scholarly journals Safety Evaluation of Absorbent Hygiene Pads: A Review on Assessment Framework and Test Methods

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 4146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jihyun Bae ◽  
Hoonjeong Kwon ◽  
Jooyoun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Safety Evaluation ◽  
Chemical Exposure ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Hazard Identification ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Assessment Framework ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Hazard Characterization ◽  
Post Market

Disposable absorbent hygiene products have evolved for superior performance, enhancing the convenience of daily lives. However, the use of disposable hygiene pads has brought safety concerns on chemical exposure, and significant efforts have been made to assess the potential risks associated with use of hygiene pads. This article intends to overview the safety assessment framework of diapers and feminine pads, which includes hazard identification, hazard characterization, exposure assessment, risk characterization, and post-market risk management. Risk assessment of various constituents are reviewed for quantification methods and conservative estimation of exposure parameters. By reviewing the up-to-date considerations in risk assessment, we aim to provide insightful discussion on safety evaluation of current versions of disposable absorbent products. More clinical testing and post-market surveillance are needed for continuous monitoring of potential health impacts of advanced products and constituents.

scholarly journals Safety Evaluation of Absorbent Hygiene Pads: a Review on Assessment Framework and Test Methods

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jihyun Bae ◽  
Hoonjeong Kwon ◽  
Jooyoun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Safety Evaluation ◽  
Chemical Exposure ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Hazard Identification ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Assessment Framework ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Hazard Characterization ◽  
Conservative Estimation

Disposable absorbent hygiene products have evolved for superior performance, enhancing the convenience of daily lives. Yet the use of disposable hygiene pads has brought safety concerns on chemical exposure, and significant efforts have been made to assess the potential risks associated with use of hygiene pads. This article intends to overview the safety assessment framework of diapers and feminine pads, which includes hazard identification, hazard characterization, exposure assessment, risk characterization, and postmarket risk management. Risk assessment of various constituents are reviewed for quantification methods and conservative estimation of exposure parameters. By reviewing the up-to-date considerations in risk assessment, we aim to provide insightful discussion on safety evaluation of current versions of disposable absorbent products. More clinical testing and postmarket surveillance are needed for continuous monitoring of potential health impacts of advanced products and constituents.

scholarly journals Nicotine Reduction in Cigarettes: Literature Review and Gap Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S133-S144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Micah L Berman ◽  
Allison M Glasser
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Gap Analysis ◽  
Research Priorities ◽  
Smoking Initiation ◽  
Assessment Framework ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Product Standard ◽  
Nicotine Reduction

Abstract Background The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is considering reducing nicotine levels in cigarettes to “minimally or non-addictive levels.” However, important research gaps remain, and the FDA must determine when the available research is sufficient to support moving forward. Methods The authors conducted a systematic review of research articles in PubMed relating to nicotine reduction. Building on a review of risk assessment best practices, the authors also developed a risk assessment framework for tobacco regulation and used it to guide a gap analysis of nicotine reduction research. Results The final sample consisted of 78 articles. The majority examined either nicotine dependence on very low nicotine cigarettes (VLNCs) or markers of potential health effects of using VLNCs. One-third of the identified articles reported results from four large randomized controlled trials (RCTs). While these studies report promising results and suggest that a nicotine reduction rule would be a powerful tool to reduce cigarette smoking, our gap analysis suggests that there is a need for studies that better reflect the use and availability of a wide range of tobacco/nicotine products and the potential for dual- or multi-product use. Conclusion The current body of research on nicotine reduction is weighted towards RCTs, which is appropriate for a policy that has not yet been implemented anywhere in the world. The FDA must consider a wide range of factors that may impact a product standard’s public health impact, including those difficult to assess in RCTs, such as a nicotine reduction rule’s impact on smoking initiation and relapse. Implications This systematic review presents a gap analysis based on a risk assessment framework to help identify remaining research priorities to inform FDA’s potential product standard to reduce nicotine levels in cigarettes. Quickly addressing those gaps would support the FDA’s effort to develop a nicotine reduction product standard that will be effective and withstand legal challenges.

scholarly journals Development of a Local, Integrated Disaster Risk Assessment Framework for Malaysia

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 10792
Author(s):  
Muhammad Wafiy Adli Ramli ◽  
Nor Eliza Alias ◽  
Halimah Mohd Yusof ◽  
Zulkifli Yusop ◽  
Shazwin Mat Taib
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Explicit Knowledge ◽  
Local Level ◽  
National Level ◽  
Disaster Risk ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Assessment Framework ◽  
Disaster Risk Assessment ◽  
Hazard Characterization ◽  
Vulnerability Indicators

This study developed an integrated disaster risk assessment framework (IDRAF) to measure disaster risk at the local administrative boundaries in Malaysia. The proposed framework can enhance government effort for disaster risk reduction by implementing an integrated disaster risk framework and guiding decision makers to properly evaluate and analyze risk for mitigation, preparedness, and planning. The framework was developed, expanding from the multi-hazard spatial overlapping and Methods for the Improvement of Vulnerability Assessment in Europe (MOVE) theoretical framework. There are five significant phases to develop this framework: problem formulation, data collection, multi-hazard characterization, multi-dimensional vulnerability characterization, and weightage determination. The IDRAF proposed for Malaysia consists of eight hazards and six vulnerability dimensions, which consist of 16 factors (or vulnerability group) and 54 indicators. The multi-hazard characterization has two components: frequency of occurrence and spatial interaction. The multidimensional vulnerability characterization reduces vulnerability indicators using principal component analysis (PCA). Measuring integrated risk is an effective strategy at the local level or national level to assess the potential disaster impacts in detail and accurately. This study will offer explicit knowledge and boost community competency, creating techniques and tools to analyze various risk factors and vulnerability indicators for decision makers and practitioners.

Integrated Testing Strategies for Use with Respect to the Requirements of the EU REACH Legislation

2008 ◽  
Vol 36 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 7-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Grindon ◽  
Robert Combes ◽  
Mark T.D. Cronin ◽  
David W. Roberts ◽  
John F. Garrod
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Hazard Identification ◽  
Testing Strategies ◽  
Decision Points ◽  
Major Toxicity ◽  
Integrated Testing ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Human Health Effects ◽  
The Eu

Integrated testing strategies have been proposed to facilitate the process of chemicals risk assessment to fulfil the requirements of the proposed EU REACH system. Here, we present individual, decision-tree style, strategies for the eleven major toxicity endpoints of the REACH system, including human health effects and ecotoxicity. These strategies make maximum use of non-animal approaches to hazard identification, before resorting to traditional animal test methods. Each scheme: a) comprises a mixture of validated and non-validated assays (distinguished in the schemes); and b) decision points at key stages to allow the cessation of further testing, should it be possible to use the available information to classify and label and/or undertake risk assessment. The rationale and scientific justification for each of the schemes, with respect to the validation status of the tests involved and their individual advantages and limitations, will be discussed in detail in a series of future publications.

Accident modeling and risk assessment framework for safety critical decision-making: application to deepwater drilling operation

2013 ◽  
Vol 227 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samith Rathnayaka ◽  
Faisal Khan ◽  
Paul Amayotte
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Risk Profile ◽  
Hazard Identification ◽  
Assessment Framework ◽  
Oil Companies ◽  
Deepwater Drilling ◽  
Safety Critical ◽  
Prediction And Prevention ◽  
Severity Levels

Rising global energy demand is encouraging oil companies to invest in deepwater drilling. However, there are numerous engineering and safety challenges involved in this activity. The BP Deepwater Horizon accident (Macondo well blowout) has raised serious concerns about the safety of deepwater drilling. The major reasons for such a catastrophic blowout event are the lack of continuous assessment of risk and the lack of risk-based decision making to take timely and adequate preventive actions. The present work proposes an accident modeling and risk assessment framework based on accident precursors (early warnings). This framework uses the system hazard identification, prediction and prevention methodology to model the unwanted situation. The proposed risk assessment framework generates results that can be used to: (1) analyze the dynamic performance of safety barriers, (2) analyze the probability of occurrence of different severity levels, (3) analyze the dynamic risk profile of different severity levels and the aggregated risk profile, and (4) help to make safety-critical decisions based on aggregated risk profile. The present work provides an assessment of offshore deepwater drilling risk assessment and a basis to make timely and precise safety critical decisions. The risk assessment methodology is demonstrated on the Macondo well blowout accident. This case study highlighted the applicability and advantages of using the proposed method in drilling operations.

Food and Feed Safety Assessment: The Importance of Proper Sampling

2015 ◽  
Vol 98 (2) ◽  
pp. 252-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry A Kuiper ◽  
Claudia Paoletti
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Safety Assessment ◽  
Hazard Identification ◽  
World Health ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Feed Safety

Abstract The general principles for safety and nutritional evaluation of foods and feed and the potential health risks associated with hazardous compounds are described as developed by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO) and further elaborated in the European Union-funded project Safe Foods. We underline the crucial roleof sampling in foods/feed safety assessment. High quality sampling should always be applied to ensure the use of adequate and representative samples as testmaterials for hazard identification, toxicologicaland nutritional characterization of identified hazards, as well as for estimating quantitative and reliable exposure levels of foods/feed or related compoundsof concern for humans and animals. The importance ofrepresentative sampling is emphasized through examples of risk analyses in different areas of foods/feedproduction. The Theory of Sampling (TOS) is recognized as the only framework within which to ensure accuracy and precision of all sampling steps involved inthe field-to-fork continuum, which is crucial to monitor foods and feed safety. Therefore, TOS mustbe integrated in the well-established FAO/WHO risk assessment approach in order to guarantee a transparent and correct frame for the risk assessment and decisionmaking process.

Impact evaluation of human-made hazards on terrestrial transport infrastructure assets: modelling variables and failure modes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neryvaldo Galvão ◽  
Hélder S. Sousa ◽  
José C. Matos
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Extreme Events ◽  
Impact Evaluation ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Hazard Identification ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Real Case ◽  
Assessment Framework ◽  
Probability Of Occurrence

<p>This work provides an overview of human-made hazards impact on the malfunctioning of terrestrial transportation systems. The impacts evaluation is gathered in four major groups, specifically: human, economic, environmental and political/social impacts. For further characterization or forecast of human-made hazards impact in real case scenarios, a traditional risk assessment framework is proposed by assuming four main steps: i) hazard identification; ii) probability of occurrence; iii) asset vulnerability; iv) impacts. The present work was carried within the SAFEWAY project, which aims at improving the resilience of transport infrastructures, developing a holistic toolset with transversal application to anticipate and mitigate the effects of extreme events at all modes of disaster cycle.</p>

scholarly journals Important steps for qualitative risk assessment of campylobacter presence in poultry meat in Serbia

2013 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-232
Author(s):  
J. Petrovic ◽  
I. Stojanov ◽  
D. Pesic-Mikulec ◽  
D. Milanov ◽  
M. Velhner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Exposure Assessment ◽  
Hazard Identification ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Risk Characterization ◽  
Qualitative Risk Assessment ◽  
Hazard Characterization ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Human Campylobacteriosis ◽  
Campylobacter Spp

The aim of this paper was to answer some questions important for a qualitative risk assessment in poultry production related to Campylobacter. These steps are described: hazard identification, hazard characterization, exposure assessment and risk characterization. Hazard identification: Campylobacter is important cause of food borne diseases. Hazard characterization: human campylobacteriosis is assumed to be dose-independent based on some studies on healthy human volunteers. Exposure assessment: Campylobacter colonization and spread of Campylobacter on poultry carcasses were described. Our results indicate high prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in intestines of poultry, the clinical symptoms of campylobacteriosis usually depends of the age and additional immunosupresive factors, such as Salmonella. According to our experimental results artificial infection of chickens with 6.77 log cfu C. jejuni per chicken on day 21 of life leads to 5.26 log cfu/g feces after 5 days, with slight decrease in next 20 days and return to starting level in next 20 days. According to our experimental results, slaughtering of Campylobacter positive flock appears where 100% birds (with 3.02 log cfu/g feces) is contaminated lids to 50% contaminated carcasses. High prevalence of Campylobacter spp. was also found on poultry carcasses in our slaughterhuoses. Risk characterization: on the basis of the performed examinations it can be concluded that even there is high exposure of human population to Campylobacter from poultry meat; the incidence of human campilobacteriosis is low, mainly because there is a lack of evidence and confirmation of human campylobacteriosis.

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