scholarly journals Geospatial Approach for Agroforestry Suitability Mapping: To Enhance Livelihood and Reduce Poverty, FAO based Documented Procedure (Case Study of Dumka District, Jharkhand, India)

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 651-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Firoz Ahmad ◽  
Laxmi Goparaju
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Availability ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Poor People ◽  
High Poverty ◽  
Open Area ◽  
Gis Technology ◽  
Drainage Pattern ◽  
Suitability Map ◽  
Thematic Layer

ABSTRACT: Agroforestry has the capacity to reduce the poverty, enhance livelihood, improve food security and mitigate the climate change impact. The agroforestry suitability mapping is performed using geospatial technology based on similar guideline documented by FAO for Land suitability mapping. The study aims for applying remote sensing and GIS technology towards various spatial (soil and environmental) datasets in Dumka district of Jharkhand, India to achieve a nutrient availability and agroforestry suitability map. The Landsat satellite data, ASTER DEM and decadal annual rainfall datasets were utilized to generate wetness, landuse/ land cover (LULC), elevation, slope, and rainfall map. LULC map was utilized to identify the open area land in which agroforestry suitability was evaluated. Various thematic layers such as soil nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), organic carbon (C), pH and sulphur (S) were used for generating nutrient availability map. The agroforestry suitability map was generated utilizing the layers viz. nutrient availability, slope, wetness, rainfall and elevation by GIS integration/modeling in ArcGIS 10.1 software by providing different weight to each thematic layer as per its importance in the study area. The thematic layer weight was calculated based on pairwise comparisons (a standard statistical procedure). Finally agroforestry suitability maps were generated in the form of high, medium and low grid with spacing (1km × 1km). We also generated poverty map, one of the complete watersheds in the part of the study area and drainage map in whole study area to understand its proximity toward high agroforestry suitability grid. The study shows that the total open area land grids were 3421 out of which 50% of grid was found to be highly suitable towards agroforestry. Furthermore a watershed, drainage pattern and poverty map were analyzed based on its proximity toward high agroforestry suitability. The study reveals high agroforestry suitability land grid proximity towards high poverty grid was approximately more than 70%, whereas the proximity to the drainage pattern was roughly 60%. One of the completed watershed in the part of the study area evaluation reveals approximately 50% of the watershed area grid has the proximity of high agroforestry suitable land grid. The high agroforestry suitability and its proximity/relationship with high poverty, drainage pattern and in watershed based analysis provides golden opportunity to the local poor people to harness agroforestry practices by adopting intensive soil and water conservation measures if supported by sufficient funds/technology will largely help in mitigating poverty and enhancing the livelihood. The ongoing agroforestry projects can be further extended in the open areas of high agroforestry suitability grid for long term benefits of diversified output.

Democracy, Political Participation, and Latin America’s Poorest Citizens

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Carew Boulding ◽  
Claudio A. Holzner
Keyword(s):  
Political Participation ◽  
Latin American ◽  
The Political ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Civil Society Organization ◽  
High Poverty ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Core Questions ◽  
Very High

This chapter introduces the core questions the book seeks to answer. What explains the political participation of poor people? What changed during the past two decades to enable such widespread participation by poor people? How have some Latin American democracies reduced gaps in participation across income and wealth groups? What role does clientelism play in mobilizing the poor? Despite persistently high poverty rates and high economic inequality, poor people in Latin America participate in politics at very high levels. This chapter lays out this puzzle and introduces the main argument of the book: that civil society organization, political parties, and competitive elections have an enormous impact on whether or not poor people turn out to vote, protest, and contact government officials. This chapter also briefly summarizes the research design and plan of the rest of the book.

A Comparison of Spatial Interpolation Models for Mapping Rainfall Erosivity on China Mainland

2012 ◽  
Vol 518-523 ◽  
pp. 4489-4495
Author(s):  
Liang Ma ◽  
Chang Qing Zuo
Keyword(s):  
Water Conservation ◽  
Spatial Interpolation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Rainfall Erosivity ◽  
Daily Precipitation Data ◽  
Distance Weighting ◽  
China Mainland ◽  
Precipitation Changes ◽  
Inverse Distance

Rainfall erosivity is an essential factor to reveal the response of water erosion to precipitation changes, and its spatial variation reveals erosion regional difference and water conservation regionalization. In this research, average annual rainfall erosivity in 1951 -2008 on China mainland is calculated through daily precipitation data from 711 meteorological stations. Precisions of 29 spatial interpolation models are quantitative compared including inverse distance weighting (IDW), radial basis function (RBF), kriging, cokriging (CK) and thin plate smoothing spline (TPS). Three variables cubic TPS is confirmed the optimum spatial interpolation model to rainfall erosivity on a large scale.

RAINFALL EROSION INDICES FOR CANADA EAST OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. WALL ◽  
J. GREUEL ◽  
W. T. DICKINSON
Keyword(s):  
Rocky Mountains ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Seasonal Distribution ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Runoff Factor ◽  
Rainfall Erosion

The use of the universal soil loss equation in Canada to estimate soil loss potential for soil and water conservation planning purposes has been limited by the lack of published rainfall erosion indices and by the arduous procedure generally accepted for determination of these indices. This study was conducted to develop and test relatively simple methods to develop annual rainfall erosion indices and associated seasonal distribution patterns. An approach to the determination of a rainfall-runoff factor to accommodate the effect of winter conditions has also been included. The relatively simple techniques for estimating average annual rainfall erosion indices and seasonal distribution patterns of rainfall erosion have been found to yield comparable values to those determined by more tedious methods. These erosion indices and associated distribution patterns have proven useful for the development of a first approximation of rainfall erosion maps for Canadian locations east of the Rocky Mountains. Key words: Rainfall erosion indices, USLE

scholarly journals STORM "GREEDY WATER" PALM OIL BASED ON ACADEMIC PERSPECTIVE

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Gusti Rusmayadi
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Crop Coefficient ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Plant Oil ◽  
Water Storage Capacity ◽  
The Impact

The tendentious issue of deforestation, biodiversity, "water greedy" attack ganoderma and carbon emissions continue to heat up in this decade has cornered palm plantations in Indonesia for allegedly either from outside or from inside the country becomes the base of why. To clarify these issues then this article aims to analyze the impact of oil palm plantations in terms of the water balance of plant oil palm. Water use in the oil palm plantations on average 92.05 mm/month or equivalent to 1104.5 mm/year over lamtoro stands is 3,000 mm/year, acacia 2,400 mm/year, sengon of 2,300 mm/year, amounting tea 900 mm/year, rubber amounted to 1,300 mm/year, bamboo amounted to 3,000 mm/year and teak amounted to 1,300 mm/year. The coefficient of oil palm crop of 0.93. The percentage amount of rainfall used palm oil amounted to only 39.60% of the annual rainfall. Percentage of evapotranspiration value is smaller than the value of evapotranspiration pine percentage of 64.5%, A. mangium 68.8%, amounting to 55.1% of ferns and eucalyptus (E.alba) amounted to 52.4%. Meanwhile, rubber plant has a value of 1 kc, other crops such as rice, during the period of growth has kc values between 1.05 to 1.2. Soil water content (KAT) which indicates the storage capacity of the root zone of oil lower than the root zone rubber (Rusmayadi, 2011). This is due to the oil more roots growing in the topsoil to a depth of ± 1 meter and as you go down the less. Rooting most densely contained at a depth of 25 cm. Therefore the ability of smaller savings in oil palm plantations compared to rubber, then the excess water will be removed or overflowed (Ro) is not taken ("greedy water") by palm trees. Palm oil as a commodity to be seen objectively with regard to the nature of biological (plant roots), physiological (crop coefficient), and environmental (water storage capacity). This is to straighten out the problems that it is not water but greedy oil plantation management who do not pay attention to aspects of water conservation.

scholarly journals The application of GIS and its components in tourism

2008 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verka Jovanovic ◽  
Angelina Njegus
Keyword(s):  
Geographic Location ◽  
Inventory Analysis ◽  
Gis Technology ◽  
Tourism Planning ◽  
Gis Application ◽  
Analysis And Evaluation ◽  
Digital Maps ◽  
Thematic Layer ◽  
Database Operations ◽  
Planning Development

Since the success of any tourism business is determined by tourism planning, development research and marketing, the first thing we review in this article is GIS application for tourism planning. Both tourism and IT increasingly provide strategic opportunities and powerful tools for economic growth, redistribution of wealth and development of equity around the globe. GIS technology offers great opportunities for the development of modern tourism applications using maps. This technology integrates common database operations such as query with the unique visualization and geographic analysis benefits offered by maps. GIS is used for bringing the georeferenced data (spatial and non spatial) of geographic location Zlatibor and Zlatar into digital maps. Each object is assigned to a thematic layer. Each layer combines related objects like roads, building, protected areas or watercourses. In this research the authors used GIS in three types of applications such as inventory, analysis and evaluation of plan based on tourism development.

scholarly journals Estimation of soil loss rate using the USLE model for Agewmariayam Watershed, northern Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gebrehana Girmay ◽  
Awdenegest Moges ◽  
Alemayehu Muluneh
Keyword(s):  
Water Conservation ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Loss Rate ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Rainfall Erosivity ◽  
Northern Ethiopia ◽  
Spatial Risk ◽  
Soil Loss Rate ◽  
Loss Rates

Abstract Background Soil erosion and nutrient depletion threaten food security and the sustainability of agricultural production in sub-Saharan Africa. Estimating soil loss and identifying hotspot areas support combating soil degradation. The aim of this paper is to estimate the soil loss rate and identify hotspot areas using USLE model in the Agewmariam watershed, northern Ethiopia. Methods Rainfall erosivity factor was determined from annual rainfall, soil erodibility factor from soil data, slope length and gradient factor were generated from DEM, cover factor and conservation practice factor obtained from land use cover map. Finally, the parameters were integrated with ArcGIS tools to estimate soil loss rates of the study watershed. Results Mean annual soil loss rates were estimated to be between 0 and 897 t ha−1 year−1 on flatter and steeper slopes, respectively. The total annual soil loss was 51,403.13 tons from the watershed and the annual soil loss rate of the study area was 25 t ha−1 year−1. More than 33% of the study areas were above tolerable soil loss rate (11 t ha−1 year−1). The spatial risk categorization rate was 67.2% severe (> 51 t ha−1 year−1), 5.4% very high (31–50 t ha−1 year−1), 5.8% high (19–30 t ha−1 year−1), 3.2% moderate (12–18 t ha−1 year−1) and 18.3% slight (0–11 t ha−1 year−1). Conclusion The results showed that the severity of erosion occurred on the steep slope cultivation, absence of conservation measures, and sparse nature of the vegetation cover. This area required immediate action of soil and water conservation which accounts for about 33.5% of the total watershed.

scholarly journals Water Balance in Oil Palm Plantation with Ridge Terrace and Nephrolepis biserrata as Cover Crop

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mira Ariyanti ◽  
Sudirman Yahya ◽  
Kukuh Murtilaksono ◽  
Suwarto Suwarto ◽  
Hasril H. Siregar
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Critical Issue ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Run Off ◽  
Surrounding Areas

The existence of oil palm plantations as a possible cause of drought in the surrounding areas in Indonesia is a critical issue. Therefore, information related to the effects of oil palm plantations on the surrounding environment in terms of soil water content (SWC) availability is needed. Soil and water conservation techniques in the form  of ridge terracing and cover crops,  such as Nephrolepis biserrata,  can be  expected to potentially improve soil water  reserves, especially in the dry-season, by accumulating water  in the rainy season.  This study aimed to study the effects of N. biserrata as cover crop, together with the potential effects of ridge terraces, on the water balance in mature oil palm plantations.  The research was conducted in mature oil palm plantations, Afdeling III block 375 (planted in 1996) and block 415 (planted in 2005), Rejosari Unit, PT Perkebunan Nusantara (PTPN) VII in Natar District, South Lampung Regency, Indonesia, from August 2014 to January 2015. The research was based on of setting up 15 m x 20 m experimental plots with the following treatments:  (i) without ridge terraces and without N. biserrata (G0T0); (ii) without ridge terraces but with N. biserrata (G0T1); (iii) with ridge terraces but without N. biserrata (G1T0); (iv) with ridge terraces and with N. biserrata (G1T1).   Hydrology parameter data were collected for each treatment plot; water balance was calculated using a water balance equation. The results showed that the use of the cover crop N. biserrata in combination with ridge terraces helped improving SWC reserves by approximately 71% and 12%, respectively.  The use of N. biserrata as a cover crop reduced the rate of water loss by percolation and run-off, by approximately 36% and 80%, respectively, in an area where the annual rainfall is above 2,400 mm per year.  The presence of N. biserrata shortened the period of SWC deficit by extending the period of a water surplus by 70 days when compared with ridge terracing alone (which reduced the period of SWC by 50 days).

Changes in water flows and water productivity upon vegetation regeneration on degraded hillslopes in northern Ethiopia: a water balance modelling exercise

2009 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrien Descheemaeker ◽  
Dirk Raes ◽  
Jan Nyssen ◽  
Jean Poesen ◽  
Mitiku Haile ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Northern Ethiopia ◽  
Water Balance Components ◽  
Water Flows ◽  
Vegetation Regeneration

The establishment of exclosures (i.e. areas closed for grazing and agriculture) is a common practice to reverse land degradation through vegetation regeneration in the semiarid highland areas of northern Ethiopia. In order to assess the effect of exclosures on water flows, the water balance components for different vegetation regeneration stages were assessed through field measurements and modelling. Successful model calibration and validation was done based on soil water content measurements conducted during 2 years in 22 experimental plots. In the protected areas, vegetation regeneration leads to an increase in infiltration and transpiration and a more productive use of water for biomass production. In areas where additional lateral water (runon) infiltrates, source–sink systems are created. Here, up to 30% of the annual rainfall percolates through the root-zone towards the groundwater table. Increased biomass production in exclosures leads to possibilities for wood harvesting and cut and carry of grasses for livestock feeding. Together with water conservation and more productive use of water, the latter contributes to increased livestock water productivity. At the landscape scale, the creation of vegetation filters, capturing resources like water and nutrients, reinforces the rehabilitation process and healthy landscape functioning.

Catchment delineation and morphometric analysis using geographical information system

2015 ◽  
Vol 72 (7) ◽  
pp. 1168-1175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manoj Kumar ◽  
Rohitashw Kumar ◽  
P. K. Singh ◽  
Manjeet Singh ◽  
K. K. Yadav ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Geographical Information System ◽  
Morphometric Analysis ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Drainage Density ◽  
Morphometric Parameters ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Vegetative Cover ◽  
Elongation Ratio ◽  
Drainage Pattern

The geographical information system (GIS) has emerged as an efficient tool in delineation of drainage patterns of watershed planning and management. The morphometric parameters of basins can address linear, areal and relief aspects. The study deals with the integrated watershed management of Baliya micro-watersheds, located in the Udaipur district of Rajasthan, India. Morphometric analysis in hydrological investigation is an important aspect and it is inevitable in the development and management of drainage basins. The determination of linear, areal and relief parameters indicate fairly good significance. The low value of the bifurcation ratio of 4.19 revealed that the drainage pattern has not been distorted by structural disturbance. The high value of the elongation ratio (0.68) compared to the circulatory ratio (0.27) indicates an elongated shape of the watershed. The high value of drainage density (5.39 km/km2) and stream frequency (12.32) shows that the region has impermeable subsoil material under poor vegetative cover with a low relief factor. The morphometric parameters of relief ratio (0.041) and relative relief (0.99%) show that the watershed can be treated using GIS techniques to determine the morphometric presence of dendritic drainage pattern, with a view to selecting the soil and water conservation measures and water harvesting.

scholarly journals Modelled Quantification of Different Sources of Nitrogen Inefficiency in Semi-Arid Cropping Systems

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1222
Author(s):  
Niloufar Nasrollahi ◽  
James Hunt ◽  
Caixian Tang ◽  
David Cann
Keyword(s):  
Water Conservation ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Fertilizer Application Rate ◽  
Semi Arid

Most dryland grain growers in Australia retain all or most of their crop residues to protect the soil from erosion and to improve water conservation but retaining stubbles with a high carbon-to-nitrogen (C:N) ratio can affect N availability to crops. A simulation experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of N fertilizer application rate and residue retention on soil N dynamics. The simulation used seven N fertilizer application rates (0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150 and 200 kg N ha−1) to wheat (Triticum aestivum) over 27 years (1990–2016) at four locations across a gradient in annual rainfall in Victoria, Australia. Nitrogen immobilization, denitrification and N leaching loss were predicted and collectively defined as sources of N inefficiency. When residues were retained, immobilization was predicted to be the biggest source of inefficiency at all simulated sites at N application rates currently used by growers. Leaching became a bigger source of inefficiency at one site with low soil water-holding capacity, but only at N rates much higher than would currently be commercially applied, resulting in high levels of nitrate (NO3−) accumulating in the soil. Denitrification was an appreciable source of inefficiency at higher rainfall sites. Further research is necessary to evaluate strategies to minimize immobilization of N in semi-arid cropping systems.

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