibility Issues ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Public Transport Service

The main purpose of the paper is to present theoretical findings suitable as a support of decision-making on economic sustainability and accessibility of public transport. Czech experience with solving this problem is taken into account. The paper focuses on the relationship between two of three pillars of public transport sustainability – social and economic. Accessibility of public transport service for the clients is considered the main feature of the social pillar. Three types of accessibility are taken into account: spatial, time and economic. Indicators of all three types are presented and their role is studied in details. The main factors influencing the indicators are described. It is shown that, usually, strengthening the social pillar is then weakening the economic one. Further, the public transport accessibility issues are discussed in the most complicated case – in the weak demand areas. Demand Responsible Transport (DRT) is presented as an efficient and effective tool in maintaining the public transport sustainable in these areas. Different types of DRT are outlined and evaluated for the purpose of deciding which one to choose.

scholarly journals Transition économique et usage de la tradition: Les contextes illusoires du principe de la réciprocité dans les rites de passage en Serbie rurale

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 343
Author(s):  
Slobodan Naumović
Keyword(s):  
Social Consequences ◽  
Gift Giving ◽  
Expected Return ◽  
The Public ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
The Social ◽  
Cultural Pattern ◽  
Patterns Of Behavior ◽  
Traditional Patterns ◽  
The One

The paper, which is part of a larger whole, offers an attempt to interpret new forms of behavior, especially the complex interplay between different forms of gift giving and consumption in contemporary marital rites. These forms of behavior, which tend to mimic traditional patterns, but are far from them, represent the symbolic responses of peasants to the economic pressures of the outside environment. The concept of the use of tradition is offered as a framework through which it is possible to link the entirety of socio-economic conditions with deliberate actions by individuals or groups in a rural environment. Playing with the multiple meanings which can be ascribed to the forms of behavior that mimic traditional patterns, especially the reciprocity of different forms of exchange of gifts and wedding feasts, enables the transformation of interests which it isn’t advisable to endorse into actions which are acceptable to everyone. To use Bourdieu’s terms, consciously resorting to traditional forms of behavior enables the “euphemization” of their original meaning and the real reasons behind their use, and constitutes the first step in the use of tradition. The second step in this process is linked to choice between different behavioral patterns (the flows of reciprocity on the one hand, and conspicuous, prestigious consumption on the other) and playing with the social consequences of such choices. The possibility of using elements of the traditional cultural pattern of the wedding in order to maintain or elevate one’s social status was present before, especially due to the multifaceted practice of gift giving, or rather, the possibility of giving a gift which is larger than the expected return gift. The only difference between the traditional and the contemporary model of wedding practices is that today it’s possible to elevate one’s status through consumption which completely sidesteps the established channels of reciprocity and mutuality. Namely, while the former patterns of behavior made it possible to elevate one’s status only to the extent to which other members of the community received gifts, or the extent to which other members of the community profited from “excessive” gift giving, today it is necessary to build one’s social standing through consumption which completely sidesteps the channels of mutuality (like spending money on ordering songs, on orchestras, large tents, limos etc.) In a system like that, the practice of utilizing tradition, the public focus on gift giving and other forms of mutual exchange, serves primarily (but not only) to diminish the intrusiveness of new forms of behavior, especially “pure status consumption”, and to make their social consequences more acceptable.

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