scholarly journals Impact of Perceived Uncertainty on Public Acceptability of Congestion Charging: An Empirical Study in China

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yacan Wang ◽  
Yu Wang ◽  
Luyao Xie ◽  
Huiyu Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Latent Variables ◽  
Choice Model ◽  
Stated Preference ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Acceptability ◽  
Revenue Allocation ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Government ◽  
Congestion Charging

Severe traffic congestion is now a common problem in major cities worldwide, causing huge economic, environmental, and social losses to overall welfare. Governments are now considering congestion charging as an effective way to manage congestion. However, since congestion charging has not yet been implemented widely, the public remains uncertain about it. Few scholars have explored public uncertainty about congestion charging. This paper examined how the public perceived uncertainty toward fairness and efficiency affects willingness to accept congestion charging. Through an experimental study of stated preference, this paper analyzes the influence of observable variables and unobserved latent variables on public acceptability and compares the results with a traditional discrete choice model. The results indicated that the public’s perceived uncertainty about congestion charging will have significant negative effect on acceptability and that the perception of fairness has an even larger effect. As for uncertainty about the effectiveness of congestion charging on alleviating congestion, the implementation efficiency of the government is the most significant. For uncertainty about fairness, whether charge collection and revenue allocation are reasonable is the most significant. These findings provide an empirical basis for reducing public uncertainty and increasing public acceptance of congestion charging.

scholarly journals Government assistance to state-owned enterprises: a hindrance to financial performance

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 40-50
Author(s):  
Ferina Marimuthu
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Financial Performance ◽  
Financial Management ◽  
Government Assistance ◽  
Return On Assets ◽  
The Public ◽  
Dummy Variable ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Government ◽  
Government Bailouts

This study aimed to examine whether government financial assistance influences the financial performance of state-owned enterprises. Commercial state-owned enterprises in South Africa that are listed under the Public Financial Management Act during the post-apartheid era from 1995 to 2017 were sampled. Government guarantees were measured as a dummy variable, while financial performance was measured by accounting measure: return on assets (ROA). Endogeneity issues were addressed, and data analysis was performed on an unbalanced panel using the two-step system GMM. The empirical evidence indicated that support by the government in the form of guarantees and subsidies has a significant negative effect on the financial performance of state-owned enterprises. This is an indication that continued government bailouts to poor performing state-owned enterprises exacerbates their poor financial performance and encourages these enterprises to become too reliant on government assistance, burdening the national fiscus. AcknowledgmentsThe author gratefully acknowledges the National Research Foundation of South Africa for the research grant and Dr Farai Kwenda for his supervision during the study.

scholarly journals Tax Reform: Is it Welfare-Enhancing or Welfare-Reducing?

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 1101-1112
Author(s):  
Roshaiza Taha ◽  
Norsiah Ahmad ◽  
Wan Anisah Endut ◽  
Saeed Rabea Ali Baatwah
Keyword(s):  
Tax Reform ◽  
Consumer Welfare ◽  
Price Effect ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
The Public ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Shed Light

The ongoing tax reform in Malaysia has triggered our motivation to understand the effect of such reform on the public since the government has continuously emphasised that the changes would not burden the consumer. Whether this is a myth or reality is deemed interesting to ponder upon. Thus, this study aims to provide evidence concerning Malaysian tax reform on consumer welfare by looking at the price effect, consumer burden, and inflation. Price observations of the pre-, during and post-reformation period were conducted to provide meaningful evidence. Interestingly, the outcome of the observation rules out the public accusation that the tax reform would boost the price of goods and services and further result in a welfarereducing event. Also, a review of the recent statistics on poverty incidence does not show a negative effect of tax policy changes on society’s welfare. It is hoped that the discussion provided in this paper will shed light on the impact of tax reformation in Malaysia, albeit a further thorough examination might be required. 

scholarly journals The impact of interest groups on government size-regional evidence from Turkey

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-161
Author(s):  
Ersin Sağdıç ◽  
Öner Gümüş ◽  
Güner Tuncer
Keyword(s):  
Interest Groups ◽  
Public Choice ◽  
Choice Theory ◽  
Government Size ◽  
Public Expenditures ◽  
Public Choice Theory ◽  
The Public ◽  
Pressure Groups ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Government

This study is aimed to investigate the regional pressure groups' effect on the government size in Turkey. According to the public choice theory, elections, political parties, interest and pressure groups, and bureaucracy significantly affect the public production process. Among these actors, pressure and interest groups directly affect variables such as economic growth and public expenditures. In this study, panel data analysis was used to observe the regional effect. The research data set covered 81 provinces of Turkey and the period between 2006 and 2018. According to the results, it was found that interest and pressure groups increase the public expenditures in the less developed regions in Turkey. These results are consistent with the empirical and theoretical studies. For this reason, the study has an important contribution to the literature. This study offers significant conclusions that public economic policies might be under the influence of interest and pressure groups. Even if stated that the results of this study might have many economic, demographic, social, and political reasons regarding Turkey, in the context of public choice theory, it could be seen as a significant indicator of not using public expenditure policies as efficient instruments. This situation shows that public resources are not used efficiently in Turkey and the government has a negative effect on the economy. To eradicate this negative effect, governments coming to power in the future ought to produce economic, political, and social policies in order to decrease the regional differences dramatically in Turkey.

scholarly journals Use of Shared-Mobility Services to Accomplish Emergency Evacuation in Urban Areas via Reduction in Intermediate Trips—Case Study in Xi’an, China

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 4862 ◽  
Author(s):  
Menghui Li ◽  
Jinliang Xu ◽  
Xingliang Liu ◽  
Chao Sun ◽  
Zhihao Duan
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Stated Preference ◽  
Emergency Evacuation ◽  
Emergency Evacuations ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
The Public ◽  
Shared Mobility ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
The Government

Under no-notice evacuation scenarios with limited time horizons, the effectiveness of evacuation can be negatively impacted by intermediate trips that are made by family members and the identification of vulnerable populations. The emergence of shared-mobility companies, such as Uber and DiDi, can be considered as a potential means to address above-mentioned concerns. The proposed study explores the utility of shared-mobility services under emergency-evacuation scenarios and makes recommendations to relevant bodies that are based on the obtained and they are discussed herein. The study investigates attitudes of the public, experts, and drivers towards the use of shared-mobility resources during emergency evacuations based on a stated preference survey. Results of questionnaires, driver interviews, and face-to-face expert interviews have been analyzed to validate the feasibility and identify potential problems of leveraging shared-mobility services during evacuation response, especially in metropolitan areas wherein such services are already ubiquitous. Numerical simulations have been performed to quantify potential improvements in the total trip distance and number of evacuees after incorporating the use of shared mobility into emergency-response operations. However, despite the observed improvement in emergency efficiency, certain realistic roadblocks must be overcome. Realization of the proposed objective heavily depends on actionable policy recommendations, provided herein as a reference for the government, emergency management agencies, and shared-mobility companies.

scholarly journals Aplikasi Peta Titik Rawan Banjir di Kota Palembang

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 450
Author(s):  
Nurul Adha Oktarini Saputri ◽  
R.M Nasrul Halim
Keyword(s):  
Communication Technology ◽  
Mobile Communication ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Flood Inundation ◽  
Point Location ◽  
Google Maps ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Government ◽  
Mobile Communication Technology ◽  
The City

<p class="Abstrak">Banjir merupakan masalah yang terjadi hampir diseluruh kota di Indonesia, tak terkecuali di kota Palembang. Masalah banjir di kota Palembang sudah menjadi masalah yang serius bagi pemerintah kota Palembang. Banjir di kota Palembang terjadi akibat banjir pasang musiman maupun banjir genangan akibat hujan yang sering terjadi di jalanan. Banjir yang terjadi di jalanan, dapat menyebabkan kerusakan terutama kendaraan baik roda dua maupun roda empat. Selain itu banjir juga dapat menyebabkan kemacetan lalu lintas karena kendaraan harus memperlambat kendaraannya agar tidak merusak kendaraan serta tidak menggangu pengendara lain yang melintas. Permasalahan utama dalam penelitian ini adalah tidak adanya aplikasi untuk mengetahui daerah atau jalan mana saja yang berpotensi terjadinya banjir khususnya di kota Palembang. Oleh sebab itu dibutuhkanlah suatu aplikasi dengan memanfaatkan teknologi komunikasi <em>mobile</em> yang dapat memberikan informasi kepada masyarakat, terutama pengguna kendaraan yang sedang berada di jalan agar dapat terhidar dari bencana banjir. Dengan memanfaatkan layanan titik lokasi menggunakan <em>Google Maps</em> dan API, penulis akan membangun sebuah aplikasi berbasis android, yang bertujuan agar dapat memberikan informasi pengguna kendaraan tentang lokasi titik rawan banjir saat terjadi hujan maupun banjir musiman di jalan-jalan kota Palembang, sehingga dapat membantu pengendara menghidari kerusakan kendaraan akibat banjir serta dapat membantu mengurangi kemacetan pada saat terjadinya banjir agar dapat menghemat waktu perjalanan.</p><p class="Abstrak"> </p><p><strong><em>Abstract</em></strong></p><p><em>Flooding is a problem that happens almost throughout the city in Indonesia, no exception in Palembang city. The problem of flooding in the Palembang city has become a serious problem for the Government. Flooding in Palembang occur due to tidal flooding or flood inundation due to seasonal rains that often occur in the streets. The flooding that occurred on the streets, can cause damage especially two-wheel vehicles or four wheel. In addition to flooding can also cause traffic congestion because the vehicles had to slow down their vehicles so as not to damage the vehicle and does not interfere with other riders crossing. The main problem in this research is the lack of application to know which road areas or potential occurrence of flooding especially in Palembang. Therefore it needs an application by making use of mobile communication technology that can provide information to the public, especially users vehicles that are on the way so it can be terhidar from the flood. By utilizing the service point location using Google Maps and API, the author will build an android-based applications, the aim is to be able to provide information about the location of the point of vehicle users prone to flooding in the event of rain or flood seasonal in the streets of the city of Palembang, so you can help motorists avoid vehicle damage due to flooding and can help reduce congestion at the time of the occurrence of flooding in order to save on travel time.</em></p><p class="Judul2"> </p>

scholarly journals Travelers’ attitude towards carpooling in Islamabad

2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Altaf Ayaz ◽  
Abdul Waheed ◽  
Hamza Saleem ◽  
Malik Muneeb Abid
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Stated Preference ◽  
Car Ownership ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analyses ◽  
The Public ◽  
Private Car ◽  
Ownership Rate ◽  
The City

AbstractIslamabad, being the capital of Pakistan, is attracting every business. Thus, the city is growing towards traffic congestion as the city’s car ownership rate is rapidly growing. In such a situation, for successful implementation, the policymakers need to understand the public acceptance of carpooling services based on its key motives and constraints. This research explores the key motives and constraints to the introduction scenarios of carpooling service in Islamabad. A stated preference questionnaire survey was conducted via Google Form comprising several parts relating to carpooling. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were processed, and a structural model was developed. Females (both single and married) were less orientated to carpool with males and married males with females. Unknown carpooling partners negatively influenced the factor of intention to shift to carpooling service. Our study provides policymakers and transport planners with an appropriate forecasting model of significant factors. In addition, it provides suggestions to transport planners to design promotional tools to enhance the tendency of carpooling among private car users in favor of reducing traffic congestion and increased car ownership rate in the city.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF FEE AND MOTIVATION ON CORRUPTION ERADICATION USING KPK PERFORMANCE AS THE INTERVENING VARIABLE

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 212
Author(s):  
Eko Gumaya Sari ◽  
Dede Rahmat ◽  
Sofyan Widjaya
Keyword(s):  
Community Participation ◽  
Government Regulation ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
The Public ◽  
Digital Era ◽  
Sample Data ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Government ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Positive Effect

This research aims to find out the effect of fee and motivation on the eradication of corruption. Rewarding or giving fees has been set in Government Regulation Number 43 of 2018 concerning procedures for involving community participation and awarding in the prevention and eradication of criminal acts of corruption. Based on the Government Regulation No. 43 of 2018, those who provide information to law enforcers regarding allegations of corruption will get awards in the form of charter and premiums, or also called fees/rewards, ranging up to a maximum of IDR 200 million. In addition, certain motivation will also influence community to play a role in eradicating corruption.This research uses qualitative data or primary data obtained through questionnaires distributed to the public, economic observers, and practitioners. Data testing is done using Data Path analysis with Smart PLS. The number of valid and reliable sample data to be analyzed is as many as 40 samples. The results of this research show that fees/rewards have a positive and significant effect on corruption eradication. Motivation has a negative and not significant effect on corruption eradication. The variable of fees/rewards has a positive effect on corruption eradication mediated by the KPK performance. Motivation has a negative effect on corruption eradication mediated by the KPK performance. In this digital era,with super-sophisticated technology, the millennia generation has a very critical mindset in assessing the performance of the KPK. The Corruption Eradication Commission (Indonesia: Komisi Pemberantsan Korupsi/KPK), however, can provide confidence to the public that the community participation will make it easy for the KPK to carry out its work.

scholarly journals Modeling the Modal Shift towards a More Sustainable Transport by Stated Preference in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 337
Author(s):  
Zaher Youssef ◽  
Habib Alshuwaikhat ◽  
Imran Reza
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Travel Time ◽  
Choice Model ◽  
Stated Preference ◽  
Marginal Effect ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Modal Shift ◽  
Fuel Price ◽  
The Government ◽  
Walking Time

The need to gain a comprehensive understanding of road travelers’ choice of mode and their perceptions of using sustainable urban mobility modes have evolved to shape the form of future transport planning and policymaking. To combat the concern of growing traffic congestion in Riyadh City, the government of Saudi Arabia designed and introduced a sustainable public transport project named “Riyadh Metro”. This study explores the potential commuters’ perception towards the Metro services and the factors that limit their propensity to use Metro and understand the tradeoffs that the individuals make when they are faced with a combination of mode characteristics (e.g., travel time, price, walking time). The stated preferences experiment was conducted on a sample from the Riyadh neighborhood by structured interviews. A discrete choice model based on binary logistic regression has been developed. The coefficient of travel attribute: travel time, fuel cost, Metro fare, and walking time was found to be statistically significant with a different effect on mode choice. The elasticity of the coefficient showed that an increase in the fuel price by 10% would increase the metro ridership by 5.3% and reduce car dependency. Decreasing the walking time by 5 min to the metro station will increase the metro ridership by 22%. Furthermore, the study revealed that implementing a 1 SAR/hour parking charge will decrease car dependency by 14%. Increase Metro fare by 10% will decrease Metro ridership by 6.9%. The socioeconomic factors coefficient shows a marginal effect on the choice decision of passengers.

scholarly journals From walkability to bikeability: A GIS based analysis of integrating bike sharing service in Tokyo TOD system

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Tianqi Xia ◽  
Xiaoya Song ◽  
Xuan Song ◽  
Min Lu ◽  
Shuzhe Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Urban Development ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Specific Area ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
The Public ◽  
Usage Rate ◽  
Bike Sharing ◽  
The Government

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Transit Oriented Development is the approach of urban development which maximizes the land use of residential, business and leisure around the public transit stops. A good TOD system can not only alleviate the contradiction between traffic congestion and insufficient land use for urban development but also significantly improve the convenience of urban residents' work and life. Moreover, while limiting the disorderly spread of the city, a good TOD system can solve the environmental and traffic problems caused by automobiles and promote synergy and integration between the industries. Traditionally, TOD is designed for facilitating the pedestrians to a convenient access to the public transportation systems so as to increase the usage rate of public transports. Despite pedestrians as the target, there are a lot of passengers move to the station via other means such as bus and bicycle. In the previous research, these two kinds of mobility are not included in the evaluation of TOD system as they have a lot of limitation on interacting with the facilities around railway station. In recent years, sharing bicycle becomes popular for solving the problem of the last one kilometer. Comparing to other means of mobility, sharing bicycle is more flexible than bus and has a higher usage rate than private bicycles. In addition, the sharing bike users have a wider access area than the pedestrians. Thus, sharing bicycle is able to play an important role in TOD system. In Tokyo metropolis, there are over 1000 railway stations and more than 50% of residents commute by railway. Nevertheless, the bike sharing system is available only in some specific area, which indicates a lot of room for the development of bike sharing service. In this research, we follow the previous studies of walkability measurement and apply two indicators include road network connectivity and facility accessibility for illustrating how could bike sharing outperforms walking in a TOD system with the case study of Tokyo 23 wards. The result of this research can instruct the government on improving the current TOD system as well as help build a sustainable society.</p>

scholarly journals The Doctrine of Legitimate Expectations in Tax Relations

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 76-84
Author(s):  
S A Yadrikhinsky
Keyword(s):  
Main Idea ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Compensation Mechanism ◽  
Legal Principles ◽  
The Public ◽  
Russian Version ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Legitimate Interests ◽  
Legitimate Expectations ◽  
The Government

The article deals with the doctrine of legitimate expectations in relation to the Russian tax sphere, which is popular in the European and American legal order. The main idea of the doctrine is the deterrence of the discretionary beginning of public authorities in the implementation of their activities. The promise given by the authorities forms a certain individual expectation, which is subject to protection if it is in the rank of «legitimate». Accordingly, the public authority is bound by this promise and is not free to change or cancel it; there must be a good reason and appropriate justification for making a decision that runs counter to formed expectations. The government must meet the expectations created by it, or at least to minimize the negative effect of the unpredictable deviation from this promise, including through the compensation mechanism. The reverse would mean arbitrary use of power and would contribute to an atmosphere of distrust of the law and the actions of the state. The legal positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, revealing the principle of maintaining the trust of citizens to the law and the actions of the state as a form of manifestation of western doctrine in the Russian version. It is concluded that the sovereign rights of the state in the matter of taxation do not make its power absolute. The state is not only the bearer of power, but also the main guarantor of the rights and legitimate interests of the person (taxpayer). It is the legal principles and human rights that underlie his legitimate expectations, define the discretionary limits of powers and criteria of discretion of the authorities and act as a deterrent to the fiscal appetite

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