scholarly journals Multiple Goals Dilemma of Residential Water Pricing Policy Reform: Increasing Block Tariffs or a Uniform Tariff with Rebate?

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 3526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xunzhou Ma ◽  
Dan Wu ◽  
Shiqiu Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Water Conservation ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Price System ◽  
Ecological Impacts ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Multiple Goals ◽  
Pricing Policy ◽  
Price Distortion ◽  
Increasing Block Tariffs ◽  
Tariff Structure

Water is a basic necessity and its allocation and utilization, especially pricing policies, impose various social, economic, and ecological impacts on social groups. Increasing block tariffs (IBTs) has gained popularity because it is expected to incentivize water conservation while protecting poor people benefiting from the redistribution effects because of its nonlinear tariff structure. However, it results in price distortion under certain circumstances. Researchers have also proposed an alternative practical price system and a uniform tariff with rebate (UTR), with the price level set equal to the marginal social cost and a fixed rebate allocated to the poor groups. This study proceeds with a simulation of the two pricing systems, UTR and IBTs, and empirically explores their fundamental merits and limitations. The results confirm the theoretical perspective that a water price system, compared with an optimal tariff system, simultaneously achieves multiple goals to the greatest possible extent.

Irrigation water demand and implications for water pricing policy in rural China

2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
QIUQIONG HUANG ◽  
SCOTT ROZELLE ◽  
RICHARD HOWITT ◽  
JINXIA WANG ◽  
JIKUN HUANG
Keyword(s):  
Water Conservation ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Simulation Analysis ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Water Pricing ◽  
Pricing Policy ◽  
Water Savings ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Irrigation Water Demand ◽  
The Cost

ABSTRACTThe goal of this paper is to analyze whether reforming groundwater pricing has the potential to encourage water conservation and assess its impacts on crop production and producer income in rural China. Household-level water demands are estimated so that adjustments at both the intensive and extensive margins are captured. The results show that a large gap exists between the cost of water and the value of water to producers. Simulation analysis shows that reforming water pricing can induce water savings. However, the price of water needs to be raised to a relatively high level. We also find that the value-based policy is more effective than the cost-based policy since it generates larger water savings, given the same increase in the average price of water. While raising the price of water negatively affects crop production and crop income, higher water prices do not adversely affect the distribution of household income.

The dilemma between the pro-market and the pro-poor local economic development approaches in the democratic South Africa: Theoretical perspective

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (8) ◽  
pp. 877-888 ◽  
Author(s):  
Themba Lukhele ◽  
Thanyani Madzivhandila
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Local Economic Development ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Development Planning ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Competitive Advantages ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Development Approach

Since the advent of the democratic government in 1994, there has been a serious contestation over the meaning and implications of local economic development in South Africa. Central to the debates has been on whether local economic development initiatives should take pro-market or pro-poor approach in the local government. To this end, the critical divide has been between those who believe that the local government should provide a direct solution by supporting projects for job creation and those who advocate for an indirect solution in terms of creating an enabling environment for local economic development. The article therefore argues that the pro-market local economic development approach often limit the local control of economic activities and resources, instead it is seen to perpetuate an exclusive economy. Against this background, the article applies the Economic Base and the Location Theories to explain, from a theoretical perspective, why the pro-market approach for local economic development planning in the democratic South Africa is preferable in the expense of the pro-poor approach. The article concludes that the pro-market local economic development approach is incapable of creating the inclusive local economies and lacks the determination for the realisation of real potential and competitive advantages for addressing local needs of the poor people.

Protest as a Political Resource

1968 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 1144-1158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Lipsky
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Minority Group ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Political Conflict ◽  
Political Activity ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Political Resource ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Protest Activity

The frequent resort to protest activity by relatively powerless groups in recent American politics suggests that protest represents an important aspect of minority group and low income group politics. At the same time that Negro civil rights strategists have recognized the problem of using protest as a meaningful political instrument, groups associated with the “war on poverty” have increasingly received publicity for protest activity. Saul Alinsky's Industrial Areas Foundation, for example, continues to receive invitations to help organize low income communities because of its ability to mobilize poor people around the tactic of protest. The riots which dominated urban affairs in the summer of 1967 appear not to have diminished the dependence of some groups on protest as a mode of political activity.This article provides a theoretical perspective on protest activity as a political resource. The discussion is concentrated on the limitations inherent in protest which occur because of the need of protest leaders to appeal to four constituencies at the same time. As the concept of protest is developed here, it will be argued that protest leaders must nurture and sustain an organization comprised of people with whom they may or may not share common values. They must articulate goals and choose strategies so as to maximize their public exposure through communications media. They must maximize the impact of third parties in the political conflict. Finally, they must try to maximize chances of success among those capable of granting goals.

scholarly journals Fire in the Wildland-Urban Interface: Reducing Wildfire Risk While Achieving Other Landscaping Goals

EDIS ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 2007 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cotton K. Randall ◽  
L. Annie Hermansen-Báez ◽  
Glenn Acomb
Keyword(s):  
Energy Conservation ◽  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Forest Resources ◽  
Wildlife Habitat ◽  
Multiple Goals ◽  
Wildland Urban Interface ◽  
Wildfire Risk ◽  
Habitat Creation

Circular 1478, an 8-page illustrated publication by Cotton K. Randall, L. Annie Hermansen-Báez, and Glenn Acomb, gives a brief overview of several different landscaping goals, including wildfire risk reduction (Firewise), wildlife habitat creation or enhancement, water conservation, and energy conservation. It introduces the main principles and compares each to firewise landscaping. It also briefly discusses examples of programs and guidelines that incorporate multiple goals. Includes additional resources and a table showing compatibilities of several landscaping goals and firewise landscaping principles. Published by the UF School of Forest Resources and Conservation, October 2006.

scholarly journals Geospatial Approach for Agroforestry Suitability Mapping: To Enhance Livelihood and Reduce Poverty, FAO based Documented Procedure (Case Study of Dumka District, Jharkhand, India)

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 651-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Firoz Ahmad ◽  
Laxmi Goparaju
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Availability ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Poor People ◽  
High Poverty ◽  
Open Area ◽  
Gis Technology ◽  
Drainage Pattern ◽  
Suitability Map ◽  
Thematic Layer

ABSTRACT: Agroforestry has the capacity to reduce the poverty, enhance livelihood, improve food security and mitigate the climate change impact. The agroforestry suitability mapping is performed using geospatial technology based on similar guideline documented by FAO for Land suitability mapping. The study aims for applying remote sensing and GIS technology towards various spatial (soil and environmental) datasets in Dumka district of Jharkhand, India to achieve a nutrient availability and agroforestry suitability map. The Landsat satellite data, ASTER DEM and decadal annual rainfall datasets were utilized to generate wetness, landuse/ land cover (LULC), elevation, slope, and rainfall map. LULC map was utilized to identify the open area land in which agroforestry suitability was evaluated. Various thematic layers such as soil nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), organic carbon (C), pH and sulphur (S) were used for generating nutrient availability map. The agroforestry suitability map was generated utilizing the layers viz. nutrient availability, slope, wetness, rainfall and elevation by GIS integration/modeling in ArcGIS 10.1 software by providing different weight to each thematic layer as per its importance in the study area. The thematic layer weight was calculated based on pairwise comparisons (a standard statistical procedure). Finally agroforestry suitability maps were generated in the form of high, medium and low grid with spacing (1km × 1km). We also generated poverty map, one of the complete watersheds in the part of the study area and drainage map in whole study area to understand its proximity toward high agroforestry suitability grid. The study shows that the total open area land grids were 3421 out of which 50% of grid was found to be highly suitable towards agroforestry. Furthermore a watershed, drainage pattern and poverty map were analyzed based on its proximity toward high agroforestry suitability. The study reveals high agroforestry suitability land grid proximity towards high poverty grid was approximately more than 70%, whereas the proximity to the drainage pattern was roughly 60%. One of the completed watershed in the part of the study area evaluation reveals approximately 50% of the watershed area grid has the proximity of high agroforestry suitable land grid. The high agroforestry suitability and its proximity/relationship with high poverty, drainage pattern and in watershed based analysis provides golden opportunity to the local poor people to harness agroforestry practices by adopting intensive soil and water conservation measures if supported by sufficient funds/technology will largely help in mitigating poverty and enhancing the livelihood. The ongoing agroforestry projects can be further extended in the open areas of high agroforestry suitability grid for long term benefits of diversified output.

scholarly journals Water Conservation Attitude of Residents of Rawalpindi

2021 ◽  
Vol VI (II) ◽  
pp. 38-53
Author(s):  
Adeela Iftikhar ◽  
Neelam Farid ◽  
Sadia Nawaz
Keyword(s):  
Water Conservation ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Reasoned Action ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Consumption Practices ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Attitudes And Behavior

The study titled "Water conservation attitude of residents of Rawalpindi" was conducted in the Rawalpindi Cantonment Board (RCB) area of Rawalpindi. The current study used a Quantitative research design and cross-sectional in nature. A total of 399 sampled respondents were selected by the Random sampling technique, and responders were male and female residents of Rawalpindi. The aim of the current study was to explore the residents' attitudes to water conservation and their consumption practices. For intending to study and understanding the topic with theoretical perspective researcher used the Theory of Reasoned Action/Planned Behavior by Ajzen and Fishbein (1980). Reliability analysis was carried out on the entire variables and explored a Cronbach Alpha of (.721). Hypothesis testing of the study showed that a positive association exists between attitudes and behavior towards water conservation, and with higher education, people exhibit a positive attitude to water conservation behavior.

ICT in social protection schemes: deinstitutionalising subsidy-based welfare programmes

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 1255-1280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Masiero ◽  
Amit Prakash
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Organisational Change ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Cash Transfers ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Case Study Methodology ◽  
Content Type

Purpose While the potential of information and communication technology (ICT) for poverty reduction is widely recognised, limited knowledge exists on its use in the social protection schemes devised for the world’s poor. Drawing on the institutionalist vision of IS development and organisational change put forward by Avgerou (2000), the authors propose that computerisation of these schemes entails two processes, namely, the progressive affirmation of ICT innovation and a shift in the programmes' organisational structure, which moves from a subsidy-based model to one grounded on direct cash transfers. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate how the role of ICT in anti-poverty schemes results from concomitance of such processes. Design/methodology/approach The paper draws on a study of the public distribution system (PDS), the main food security scheme in India, as it is being computerised in the state of Karnataka. Following an interpretive case study methodology, it investigates the ongoing computerisation of the Karnataka PDS through a combination of back-end and front-end technologies, based on biometric recognition of the programme’s users. Findings The data reveal that transformation of the PDS results from the simultaneous processes of institutionalisation of ICT innovation and deinstitutionalisation of the extant state-led subsidy scheme, in favour of a leaner social protection system centred on cash transfers to beneficiaries. This illustrates the point that ICT innovation is intertwined with the decline of an extant social welfare structure and the rise of a new one, based on the direct transfer of benefits. Originality/value The paper offers a new theoretical perspective to illuminate the computerisation of anti-poverty programmes, a phenomenon that affects the entitlements of millions of poor people on a global scale. In parallel, it draws practical implications for countries embarking on the digitalisation of their social protection schemes.

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