scholarly journals Optimized Planning of Different Crops in a Field Using Optimal Control in Portugal

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 4648
Author(s):  
Rui Pereira ◽  
Sofia Lopes ◽  
Amélia Caldeira ◽  
Victor Fonte
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Optimal Control ◽  
Optimal Control Theory ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Agricultural Field ◽  
Water Requirements ◽  
Best Management ◽  
The World ◽  
Near Future

Climate change is a proven fact. In the report of 2007 from IPCC, one can read that global warming is an issue to be dealt with urgently. In many parts of the world, the estimated rise of temperature (in a very near future) is significant. One of the most affected regions is the Iberian Peninsula, where the increasing need for water will very soon be a problem. Therefore, it is necessary that decision makers are able to decide on all issues related to water management. In this paper, we show a couple of mathematical models that can aid the decision making in the management of an agricultural field at a given location. Having a field, in which different crops can be produced, the solution of the first model indicates the area that should be used for each crop so that the profit is as large as possible, while the water spent is the smallest possible guaranteeing the water requirements of each crop. Using known data for these crops in Portugal, including costs of labour, machines, energy and water, as well as the estimated value of the products obtained, the first mathematical model developed, via optimal control theory, obtains the best management solution. It allows creating different scenarios, thus it can be a valuable tool to help the farmer/decision maker decide the crop and its area to be cultivated. A second mathematical model was developed. It improves the first one, in the sense that it allows considering that water from the rainfall can be collected in a reservoir with a given capacity. The contribution of the collected water from the rainfall in the profit obtained for some different scenarios is also shown.

scholarly journals Development of a Shipment Policy for Collection Centers

Mathematics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1385
Author(s):  
Irais Mora-Ochomogo ◽  
Marco Serrato ◽  
Jaime Mora-Vargas ◽  
Raha Akhavan-Tabatabaei
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Markov Decision Process ◽  
Decision Process ◽  
Necessary Conditions ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Humanitarian Organizations ◽  
The World ◽  
Markov Decision ◽  
Unsatisfied Demand

Natural disasters represent a latent threat for every country in the world. Due to climate change and other factors, statistics show that they continue to be on the rise. This situation presents a challenge for the communities and the humanitarian organizations to be better prepared and react faster to natural disasters. In some countries, in-kind donations represent a high percentage of the supply for the operations, which presents additional challenges. This research proposes a Markov Decision Process (MDP) model to resemble operations in collection centers, where in-kind donations are received, sorted, packed, and sent to the affected areas. The decision addressed is when to send a shipment considering the uncertainty of the donations’ supply and the demand, as well as the logistics costs and the penalty of unsatisfied demand. As a result of the MDP a Monotone Optimal Non-Decreasing Policy (MONDP) is proposed, which provides valuable insights for decision-makers within this field. Moreover, the necessary conditions to prove the existence of such MONDP are presented.

scholarly journals The Water Needs of Grapevines in Central Poland

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 416
Author(s):  
Barbara Jagosz ◽  
Stanisław Rolbiecki ◽  
Roman Rolbiecki ◽  
Ariel Łangowski ◽  
Hicran A. Sadan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Temporal Variability ◽  
Time Trend ◽  
Reference Evapotranspiration ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Water Requirements ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Central Poland ◽  
Crop Coefficients ◽  
Near Future

Climate warming increases the water needs of plants. The aim of this study was to estimate the water needs of grapevines in central Poland. Water needs were calculated using the crop coefficients method. Reference evapotranspiration was assessed by the Blaney–Criddle’s equation, modified for climate conditions in Poland. Crop coefficients were assumed according to the Doorenbos and Pruitt method. Water needs were calculated using the data from four meteorological stations. Rainfall deficit with the probability occurrence of normal years, medium dry years, and very dry years was determined by the Ostromęcki’s method. Water needs of grapevines during the average growing season were estimated at 438 mm. Upward time trend in the water needs both in the period of May–October and June–August was estimated. Temporal variability in the water needs was significant for all of the provinces. These changes were mainly impacted by a significant increasing tendency in mean air temperature and less by precipitation totals that did not show a clear changing tendency. Due to climate change, vineyards will require irrigation in the near future. The use of resource-efficient irrigation requires a precise estimate of the grapevines’ water needs. The study identified the water requirements for grapevines in central Poland.

scholarly journals Direct Method for Resolution of Optimal Control Problem with Free Initial Condition

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Louadj Kahina ◽  
Aidene Mohamed
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Control ◽  
Dynamic Programming ◽  
Optimal Control Theory ◽  
World Literature ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Initial Condition ◽  
Initial State ◽  
The Maximum Principle ◽  
Constructive Methods ◽  
The World

The theory of control analyzes the proprieties of commanded systems. Problems of optimal control (OC) have been intensively investigated in the world literature for over forty years. During this period, series of fundamental results have been obtained, among which should be noted the maximum principle (Pontryagin et al., 1962) and dynamic programming (Bellman, 1963). For many of the problems of the optimal control theory (OCT), adequate solutions are found (Bryson and Yu-chi, 1969, Lee and Markus, 1967, Gabasov and Kirillova, 1977, 1978, 1980). Results of the theory were taken up in various fields of science, engineering, and economics. The present paper aims at extending the constructive methods of Balashevich et al., (2000) that were developed for the problems of optimal control with the bounded initial state is not fixed are considered.

scholarly journals Effective Policy Applications of Psychological Science: Drawing Parallels between COVID-19 and Climate Change

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehrgol Tiv ◽  
David Livert ◽  
Trisha Dehrone ◽  
Maya Godbole ◽  
Laura López-Aybar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Psychological Perspective ◽  
Psychological Science ◽  
The World ◽  
Effective Policy

In 2021, the world continues to face a serious, widespread challenge from the COVID-19 pandemic. Governments and civil society are grappling with unprecedented impacts on healthcare and the economy as well as restrictions of normal social interactions of millions. Still, the climate emergency has not rested. Unless addressed, carbon levels will continue to rise through this pandemic, the development and disbursements of vaccines, and the next pandemic. From a psychological perspective, there are many commonalities between the current COVID-19 pandemic and the ongoing crisis of climate change. This whitepaper begins by summarizing the broad similarities between these two crises. From there, we draw parallels between COVID-19 and climate change across four domains of psychological research. In doing this, we identify evidence-based approaches that policymakers and other key decision-makers can adopt to holistically respond to the two global crises of climate change and public health. We conclude with a broad discussion on the role of psychological science (and other social and behavioral sciences) in policy.

scholarly journals Modeling and Optimal Control on the Spread of Hantavirus Infection

Mathematics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 1192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fauzi Mohamed Yusof ◽  
Farah Aini Abdullah ◽  
Ahmad Izani Md. Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Optimal Control ◽  
Control System ◽  
Maximum Principle ◽  
Optimal Control Theory ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Hantavirus Infection ◽  
Kutta Method ◽  
Rodent Population ◽  
Runge Kutta Method

In this paper, optimal control theory is applied to a system of ordinary differential equations representing a hantavirus infection in rodent and alien populations. The effect of the optimal control in eliminating the rodent population that caused the hantavirus infection is investigated. In addition, Pontryagin’s maximum principle is used to obtain the necessary condition for the controls to be optimal. The Runge–Kutta method is then used to solve the proposed optimal control system. The findings from the optimal control problem suggest that the infection may be eradicated by implementing some controls for a certain period of time. This research concludes that the optimal control mathematical model is an effective method in reducing the number of infectious in a community and environment.

Controlling Asthma Due to Air Pollution

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Ankush H. Suthar ◽  
Purvi M. Pandya
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Optimal Control ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Control Theory ◽  
Global Stability ◽  
Optimal Control Theory ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Equilibrium Points ◽  
Local And Global Stability ◽  
Number Of Individuals

The health of our respiratory systems is directly affected by the atmosphere. Nowadays, eruption of respiratory disease and malfunctioning of lung due to the presence of harmful particles in the air is one of the most sever challenge. In this chapter, association between air pollution-related respiratory diseases, namely dyspnea, cough, and asthma, is analysed by constructing a mathematical model. Local and global stability of the equilibrium points is proved. Optimal control theory is applied in the model to optimize stability of the model. Applied optimal control theory contains four control variables, among which first control helps to reduce number of individuals who are exposed to air pollutants and the remaining three controls help to reduce the spread and exacerbation of asthma. The positive impact of controls on the model and intensity of asthma under the influence of dyspnea and cough is observed graphically by simulating the model.

Updating Beliefs when Evidence is Open to Interpretation: Implications for Bias and Polarization

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 1470-1501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland G Fryer ◽  
Philipp Harms ◽  
Matthew O Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Death Penalty ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Confirmation Bias ◽  
The State ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Online Experiment ◽  
The World ◽  
Current Belief

Abstract We introduce a model in which agents observe signals about the state of the world, and some signals are open to interpretation. Our decision makers first interpret each signal based on their current belief and then form a posterior on the sequence of interpreted signals. This “double updating” leads to confirmation bias and can lead agents who observe the same information to polarize. We explore the model’s predictions in an online experiment in which individuals interpret research summaries about climate change and the death penalty. Consistent with the model, there is a significant relationship between an individual’s prior and their interpretation of the summaries; and over half of the subjects exhibit polarizing behavior.

scholarly journals Geometric Methods for Efficient Planar Swimming of Copepod Nauplii

Micromachines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 706
Author(s):  
Corey Shanbrom ◽  
Jonas Balisacan ◽  
George Wilkens ◽  
Monique Chyba
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Optimal Control ◽  
Optimal Control Theory ◽  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Ecological Functions ◽  
Singular Configurations ◽  
Abnormal Extremals ◽  
Geometric Methods ◽  
Copepod Nauplius

Copepod nauplii are larval crustaceans with important ecological functions. Due to their small size, they experience an environment of low Reynolds number within their aquatic habitat. Here we provide a mathematical model of a swimming copepod nauplius with two legs moving in a plane. This model allows for both rotation and two-dimensional displacement by the periodic deformation of the swimmer’s body. The system is studied from the framework of optimal control theory, with a simple cost function designed to approximate the mechanical energy expended by the copepod. We find that this model is sufficiently realistic to recreate behavior similar to those of observed copepod nauplii, yet much of the mathematical analysis is tractable. In particular, we show that the system is controllable, but there exist singular configurations where the degree of non-holonomy is non-generic. We also partially characterize the abnormal extremals and provide explicit examples of families of abnormal curves. Finally, we numerically simulate normal extremals and observe some interesting and surprising phenomena.

scholarly journals An Option to Avoid the Sudden Mass Influx of Migrants Resulting From Worldwide Environmental Threats

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hirotaka Fujibayashi ◽  
Mikiyasu Nakayama
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Host Community ◽  
Displaced Persons ◽  
Environmental Threats ◽  
Mass Migration ◽  
The World ◽  
Mass Influx ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Slow Onset

This study attempts to explore useful and practical measures to mitigate the anticipated impacts on host communities caused by the mass influx of migrants resulting from worldwide environmental threats. Concern for worldwide environmental threats such as climate change, deforestation, and sea -level are on the rise, meaning that many people from all over the world may become environmentally displaced persons (EDPs). Unless we take some corrective measures, the world could face grave difficulties resulting from massive displacement of EDPs in the near future. Human migrations generally occur for a variety of reasons and under different circumstances, and they potentially have strong effects on host communities. When massive numbers of migrants flow into one country all at once, worries about severe conflicts between migrants and residents in the host community emerge. Against those concerns, we propose an option that avoids the sudden mass influx of migrants resulting from environmental threats and; resettling them instead as economic migrants in a manageable fashion. This option seems preferable both for migrants and for the host community, rather than tackling a mass migration that would occur after the slow-onset effect of environmental threats.

Get the Data and Make Them Usable

2019 ◽  
pp. 98-115
Author(s):  
Hill and
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
High Impact ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Disaster Relief Operations ◽  
The People ◽  
The World ◽  
Relief Operations ◽  
Insight Into

As climate change advances and its impacts become clearer, more and more communities around the world will need deeper insight into the future, both immediate and distant. Decision-makers will require information to make high-impact, hard-to-reverse decisions about water, agriculture, and where and how to build infrastructure in a world experiencing climate change. They must model the projected evolution of droughts, heatwaves, and wildfires so that they can help people get out of harm’s way, and they will need data to make disaster-relief operations more effective. The world’s capacity to collect and analyze climate and weather data has exploded. Yet many of the people who need these data lack both access to them and the means to make them useful for decision-making. This chapter describes this data paradox and offer a few ideas on how to escape it.

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