scholarly journals Infrastructure Operation Efficiency and Influential Factors in Developing Countries: Evidence from China

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Wei ◽  
Haicheng Xu ◽  
Beiqi Zhang ◽  
Jianlong Li
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Sustainable Infrastructure ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Operation Efficiency ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Fixed Effects Regression ◽  
Physical Output

The development of sustainable infrastructure has been identified as one of the seventeen sustainable development goals by the United Nations. Keeping the operation of infrastructure sustainable in terms of economy becomes a major challenge in developing countries. The objective of this research is to evaluate the operation efficiency of the expressway and explore the key influential factors. This research took expressway mileage as the physical output and evaluated the operation efficiency of the expressway companies based on the super-efficiency Slacks-Based Measure (SBM) model; additionally, we analyzed the influential factors on the basis of the fixed-effects regression model. The results showed the following: (1) The average value of operation efficiency of China’s expressway companies from 2007 to 2017 was 0.904. In general, the operation of expressways was efficient. However, the differences in operation efficiency among the eleven expressway companies were significant, and some companies were seriously inefficient. (2) The asset–liability ratio, the scale, and the structure of property rights in the companies were shown to be the main factors affecting the operation efficiency. These results indicate that the development of innovative financing modes and optimization of the scale of each company are the key directions for infrastructure reform, which could eventually narrow the differences in operation efficiency and allow the development of sustainable infrastructure.

Financial misconduct in Indian banks: what matters and what doesn’t?

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-76
Author(s):  
Saibal Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Private Banks ◽  
Bank Behavior ◽  
Financial Misconduct ◽  
Indian Banks ◽  
Public Banks ◽  
Fixed Effects Regression

Purpose While several facets of financial misconduct have been explored, one aspect which has largely bypassed the attention of researchers is the factors affecting such misconduct behavior in banks. To investigate this in detail, this paper aims to use disaggregated data on Indian banks for an extended period to understand the factors driving such behavior. Design/methodology/approach Given the longitudinal nature of the data, the author uses fixed effects regression methodology which enables us to control for unobserved characteristics that might affect the dependent variable. Findings The analysis indicates that both bank- and board-specific factors are important in driving financial misconduct, although their importance differs across ownership. In particular, while size and capital are relevant for public banks, liquidity is more of a concern for private banks as compared with their public counterparts. In addition, the relevance of bank boards is important only in case of private banks. These results hold after controlling for the structure of the banking industry and the macroeconomic environment. Originality/value To the best of the author’s knowledge, this is one of the earliest studies for India to carefully examine the interface between financial misconduct and bank behavior in a systematic manner.

Funding for start-ups in India: what shakes it?

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Saibal Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Equity Financing ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Indian Context ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Salutary Effect ◽  
Fixed Effects Regression ◽  
Start Ups

Purpose Using a novel monthly data set, this study aims to examine the factors affecting the funding of Indian start-ups. Design/methodology/approach Given the panel structure of the data, the fixed effects regression technique has been used. Findings The findings reveal that years of operation is a key factor. Amongst others, angel investors and equity financing are the key drivers of startup financing. Government policy does not appear to have gained adequate traction, although the improvement in the business reform action by state governments has begun to exert a salutary effect. Practical implications From a policy standpoint, the study provides insights into what policies and practices can be exploited to streamline the funding bottlenecks affecting startups in the Indian context. Originality/value Notwithstanding being a country with a significant presence in the startup space, there are admittedly limited studies, which examine this issue for India. Viewed from this standpoint to the best of the knowledge, the analysis is one of the early studies to shed light on the factors driving the funding of startups in the Indian context.

Factors Affecting Internet Transactions: Case of Services Industry

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Credit Card ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Penetration Rate ◽  
Trade Openness ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Online Platforms ◽  
Internet Users ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Fixed Effects Regression

Internet use has been evolving rapidly with the onset of digital technologies. Among the various public, private and welfare industries, transportation and accommodation are the leading services sectors that shift their transaction methods through online platforms. This paper examines the various factors affecting internet transactions particularly on transportation and accommodation services across selected countries using fixed-effects regression model. The researchers used data for thirty countries in 2011 to 2017. Findings indicate that internet penetration rate, credit card transactions, GDP per capita, percentage of internet users in the population, trade openness, and secured internet servers significantly affect internet transactions on services.

scholarly journals Rewards of reforms: Can economic freedom and reforms in developing countries reduce the brain drain?

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 327-347
Author(s):  
Jarand H Aarhus ◽  
Tor G Jakobsen
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Brain Drain ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Economic Freedom ◽  
Economic Determinants ◽  
Economic Freedom Index ◽  
Fraser Institute ◽  
Fixed Effects Regression ◽  
Rich Countries ◽  
The Impact

The objective of this paper is to investigate the impact of economic freedom on brain drain from developing countries to rich countries. Previous literature on brain drain has examined social, political and economic determinants. However, no study in the literature so far has studied this proposed relationship. We employ the Economic Freedom Index sourced from the Fraser Institute as a proxy for economic freedom and the rate of moderately skilled and highly skilled emigration functions as a proxy for brain drain. Our sample consists of 142 countries covering the period 1990–2010. We estimate the results using a two-way fixed effects regression estimator. The results show that an increase in economic freedom is strongly associated with lower levels of brain drain from developing countries to rich countries. In addition, we find that long-term benefits associated with more economic freedom outweigh short-term costs of economic reforms when it comes to restricting brain drain.

scholarly journals Household Poverty in Egypt: Poverty Profile, Econometric Modeling and Policy Simulations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shereen Nosier ◽  
Reham Beram ◽  
Mohamed Mahrous
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
High Dependency ◽  
Poverty Status ◽  
Policy Simulations ◽  
Fixed Effects Regression ◽  
Year 2000

Recognizing and understanding the roots of poverty, its elements and determinants in Egypt is vital to coming up with policy recommendations that help eradicate poverty and ameliorate welfare. As a developing country, Egypt has been suffering from increasing poverty rates since year 2000. In this study, the three most recent Egyptian Households Income, Expenditure and Consumption Surveys conducted by the Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics for the years 2011, 2013 and 2015 are utilized to analyze and model the determinants of poverty in Egypt. A comprehensive poverty profile is constructed for the three years, as well as a comparison for the changes that have occurred over time on the national, rural and urban levels. Some determinants were selected as the most important factors affecting poverty, such as: demographic characteristics, employment status and educational attainment. Additionally, two econometric techniques are employed to model the different factors affecting households’ consumption as well as probability of falling in poverty in Egypt; namely, Fixed Effects Regression and Logistic Regression. The results of the poverty profile, as well as both models, illustrate that the main variables which help reduce poverty are: having low family size, high number of earners and better educational attainment. On the other hand, factors that worsen poverty status of households are working in agriculture and construction sectors, depending on pension as the main source of income in addition to having high dependency ratio. Furthermore, poverty simulation analyses are conducted to assess the effect of changes in the levels of determinants of poverty on probability of being poor to show the possible consequences and effects of potential poverty lessening policies and plans.

Studying the Birth Outcome in Tikrit Teaching Hospital

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-57
Author(s):  
Areej Noaman
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Birth Outcome ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Healthy Baby ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Neonatal Deaths ◽  
Healthy Mother

  Background : A successful birth outcome is defined as the birth of a healthy baby to a healthy mother. While relatively low in industrialized world, maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality and neonatal deaths occur disproportionately in developing countries. Aim of the Study: To assess birth outcome and identify some risk factors affecting it for achieving favorable birth outcome in Tikrit Teaching Hospital

Aflatoxins biosynthesis, toxicity and intervention strategies: A review

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chem Int
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Genetic Regulation ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Biomarkers Of Exposure ◽  
Food Commodities

Aflatoxins (AFTs) are toxic products of fungal metabolism, associated with serious health consequences and substantial economic losses to agriculture, livestock and poultry sectors, particularly in the developing countries. This review outlines the current information on AFTs in terms of historical background, classification, relative occurrence and co-existence with other mycotoxins in various food commodities. The phenomenon of aflatoxin (AFT) biosynthesis has been elucidated with reference to molecular basis, genetic regulation and factors affecting the AFT production. Moreover, the in vivo disposition kinetics, toxicological action and toxico-pathological consequences of AFTs have also been highlighted. Currently employed strategies for the detection and detoxification of AFTs, biomarkers of exposure assessment, potential economic impact and regulatory considerations regarding the AFTs have been emphasized.

INFORMATION SUPPORT FOR MAKING MANAGEMENT DECISIONS IN THE FIELD OF PREVENTION OF EYE DISEASES AT STUDENTS BASED ON MULTI-VARIANT SIMULATION AND FORECASTING

2020 ◽  
pp. 147-153
Author(s):  
Юлия Владимировна Татаркова ◽  
Татьяна Николаевна Петрова ◽  
Олег Валериевич Судаков ◽  
Александр Юрьевич Гончаров ◽  
Ольга Николаевна Крюкова
Keyword(s):  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Eye Diseases ◽  
Information Support ◽  
Factor Space ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Eye Fatigue ◽  
Modeling And Forecasting ◽  
Medical Examinations

В настоящей статье представлен обзор основных решений, доступных сегодня для формирования как краткосрочных, так и долгосрочных проекций заболеваемости болезней глаза и его придаточного аппарата в студенческой среде. С другой стороны, существует ряд проблем, связанных с многообразием факторов, влияющих на заболеваемость, статистической необоснованностью и противоречивостью имеющихся результатов анализа данных. Представлены результаты математического моделирования зависимости показателя заболеваемости от наиболее влиятельных факторов образовательной и социальной среды. Перечислены важнейшие направления разработки математических моделей распространения заболеваемости. С помощью разработанного программного комплекса проведена серия вычислительных экспериментов по оценке и прогнозированию заболеваемости обучающихся в вузах разного профиля. Показана эффективность применения методики многовариантного моделирования и прогнозирования, указаны их ограничения и возможности практического применения. По расположению обобщенной области благоприятного прогноза в факторном пространстве можно определить время воздействия неблагоприятных для зрения факторов, которое должно составлять не более 10 ... 11 часов в сутки, количество профилактических мероприятий должно составлять не менее 3 ... 4. При этом риск развития миопии составит не более 0,4, вероятность усталости глаз за компьютером составит не более 0,4, вероятность дискомфорта глаз на занятиях составит не более 0,15. Исходя из характера прогноза, определяется длительность диспансерного наблюдения, а также потребность профилактических мероприятий по устранению или ослаблению действия неблагоприятно влияющих социально-гигиенических и медико-биологических факторов конкретного больного. Использование прогностической матрицы в практическом здравоохранении позволяет существенно улучшить работу по профилактике офтальмологической заболеваемости и является одним из эффективных мероприятий диспансеризации студенческой молодежи, так как дает возможность выделить из числа обучающихся группу с высоким риском неблагоприятного исхода заболевания This article provides an overview of the main solutions available today for the formation of both short-term and long-term projections of the incidence of eye diseases and its adnexa in the student environment. On the other hand, there are a number of problems associated with a variety of factors affecting the incidence, statistical unreasonability and inconsistency of the available data analysis results. The results of mathematical modeling of the dependence of the incidence rate on the most influential factors of the educational and social environment are presented. The most important areas of developing mathematical models for the spread of morbidity are listed. With the help of the developed software package, a series of computational experiments was carried out to assess and predict the incidence of students in universities of various profiles. The effectiveness of the application of multivariate modeling and forecasting methods is shown, their limitations and practical application possibilities are indicated. By the location of the generalized region of favorable prognosis in the factor space, it is possible to determine the exposure time of factors unfavorable for vision, which should be no more than 10 ... 11 hours a day, the number of preventive measures should be at least 3 ... 4. At the same time, the risk of development myopia will be no more than 0.4, the probability of eye fatigue at the computer will be no more than 0.4, the likelihood of eye discomfort in the classroom will be no more than 0.15. Based on the nature of the forecast, the duration of the follow-up observation is determined, as well as the need for preventive measures to eliminate or weaken the action of adverse social, hygienic and biomedical factors of a particular patient. The use of the prognostic matrix in practical health care can significantly improve the work on the prevention of ophthalmic morbidity and is one of the effective medical examinations for students, since it makes it possible to distinguish among the students a group with a high risk of an unfavorable outcome of the disease

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