scholarly journals Urban Resilience Discourse Analysis: Towards a Multi-Level Approach to Cities

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 4431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikhail Rogov ◽  
Céline Rozenblat
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Resilience Theory ◽  
Urban Resilience ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Current State ◽  
World Economic ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
Adaptive Cycles

This study aims to understand the current state of research in urban resilience, its relations to urban sustainability and to integrate several distinct approaches into a multi-level perspective of cities comprising micro, meso and macro levels and their interactions. In fact, based on the meta-analysis of nearly 800 papers from Scopus from 1973 to 2018, we show that urban resilience discourses address micro and meso levels, considering shocks of bottom-up origin such as natural disasters. In contrast, the regional resilience approach addresses meso and macro levels (regional and global scales), considering shocks of top-down origin such as world economic crises. We find these approaches complementary and argue that in order to expand the urban resilience theory and overcome its limitations, they should be combined. For that purpose we propose a multi-level perspective that integrates both top-down and bottom-up dynamic processes. We argue that urban resilience is shaped by the synchronicity of adaptive cycles on three levels: micro, meso and macro. To build the multi-level approach of dynamics of adaptive cycles we use the panarchy framework.

scholarly journals Urban Resilience Discourse Analysis: Towards a Multi-Level Approach to Cities

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikhail Rogov ◽  
Celine Rozenblat
Keyword(s):  
Urban Resilience ◽  
Discussion Section ◽  
Regional Resilience ◽  
Current State ◽  
Conceptual Maps ◽  
History Of ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
Adaptive Cycles ◽  
Different Levels

This study aims to understand the current state of research in urban resilience and to open a discussion about multi-level perspectives for this concept. Starting with the history of the concept of resilience, we identify three main stages in resilience concept’s evolution: conceptualization, contextualization and operationalization. Confusion occurs between sustainability and resilience, therefore we clearly separate these two concepts by creating conceptual maps. Such maps also underline the specificities of urban and regional resilience discourses. We illustrate that urban resilience research, operating within intra-urban processes, is oriented towards natural disasters, while regional resilience research, operating mostly within inter-urban processes, is oriented towards economic shocks. We show that these two approaches to resilience – urban and regional – are complementary, and we propose to integrate them into a multi-level perspective. By combining these two discourses, we propose a multi-level approach to urban resilience that takes into account both top-down and bottom-up resistance processes. In the discussion section, we propose to take the panarchy perspective as a theoretical framework for multi-level urban resilience, that explains the interactions between different levels through adaptive cycles, relationships between which can help to explain urban resilience.

scholarly journals Work Engagement – A Systematic Review of Polish Research

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-187
Author(s):  
Anita Pollak ◽  
Małgorzata Chrupała-Pniak ◽  
Patrycja Rudnicka ◽  
Mateusz Paliga
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Work Engagement ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Organizational Psychology ◽  
Measurement Methods ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current State ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Positive Work

Abstract Over the past decade work engagement has gained both business and academia attention. With growing number of studies and meta-analyses the concept of work engagement is one of the pillars of positive work and organizational psychology. This systematic review presents the current state of research on work engagement in Poland. Results confirmed that work-engagement studies have not yet reached the threshold to conduct meta-analysis. The review of measurement methods and synthesis of findings allows to identify strengths and gaps in Polish studies. Discussion of limitations and biases in current research is accompanied with urge to overcome them and develop thriving stream of research on work engagement.

scholarly journals Is probabilistic cuing of visual search an inflexible attentional habit? A meta-analytic review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamara Giménez-Fernández ◽  
David Luque ◽  
David Shanks ◽  
Miguel A. Vadillo
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Attentional Control ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Specific Area ◽  
Search Display ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Rich Region ◽  
Analytic Review ◽  
Search Speed ◽  
Multi Level

In studies on probabilistic cuing of visual search, participants search for a target among several distractors and report some feature of the target. In a biased stage the target appears more frequently in one specific area of the search display. Eventually, participants become faster at finding the target in that rich region compared to the sparse region. In some experiments, this stage is followed by an unbiased stage, where the target is evenly located across all regions of the display. Despite this change in the spatial distribution of targets, search speed usually remains faster when the target is located in the previously rich region. The persistence of the bias even when it is no longer advantageous underpins the claim that this phenomenon is a habit-like process. The aim of this meta-analysis was to test whether the magnitude of probabilistic cuing decreases from the biased to the unbiased stage. A multi-level random-effects meta-analysis of 42 studies confirmed that probabilistic cuing during the unbiased stage was roughly half the size of cuing during the biased stage, and this decrease persisted even after correcting for publication bias. We propose that probabilistic cuing is better understood as evidence of top-down attentional control than as an attentional habit.

Racial prototypicality cues exacerbate racial bias in pain perception from the bottom up and the top down

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexis Drain ◽  
Azaadeh Goharzad ◽  
Jennie Qu-Lee ◽  
Jingrun Lin ◽  
Peter Mende-Siedlecki
Keyword(s):  
Pain Perception ◽  
Racial Bias ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Facial Structure ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Pain Outcomes ◽  
And Gender

Racial disparities in pain care may stem, in part, from a perceptual source. While perceptual disruptions in recognizing painful expressions on Black faces have been demonstrated under tightly-controlled conditions (e.g., controlling for low-level stimulus differences in luminance and facial structure, using all male stimuli), these effects may be exacerbated by cues to racial prototypicality. Indeed, both bottom-up (e.g., skin tone, facial structure) and top-down (e.g., stereotype associations between race and gender) factors related to racial prototypicality moderate social perception, with some evidence pointing towards deleterious consequences in the domain of health. Here, we assessed whether these factors shape racial bias in pain perception: we examined the effect of racially prototypical features in Experiments 1 and 2 and target gender in a meta-analysis across five additional experiments. Overall, darker skin tones were associated with more stringent pain perception and more conservative treatment, while racially prototypic structural features exacerbated racial bias in pain outcomes. Moreover, target gender reliably moderated the effect of race on pain outcomes: racial biases in both pain perception and treatment were larger for male (versus female) targets. Taken together, these data demonstrate the overall robustness of racial bias in pain perception and its facilitation of gaps in treatment, but also the extent to which these biases are moderated by both bottom-up and top-down factors related to racial prototypicality.

scholarly journals Rethinking the Bottom-Up Framework for Query-Based Video Localization

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (07) ◽  
pp. 10551-10558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Long Chen ◽  
Chujie Lu ◽  
Siliang Tang ◽  
Jun Xiao ◽  
Dong Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Ground Truth ◽  
Video Frame ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Multi Scale ◽  
Feature Pyramid ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Classification And Regression ◽  
Model Graph

In this paper, we focus on the task query-based video localization, i.e., localizing a query in a long and untrimmed video. The prevailing solutions for this problem can be grouped into two categories: i) Top-down approach: It pre-cuts the video into a set of moment candidates, then it does classification and regression for each candidate; ii) Bottom-up approach: It injects the whole query content into each video frame, then it predicts the probabilities of each frame as a ground truth segment boundary (i.e., start or end). Both two frameworks have respective shortcomings: the top-down models suffer from heavy computations and they are sensitive to the heuristic rules, while the performance of bottom-up models is behind the performance of top-down counterpart thus far. However, we argue that the performance of bottom-up framework is severely underestimated by current unreasonable designs, including both the backbone and head network. To this end, we design a novel bottom-up model: Graph-FPN with Dense Predictions (GDP). For the backbone, GDP firstly generates a frame feature pyramid to capture multi-level semantics, then it utilizes graph convolution to encode the plentiful scene relationships, which incidentally mitigates the semantic gaps in the multi-scale feature pyramid. For the head network, GDP regards all frames falling in the ground truth segment as the foreground, and each foreground frame regresses the unique distances from its location to bi-directional boundaries. Extensive experiments on two challenging query-based video localization tasks (natural language video localization and video relocalization), involving four challenging benchmarks (TACoS, Charades-STA, ActivityNet Captions, and Activity-VRL), have shown that GDP surpasses the state-of-the-art top-down models.

scholarly journals Deepening understanding of language through synaesthesia: a call to reform and expand

2019 ◽  
Vol 374 (1787) ◽  
pp. 20180350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. Mankin
Keyword(s):  
Hypothesis Testing ◽  
Scientific Study ◽  
Full Understanding ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Psycholinguistic Research ◽  
Research Practices ◽  
Current State ◽  
Actual Experience ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
The Way

In this paper, I present arguments and suggestions for the improvement of the scientific study of synaesthesia, and particularly grapheme-colour synaesthesia in relation to psycholinguistic research, although the principles I advocate can be easily adapted to any subfield of synaesthesia study. I postulate that the current state of research on synaesthesia in general, and on grapheme-colour synaesthesia in particular, suffers from a lack of exploratory evidence and essential groundwork upon which to build hypothesis-testing studies. In particular, I argue that synaesthesia research has been artificially bounded by assumptions about the nature of synaesthetic experiences, which constrain both the questions that researchers ask and the way in which they go about answering those questions. As a specific example, I detail how much of the current research on grapheme-colour synaesthesia is built to accommodate two major assumptions about the nature of colours for letters and for words—assumptions which I will contend are not universally true, and the exceptions to which point to a much richer and heterogeneous understanding of synaesthetic experience than current research practices capture. The top-down predetermination of what is important or meaningful to measure, and what is not, has subsequently impeded a full understanding of what synaesthesia is and how it works. I argue that these assumptions must be carefully addressed and evaluated, both for the particular case of grapheme-colour synaesthesia and for the field as a whole, to move towards a holistic and fruitful understanding of synaesthesia as a phenomenon and as a tool to study language, thought and perception. To that end, I propose specific recommendations for synaesthesia researchers to solidify and expand their understanding and to capture the actual experience of synaesthetes. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Bridging senses: novel insights from synaesthesia’.

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