scholarly journals Ecological Footprint and Water Footprint of Taipei

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (20) ◽  
pp. 5714
Author(s):  
Yung-Jaan Lee
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Footprint ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
High Income ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Daily Consumption ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Continuous Increase ◽  
Everyday Activities ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The City

Taiwan suffers from many natural disasters and is vulnerable to climate change. A continuous increase in its ecological footprint (EF) would pose numerous threats to the city. Taipei is Taiwan’s most densely populated city. Whether its citizens are consuming more resources because of their high income and high degree of urbanization, thereby burdening the environment, warrants study. In contrast to most top-down EF analyses, in this study, 445 residents were surveyed to calculate their carbon, built-up land and water footprints. Gender, occupation, age, education level, personal annual income and socio-economic background do not influence water footprint or EF. Moreover, an individual’s water footprint is not correlated with his or her EF. The built-up land footprint that is obtained in this bottom-up study is similar to that in Taiwan’s top-down national footprint account. However, the personal carbon footprint found herein is smaller than that in the national footprint account, because this study asked respondents’ only about consumption related to everyday activities. Since Taipei residents have a high income and high daily consumption, the water footprint herein is larger than the top-down water footprint. This bottom-up EF analysis reflects residents’ daily consumption patterns and can be used in future urban decision-making.

scholarly journals Application of Ecological Footprint Accounting as a Part of an Integrated Assessment of Environmental Carrying Capacity: A Case Study of the Footprint of Food of a Large City

Resources ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Świąder ◽  
Szymon Szewrański ◽  
Jan Kazak ◽  
Joost van Hoof ◽  
David Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Ecological Footprint ◽  
Resource Dependence ◽  
Natural Capital ◽  
Large City ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Environmental Carrying Capacity ◽  
The City

The increasing rate of urbanization along with its socio-environmental impact are major global challenges. Therefore, there is a need to assess the boundaries to growth for the future development of cities by the inclusion of the assessment of the environmental carrying capacity (ECC) into spatial management. The purpose is to assess the resource dependence of a given entity. ECC is usually assessed based on indicators such as the ecological footprint (EF) and biocapacity (BC). EF is a measure of the biologically productive areas demanded by human consumption and waste production. Such areas include the space needed for regenerating food and fibers as well as sequestering the generated pollution, particularly CO2 from the combustion of fossil fuels. BC reflects the biological regeneration potential of a given area to regenerate resources as well to absorb waste. The city level EF assessment has been applied to urban zones across the world, however, there is a noticeable lack of urban EF assessments in Central Eastern Europe. Therefore, the current research is a first estimate of the EF and BC for the city of Wrocław, Poland. This study estimates the Ecological Footprint of Food (EFF) through both a top-down assessment and a hybrid top-down/bottom-up assessment. Thus, this research verifies also if results from hybrid method could be comparable with top-down approach. The bottom-up component of the hybrid analysis calculated the carbon footprint of food using the life cycle assessment (LCA) method. The top-down result of Wrocław’s EFF were 1% greater than the hybrid EFF result, 0.974 and 0.963 gha per person respectively. The result indicated that the EFF exceeded the BC of the city of Wrocław 10-fold. Such assessment support efforts to increase resource efficiency and decrease the risk associated with resources—including food security. Therefore, there is a need to verify if a city is able to satisfy the resource needs of its inhabitants while maintaining the natural capital on which they depend intact.

scholarly journals Water footprint of Xiamen city from production and consumption perspectives (2001–2012)

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 472-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiefeng Kang ◽  
Jianyi Lin ◽  
Shenghui Cui ◽  
Xiangyang Li
Keyword(s):  
Water Footprint ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Average Production ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Xiamen City ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The City ◽  
Per Capita Consumption

Providing a comprehensive insight, water footprint (WF) is widely used to analyze and address water-use issues. In this study, a hybrid of bottom-up and top-down methods is applied to calculate, from production and consumption perspectives, the WF for Xiamen city from 2001 to 2012. Results show that the average production WF of Xiamen was 881.75 Mm3/year and remained relatively stable during the study period, while the consumption WF of Xiamen increased from 979.56 Mm3/year to 1,664.97 Mm3/year over the study period. Xiamen thus became a net importer of virtual water since 2001. Livestock was the largest contributor to the total WF from both production and consumption perspectives; it was followed by crops, industry, household use, and commerce. The efficiency of the production WF has increased in Xiamen, and its per capita consumption WF was relatively low. The city faces continuing growth in its consumption WF, so more attention should be paid to improving local irrigation, reducing food waste, and importing water-intensive agricultural products.

scholarly journals Carbon Footprint and Built-up Land Footprint: Taipei Case Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 118 ◽  
pp. 03052
Author(s):  
Yung-Jaan Lee
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Footprint ◽  
Ecological Footprint ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Statistical Correlation ◽  
Socioeconomic Background ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Economic Background ◽  
Daily Water

The purpose of this study is to analyze whether the ecological footprint (EF) of Taipei residents differs between districts. In this study, EFs of residents of 12 districts in Taipei were calculated from the bottom-up approach using 445 questionnaires. The EF consists of six categories, and this study focuses only on the carbon footprint and the footprint of the built-up lands. The personal carbon footprint for Taipei residents is 0.0458 gha. The top five districts with the highest personal daily water footprint are Nangang, Wanhua, Neihu, Beitou and Xinyi. The top five districts with the highest daily carbon footprint are Xinyi, Wanhua, Beitou, Nangang and Shilin. The five districts with the highest daily EF are Xinyi, Wanhua, Beitou, Shilin and Nangang. The socioeconomic background of the respondents does not relate to the size of the water footprint and ecological footprint. Moreover, there is no statistical correlation between the individual’s daily water footprint and daily EF. The socio-economic background of the respondents does not exhibit correlations with the size of the EFs.

scholarly journals The Water Footprint of Primary Cow–Calf Production: A Revised Bottom-Up Approach Applied on Different Breeds of Beef Cattle

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2325
Author(s):  
Frikkie Alberts Maré ◽  
Henry Jordaan ◽  
Mesfin Mergia Mekonnen
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Production System ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Animal Product ◽  
Water Users ◽  
True Representation

Beef has been identified as the farm animal product with the largest total water footprint in previous research, although various concerns have been raised regarding the top-down analyses approach followed in these studies. The objective of this study was to estimate the water footprint of weaned calves and culled cows from seven different beef breeds by applying a revised water footprint analyses approach. A bottom-up approach was followed to provide a true representation of the production system, and the water footprint of the production system, with the estimated water footprint for the system being allocated to weaned calves and culled cows according to the value factor of each. The results show that there are prominent differences between the seven breeds in terms of their respective water footprints per kilogram weaned calf, even though the total water footprint per herd for each breed revealed little variation between the breeds. There is a 45% difference between the breed with the lowest and the breed with the highest water footprint per kg calf. This knowledge can be applied by both water users (primary producers) and policy formulators to assist in the optimal use of fresh water for beef production.

scholarly journals Evaluation of mobile emissions contributions to Mexico City's emissions inventory using on-road and cross-road emission measurements and ambient data

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (17) ◽  
pp. 6305-6317 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Zavala ◽  
S. C. Herndon ◽  
E. C. Wood ◽  
T. B. Onasch ◽  
W. B. Knighton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Emissions Inventory ◽  
Mobile Sources ◽  
Mobile Emissions ◽  
The City ◽  
Road Emission

Abstract. Mobile emissions represent a significant fraction of the total anthropogenic emissions burden in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) and, therefore, it is crucial to use top-down techniques informed by on-road exhaust measurements to evaluate and improve traditional bottom-up official emissions inventory (EI) for the city. We present the measurements of on-road fleet-average emission factors obtained using the Aerodyne mobile laboratory in the MCMA in March 2006 as part of the MILAGRO/MCMA-2006 field campaign. A comparison of our on-road emission measurements with those obtained in 2003 using essentially the same measurement techniques and analysis methods indicates that, in the three year span, NO emission factors remain within the measured variability ranges whereas emission factors of aldehydes and aromatics species were reduced for all sampled driving conditions. We use a top-down fuel-based approach to evaluate the mobile emissions from the gasoline fleet estimated in the bottom-up official 2006 MCMA mobile sources. Within the range of measurement uncertainties, we found probable slight overpredictions of mean EI estimates on the order of 20–28% for CO and 14–20% for NO. However, we identify a probable EI discrepancy of VOC mobile emissions between 1.4 and 1.9; although estimated benzene and toluene mobile emissions in the inventory seem to be well within the uncertainties of the corresponding emissions estimates. Aldehydes mobile emissions in the inventory, however, seem to be underpredicted by factors of 3 for HCHO and 2 for CH3CHO. Our on-road measurement-based estimate of annual emissions of organic mass from PM1 particles suggests a severe underprediction (larger than a factor of 4) of PM2.5 mobile emissions in the inventory. Analyses of ambient CO, NOx and CO/NOx concentration trends in the MCMA indicate that the early morning ambient CO/NOx ratio has decreased at a rate of about 1.9 ppm/ppm/year over the last two decades due to reductions in CO levels rather than by NOx. These trends, together with the analysis of fuel sales and fleet size, suggest that the relative contribution of diesel vehicles to overall NOx levels has increased over time in the city. Despite the impressive increase in the size of the vehicle fleet between 2000 and 2006, the early morning ambient concentrations of CO and NOx have not increased accordingly, probably due to the reported low removal rates of older vehicles, which do not have emissions control technologies, and partially due to the much lower emissions from newer gasoline vehicles. This indicates that an emission-based air quality improvement strategy targeting large reductions of emissions from mobile sources should be directed towards a significant increase of the removal rate of older, highly-polluting, vehicles.

scholarly journals Mapping the city scale anthropogenic heat emissions from buildings in Kuala Lumpur through a top-down and a bottom-up approach

2021 ◽  
pp. 103443
Author(s):  
Kai Wang ◽  
Yasemin D. Aktas ◽  
Liora Malki-Epshtein ◽  
Di Wu ◽  
Muhammad Firdaus Ammar Bin Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Anthropogenic Heat ◽  
Kuala Lumpur ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
The City

scholarly journals Pelokalan Hak Asasi Manusia Melalui Partisipasi Publik dalam Kebijakan Berbasis Hak Asasi Manusia

Jurnal HAM ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 85
Author(s):  
Sabrina Nadilla
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Human Rights Based Approach ◽  
The City

Upaya untuk membawa nilai-nilai Hak Asasi Manusia (HAM) ke tingkat lokal sudah mencuat sejak 1990-an, melalui berbagai konsep, salah satunya human rights in the city. Konsep tersebut menantang pendekatan HAM yang selama ini hanya terpusat pada negara, sehingga membuka ruang bagi ide bahwa implementasi nilai-nilai HAM harus ditangani oleh berbagai tingkatan pemerintahan, bukan lagi terbatas pada pemerintah pusat. Dalam konteks Indonesia, upaya melokalkan nilai-nilai HAM telah dilakukan melalui berbagai kebijakan hak asasi manusia. Kebijakan tersebut antara lain penghargaan kabupaten/kota peduli HAM yang diselenggarakan oleh Kementerian Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia, dan proyek Kota HAM Bandung. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif yang berbasis pada studi kasus, analisis dilakukan dengan menerapkan konsep pendekatan hak asasi manusia (human rights-based approach) dalam kebijakan hak asasi manusia. Dalam perspektif pelokalan hak asasi manusia, kebijakan HAM di Kota Bandung menunjukkan beberapa indikasi. Pertama, kebijakan Deklarasi HAM Bandung sebagai suatu kebijakan berbasis hak asasi manusia yang bersifat bottom-up masih belum mampu mendukung upaya pelokalan HAM di kota Bandung. Kedua, kebijakan Penghargaan Kabupaten/Kota Peduli HAM sebagai suatu kebijakan yang bersifat top-down, meskipun mendapatkan respons positif dari pemerintah kota dan instansi vertikal sebagai bagian dari pelaksana kebijakan, tidak mendapatkan legitimasi yang cukup dari masyarakat kota Bandung. 

scholarly journals IN OMNIBUS REGIONIBUS? THE FOURTEEN REGIONS AND THE CITY OF ROME

2020 ◽  
Vol 88 ◽  
pp. 119-150
Author(s):  
Penelope J. Goodman
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Social Identification ◽  
Social Meaning ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Fire Services ◽  
History Of ◽  
Working Practices ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

Scholarship on the fourteen Augustan regions of Rome has tended to focus on their political and topographical significance. As a result, evidence for their social meaning and their impact on the mindsets and practices of the city's administrators and rulers has been under-exploited. This article seeks to address this lacuna. It begins by reviewing the history of Rome's regions and asking how and where the boundaries of the Augustan regions were recorded, before moving on to consider the impact of the regions on the Romans’ understanding and experiences of their city. This includes examining the evidence for bottom-up social identification with the regions, despite their top-down original creation. The paper also looks at the administrators who worked with the regions (regional magistrates and the food, water and fire services), arguing that the conceptual framework which the regions provided began to shape their working practices. Finally, it demonstrates the existence of a rhetoric of consistent provision across all fourteen regions, propagated especially by the emperors. The findings across all of these areas reveal that it is essential to take the regions and their impact into account when attempting to understand the topography of the city and the lives of its inhabitants.

scholarly journals Locating Human Security In the City: The Case of Rohingya Refugees In New Delhi

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Ashvina Patel ◽  
Keyword(s):  
South Asia ◽  
Human Security ◽  
The State ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
Primary Field ◽  
Field Site ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Urban Refugees ◽  
The City

This research examines the subjective experience of human security by Rohingya urban refugees who fled to New Delhi, India, from Myanmar, in 2012. It uses bottom-up, top-down, and historical-to-present approaches to recognize the myriad factors that influence the path to security. The bottom-up approach frames the Rohingya present-day experience; the top-down approach delineates motivations embedded in the current India state and the international refugee regime; and the past-to-present approach explains the perspectives of each of these actors. One urban refugee settlement was chosen as a primary field site to examine the challenges and varied everyday experiences of the city for migrants. Two other urban settlements were selected for supplementary participant observation and the collection of quantitative data. At my primary field site, Rohingya men and women were interviewed to assess their feeling of security (in Rohingya hefazat or in Hindi suraksha). The perceptions of United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) employees, government officials, and community representative were also recorded. Human security, defined as a person-centered security, was assessed on three dimensions: political, economic, and community. Analysis of the data compelled me to focus on what I call political human security. Anthropologists theorize the embeddedness of new immigrants and resettled refugees through acts of cultural citizenship, assimilation, and integration. This study, however, demonstrates that for urban refugees their primary need is basic security. This security is inevitably political; Rohingya refugees are deemed “illegal” immigrants by the state, but are permitted to stay as protected wards of the UNHCR. They assume a refugee identity that both expose them to further exploitation, while also shielding them from starvation and disease. This politically formed identity must be negotiated in daily interaction in order to find security. India is a first country of asylum for the Rohingya in this study. No South Asian country has signed the 1951 Refugee Convention or its 1967 Protocol, making India a good case study for how South Asia may respond to refugee influxes into urban spaces. India is unwilling to allow Muslim refugees to become naturalized citizens, pointing to religious and cultural factors that produce insecurity in the South Asia region. Furthermore, tensions rise when apolitical agencies like the UNHCR call upon India’s conservative administration to protect a population they define as undesirable. By focusing on urban refugees and their interactions with the state and supranational organizations, this research demonstrates the importance of statehood and citizenship as instruments of sovereignty that uphold human rights and protect against insecurity.

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